General Biology 2 Reproduction PDF

Plant and animal organ systems and their functions GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Today’s Focus Reproduction Development Nutrition Gas exchange Transport/circulation Regulation of body fluids Chemical and nervous control Immune systems Sensory and motor mechanisms  reproduction Reproduction is a bi...

Plant and animal organ systems and their functions GENERAL BIOLOGY 2 Today’s Focus Reproduction Development Nutrition Gas exchange Transport/circulation Regulation of body fluids Chemical and nervous control Immune systems Sensory and motor mechanisms  reproduction Reproduction is a biological process by which an organism reproduces an offspring that is biologically similar to the organism. Reproduction enables and ensures the continuity of species, generation after generation. It is the main feature of life on earth. 2 types of reproduction ASEXUAL SEXUAL ASEXUAL ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Asexual reproduction does not involve gametes or sex cells  types of asexual reproduction BINARY BUDDING FRAGMENTATION FISSION  types of asexual reproduction VEGETATIVE SPORE REPRODUCTION FORMATION  ASEXUAL budding An organism is reproduced by forming an outgrowth, or a "bud," from a part of the parent organism's body. HYDRA  ASEXUAL FRAGMENTATION An organism is produced from the detached body part of its parent. ALGAE BINARY ASEXUAL FISSION A parent organism (e.g., a unicellular organism) splits into two "daughter" organisms. This type of asexual reproduction is usually done by prokaryotic organisms (e.g., bacteria) and some invertebrates. HYDRA VEGETATIVE ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION A plant part is used to reproduce another plant.  ASEXUAL SPORE FORMATION This involves the production of spores, which are specialized asexual reproductive cells. HYDRA  TYPE OF REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION HUMANS It involves the union of gametes (i.e., the sperm and the egg cell) inside or outside the body of an organism. This type of reproduction is exhibited only by higher forms PLANTS of organisms, including humans.  TYPE OF REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION It involves the union of gametes (i.e., the sperm and the egg cell) inside or outside the body of an organism. This type of reproduction is exhibited only by higher forms of organisms, including humans.  STRUCTURE OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SEXUAL REPRODUCTION OF HUMANS MALE FEMALE  HUMAN DEVELOPMENT What is it? To initiate the developmental process, these two gametes fuse together in via fertilization. In animal zygote (fertilized egg) formation occurs once a sperm cell successfully fused to an ovum, which in turn allows embryo development to take place. Occur in the fallopian tube, results in a unicellular zygote.  SAMPLE ANSWER MENSTRUAL CYCLE The average length of the menstrual cycle is 28-29 days, but this can vary between women and from one cycle to the next. The length of your menstrual cycle is calculated from the first day of your period to the day before your next period starts. Girls get their first period (menarche), on average, between the ages of 11 and 14 years. By this stage, other sexual characteristics have developed, such as pubic hair and budding breasts.  SAMPLE ANSWER MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE The menstrual cycle is complex and controlled by many different glands and the hormones that these glands produce. The four phases of the menstrual cycle are menstruation, the follicular phase, ovulation and the luteal phase.  MENSTRUAL CYCLE PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE Menstrual phase begins on the first day of menstruation and lasts till the 5th day of the MENSTRUAL PHASE (DAY 1-5) menstrual cycle. The following events occur during this phase: The uterus sheds its inner lining of soft tissue and blood vessels which exits the body from the vagina in the form of menstrual fluid. Blood loss of 10 ml to 80 ml is considered normal. You may experience abdominal cramps. These cramps are caused by the contraction of the uterine and the abdominal Follicular phase (day 1-13) muscles to expel the menstrual fluid.  Follicular phase PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE This phase also begins on the first day of menstruation, but it lasts till the 13th day of the menstrual cycle. The following events occur during this phase: The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that stimulates the egg cells in the ovaries to grow. One of these egg cells begins to mature in a sac-like-structure called follicle. It takes 13 days for the egg cell to reach maturity. While the egg cell matures, its follicle secretes a hormone that stimulates the uterus to develop a lining of blood vessels and soft tissue called endometrium. Follicular phase PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE Follicular phase (DAY 1-13)  OVULATION phase PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE On the 14th day of the cycle, the pituitary gland secretes a hormone that causes the ovary to release the matured egg cell. The released egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube by the cilia of the Ambriae. Fimbriae are finger like projections located at the end of the fallopian tube close to the ovaries and cilia are slender hair like projections on each Fimbria.  OVULATION phase PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE (DAY 14)  LUTEAL phase PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE This phase begins on the 15th day and lasts till the end of the cycle. The following events occur during this phase: The egg cell released during the ovulation phase stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours. If a sperm cell does not impregnate the egg cell within that time, the egg cell disintegrates. The hormone that causes the uterus to retain its endometrium gets used up by the end of the menstrual cycle. This causes the menstrual phase of the next cycle to begin.  LUTEAL phase PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE (DAY 15-28) PHASES OF MENSTRUAL CYCLE  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: WHY DO WE CLASSIFY THESE? OVULATION- BARRIER CHEMICAL SUPRESSING METHODS BARRIERS METHODS SURGICAL METHODS IMPLANTATION OTHERS  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: I. OVULATION- SUPRESSING METHODS Oral contraceptives - Oral contraceptives (birth control APPLE PILLS TREE pills) are hormone-containing medications that are taken by mouth to prevent pregnancy. They prevent pregnancy by inhibiting ovulation and by preventing sperm from penetrating through the cervix.  II. BARRIER METHODS A. CONDOM Consists of a thin latex or natural membrane sheath placed over the erect penis to prevent semen from entering the vagina upon ejaculation.  II. BARRIER METHODS B. DIAPHRAGM The diaphragm is an attractive birth control alternative for women who are looking to avoid the hormonal impact of injections or oral contraceptives. When properly fitted and used appropriately, they are approximately 90% effective in preventing pregnancy. However, they do not provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). They do not require a prescription but must be customized for each woman and checked by a healthcare provider every year.  II. BARRIER METHODS C. CERVICAL CAP Similar but smaller than the diaphragm. It adheres to the cervix by suction. The cervical cap is a birth control (contraceptive) is a small plastic dome that fits tightly over the cervix and stays in place by suction, that prevents sperm from entering the uterus. The cervical cap is a reusable, deep silicone cup that is inserted into the vagina and fits tightly. The cervical cap is held in place by suction and has a strap to help with removal.  II. BARRIER METHODS B. DIAPHRAGM C. CERVICAL CAP  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: III. CHEMICAL METHODS Contraceptives include creams, foam, and jellies with spermicidal APPLE PILLS TREE properties. These chemicals create an unfavorable environment in the vagina for sperm cells.  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: IV. SURGICAL METHODS STERILIZE THE MALE OR FEMALE. A. Vasectomy-A vasectomy is a simple procedure that makes a APPLE PILLS TREE man unable to father children. It is nearly 100% effective (99.85% to be exact). It takes about 15 minutes to perform in a urologist's office, and it is usually covered by health insurance.  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: IV. SURGICAL METHODS STERILIZE THE MALE OR FEMALE. A. Vasectomy-A vasectomy is a simple procedure that makes a APPLE PILLS TREE man unable to father children. It is nearly 100% effective (99.85% to be exact). It takes about 15 minutes to perform in a urologist's office, and it is usually covered by health insurance.  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: IV. SURGICAL METHODS STERILIZE THE MALE OR FEMALE. B. Tubal Ligation- Is a surgical procedure to prevent pregnancy. It has commonly been called "getting your tubes tied." It is also called a female sterilization. Tubal refers to the fallopian tubes. Each month, an egg is released from an ovary and travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus.  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: V. implantation A contraceptive implant is placed under the skin of the upper arm. The implant releases a low, steady dose of a pregestational hormone to thicken cervical mucus and thin the lining of the uterus (endometrium).  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: Vi. others A. Abstinence - refers to voluntary prevention of oneself from indulging in bodily activities that provide pleasure.  CONTRACEPTION AND ITS TYPES: Vi. others A. Abstinence - refers to voluntary prevention of oneself from indulging in bodily activities that provide pleasure.