GE ELECT Midterm Module PDF

MODULE 1: DEFINING CULTURE LESSON 1 CULTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Explain the concept culture and society 2. Discuss the concept of cultural universalism as it relates to soc...

MODULE 1: DEFINING CULTURE LESSON 1 CULTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Explain the concept culture and society 2. Discuss the concept of cultural universalism as it relates to society 3. Understand how values and beliefs differ from norms 4. Explain the significance of symbols and language to culture, and as well as the Sapir- Whorf hypothesis 5. Discuss the roles of both high culture and pop culture within society 6. Differentiate between subculture and counterculture 7. Explain the role of innovation, invention, and discovery in culture 8. Understand the role of cultural lag and globalization in cultural change TIME FRAME: One Week INTRODUCTION Hello, students! To start our very first lesson, I would like you to think about the following words which describe the differences and uniqueness of each two culture: Key Values of American vs. Filipino Culture ▪ Equal Opportunity ◼ Family Oriented ▪ Achievement and Success ◼ Joy and Humor ▪ Material Comfort ◼ Flexibility, Adaptability and Creativity ▪ Activity and Work ◼ Human Activities ▪ Practicality and Efficiency ◼ Faith and Religiosity ▪ Progress ◼ Ability to Survive ▪ Science ◼ Hard work ▪ Democracy and Free Enterprise ◼ Hospitality ▪ Freedom ▪ Racism and Group Superiority NAME: As you encounter the words that describes a Filipino culture, have you feel proud of being a Filipino (or what nationality you have) or got inspired by how Americans live their ways? As we go along the way of our lesson we will examine how culture affects our daily lives. You will be more oriented with your own culture as well as the perspectives of other culture on this lesson. ACTIVITY (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) I am a Filipino! Write a reflection paper based on the song “Akoy’y Pinoy”, following the format stated below. o Introduction (includes: brief summary of the theme of the song/1 paragraph only) o Body (own analysis of the song, how you feel about it/ 2 paragraphs only) o Conclusion (give your advice to Filipinos on how to love the Filipino culture/ 1 paragraph only) “Ako'y Pinoy” Ako'y isang Pinoy sa puso't diwa Pinoy na isinilang sa ating bansa Ako'y hindi sanay sa wikang mga banyaga Ako'y Pinoy na mayroong sariling wika. Wikang pambansa ang gamit kong salita Bayan kong sinilangan Hangad kong lagi ang kalayaan. Si Gat Jose Rizal nuo'y nagwika Siya ay nagpangaral sa ating bansa Ang hindi raw magmahal sa sariling wika Ay higit pa ang amoy sa mabahong isda Wikang pambansa ang gamit kong salita Bayan kong sinilangan NAME: Hangad kong lagi ang kalayaan. (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) Ako'y isang Pinoy sa puso't diwa Pinoy na isinilang sa ating bansa Ako'y hindi sanay sa wikang mga banyaga Ako'y Pinoy na mayroong sariling wika. Source: Musixmatch.com Songwriter: De Leon Florante NAME: ANALYSIS (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) 1. From a perspective of a Filipino, what two values do you consider as disadvantageous to the individual success? (30-50 words only) 2. What key values have you admired the most with the Americans? Choose at least three, and briefly explain your answers. (30-50 words only) ABSTRACTION What is Culture? Culture is defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people’s way of life. Only humans rely on culture rather than instinct to ensure survival. Society refers to people who interact in a defined territory and share culture. Culture shock refers to personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life. How Many Cultures? One indication of culture is language Global estimates document 7,000 languages In the USA, there are about 200 languages In the Philippines, there are about 170 + languages However, upcoming decades will show the disappearance of hundreds of languages.  The Elements of Culture Although cultures vary, they all have five common components: (1) Symbols (4) Norms (2) Language (5) Material culture (3) Values and Beliefs (1) Symbols This pertains to anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share the same culture. i.e. the gesture of doing a “mano po” to older people symbolizes a sign of respect for Filipinos htps:/www.blogspot.comi. am pinoy: Whatis"Mano Po" means?iampinoypi. htps:/www.coursehero.com/sg/introduction-to-sociology/cultural-symbols-values-and-norms/ https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fthumbs.dreamstime.com%2Fz%2Fnational-symbols-philippines-national-symbols-philippines-culture-architecture.com https://www.thesocietypages.org (2) Language It is a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another. Language allows for the continuity of culture. (2.1)Elements of Culture Language ⬧ Cultural transmission (Oral traditions) – the process by which one generation passes culture to the next. ⬧ Every society transmits culture through speech. http://qwantz.com/index.php?comic=627 (2.2)The Sapir-Whorf Thesis Languages are not just different sets of labels for the same reality. All languages fuse symbols with distinctive emotions. The Sapir-Whorf Thesis – people perceive the world through the cultural lens of language. It means that language possesses an ability to influence the person on how to perceive the surroundings. For example, Margaret Mead pointed out that some of the South Pacific people whom she studied did not have a word for "war" in their vocabularies. Interestingly, these people did not participate in war. So, the hypothesis is that we must be able to think of some phenomenon before we can name it or experience it. (3) Values and Beliefs Values are culturally defined standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad guidelines for social living. Values are abstract standards of goodness.  The Secret to Sustaining Success in Teams – Values Values are the common language we connect on. In other words, people from different backgrounds and belief systems can connect and agree on common values. In relationships, casual or personal this is the most important factor for success. Think of your own personal relationships, we can be comfortable around many different people and types of people, but we are most comfortable with those whose values we admire or are most similar to ours. Sports teams such a Munster Rugby, Canterbury Crusaders or Liverpool football club all have strong cultural values. Values fundamentally dictate our attitudes and our behaviors, and those whose behaviors we admire are those whose who we wish to be with. However, if you are in a relationship where values are not similar this eventually leads to discontent, mistrust and at best uneasiness. Influencing Values Values are not fixed in stone and in many organizations, we need to reinforce and encourage the values we’ve agreed on. Following are the four main ways values can be affected: Moralizing “Do as I say”—giving verbal instruction, such as, “You must treat each other with respect.” Moralizing can get quick results among those who welcome structure and respect authority, but it usually fails to win over those who like to think for themselves. Modeling This is how many of use inherit values, we pick them up from family and friends who act in a certain way. This is a major method of influence on young players when they join a locker room, a cadet joins a military unit or any group – good or bad, people are influenced by the actions of others. Experimenting “You figure it out”—laissez-faire leadership, in which several concepts are introduced and then people are left to go their own way. Exploratory learners gravitate to this style. Clarifying “We’re going to meet to talk about our values.” This approach reiterates what the leaders believe and what the organization stands for. Clarifying can be combined with the previous three styles to great effect. Unlike with moralizing, here the group together explores and investigates what the values of the team mean to each person. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx Beliefs are specific statements that people hold to be true. Beliefs are particular matters that individuals consider as true or false. The Foundation – Your Belief System To understand culture, one must first understand people and their belief systems. One key way that a culture — or team — defines and distinguishes itself is through a set of ideas that are held in common. But we all think differently, we all have different belief systems – I’ve seen this first hand working with teams and people all around the world. Although shared beliefs can drive the thoughts and actions of an organization’s members in the same direction, one’s beliefs also provide a moral compass that guides everyone to make the best decisions as they see fit. (4) Norms These are rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. Most important norms in a culture apply everywhere and at all times. (A) Mores – norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance. (i.e. rape, treason, and child sexual abuse are generally perceived as wrong acts everywhere in the world, as such it tells us that it is morally wrong to commit those acts based on the norms we usually follow.) - Mores inspire intense reactions, and punishment inevitably follows (right vs. wrong) if these norms are not executed. Usually, the norms that are considered as mores entail huge punishment/intense disgust from the public once these are not obeyed or done.  (B) Folkways – norms for routine, casual interaction (eating rice as usual part of a meal, using deodorant/tawas, respecting others) - (polite vs. rude) -(i.e. People chew quietly with mouths closed, accepting one’s place in line, people avoid facing each other in elevators) - These have commonly no written rules but are usually done by people. If you fail to practice such folkways, some may have a little disgust about it, but not that intense compare to the degree of disobeying mores. No one is physically harmed when folkways are not executed. (5) Material Culture Material culture also reflects a society’s technology – knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings. Sociocultural evolution: hunting and gathering societies (foraging)- the first society, depends on hunting for their food and is nomadic. horticultural & pastoralism (slash and burns) - semi-sedentary life; introduction of agriculture and they relied on domestication of animals. agriculture - sedentary life; introduction of new methods in farming; establishment of permanent settlement. industry- inventions of machines that improved production; the rise of urban centers or cities postindustrial information technology -knowledge is a commodity and technological innovation is the key to long lasting growth and development.  Other Concepts We Need to be Familiar when Talking about Culture Cultural Diversity - Cultural diversity can involve social class. Many cultural patterns are readily accessible to only some members of a society. High Culture – cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite. Popular Culture – cultural patterns that are widespread among a population. Subculture – cultural patterns that set apart some segment of society’s population. (Ex: Amish and Mormons) Multiculturalism – an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions. Afrocentrism – the dominance of African cultural patterns. Eurocentrism – the dominance of European cultural patterns. Counterculture – cultural patterns that rejects and opposes those widely accepted within a society. i.e. Hippies of the 60’s Street Gangs Extreme right-wing religious groups Cultural Integration – the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system. Cultural Lag - some elements of culture change faster than others. Cultural Changes - new cultural elements. i.e. usage of cellphones, Blackberry, iPhones Cultural Diffusion - spread of objects from one society to another Ethnocentrism – the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one’s own culture. Cultural Relativism – the practice of evaluating a culture by that culture’s own standards. A Global Culture Global economy: the flow of goods Global communication: the flow of information Global migration: the flow of people References: Macionis, John J. 1999. “Sociology. Student Media Version. Seventh Edition.” United States of America: Prentice-Hall, Inc. https://fergusconnolly.com/culture/ NAME: APPLICATION (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) Define briefly each element of culture and give one example for each: (1) Symbols (2) Language (3) Values (4) Beliefs (5) Norms  MODULE 1: DEFINING CULTURE LESSON 2 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1. Discuss the major theoretical approaches to cultural interpretation such as Structural Functional Analysis, Social Conflict Analysis, and Sociobiology TIME FRAME: 2 Weeks INTRODUCTION Hello class, welcome to another day of learning. For our next lesson, we will talk about theoretical analysis of culture. This topic talks about how culture influence social organization and order in the society. On the other hand, this will also display how culture affects disorganization and conflict in the society. The moment you think of the superiority of your culture than other culture is guided by the concepts and theories that frames your perspective. That perspective is what makes a paradigm, this is a model of how you think about things. In this lesson you will be acquainted with the fundamental assumptions that sociologists have about the social world, the ones that guide their thinking and research. NAME: ACTIVITY (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) Seeing The General In The Particular! This definition tells us that sociologists look for general patterns in the behavior of particular people. Your task is to identify what is your perspective on the current situation of conducting online classes and by doing so, you will initially get to understand how your classmates felt about the situation. This task will lead you into having your own theoretical perspective. Create your own graphic organizer or chart or diagram showing the advantages and disadvantages of doing online class. Provide a short explanation about your chart. Be creative in doing so. NAME: ANALYSIS (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) Seeing the Strange in the Familiar! "In United States of America, suicide rates are higher for white people than for black people and higher for men than for women." Why is it so? Explain your thoughts about this rate of death by suicide, by race (between white Americans and Black Americans) and by sex (between men and women). Maximum of 200 words. ABSTRACTION Theoretical Analysis of Culture (A) Functionalism, also called structural-functional theory, sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. Functionalism grew out of the writings of English philosopher and biologist, Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), who saw similarities between society and the human body; he argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning (Spencer 1898). The parts of society that Spencer referred to were the social institutions, or patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy. Émile Durkheim, another early sociologist, applied Spencer’s theory to explain how societies change and survive over time. Durkheim believed that society is a complex system of interrelated and interdependent parts that work together to maintain stability (Durkheim 1893), and that society is held together by shared values, languages, and symbols. He believed that to study society, a sociologist must look beyond individuals to social facts such as laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashion, and rituals, which all serve to govern social life. Alfred Radcliff-Brown (1881–1955) defined the function of any recurrent activity as the part it played in social life as a whole, and therefore the contribution it makes to social stability and continuity (Radcliff-Brown 1952). In a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability, a state called dynamic equilibrium by later sociologists such as Parsons (1961). Durkheim believed that individuals may make up society, but in order to study society, sociologists have to look beyond individuals to social facts. Social facts are the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life (Durkheim 1895). Each of these social facts serves one or more functions within a society. For example, one function of a society’s laws may be to protect society from violence, while another is to punish criminal behavior, while another is to preserve public health.  Another noted structural functionalist, Robert Merton (1910–2003), pointed out that social processes often have many functions. Manifest functions are the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated, while latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social process. A manifest function of college education, for example, includes gaining knowledge, preparing for a career, and finding a good job that utilizes that education. Latent functions of your college years include meeting new people, participating in extracurricular activities, or even finding a spouse or partner. Another latent function of education is creating a hierarchy of employment based on the level of education attained. Latent functions can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful. Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society are called dysfunctions. In education, examples of dysfunction include getting bad grades, truancy, dropping out, not graduating, and not finding suitable employment. A GLOBAL CULTURE Sociologists around the world look closely for signs of what would be an unprecedented event: the emergence of a global culture. In the past, empires such as those that existed in China, Europe, Africa, and Central and South America linked people from many different countries, but those people rarely became part of a common culture. They lived too far from each other, spoke different languages, practiced different religions, and traded few goods. Today, increases in communication, travel, and trade have made the world a much smaller place. More and more people are able to communicate with each other instantly— wherever they are located—by telephone, video, and text. They share movies, television shows, music, games, and information over the Internet. Students can study with teachers and pupils from the other side of the globe. Governments find it harder to hide conditions inside their countries from the rest of the world. Sociologists research many different aspects of this potential global culture. Some explore the dynamics involved in the social interactions of global online communities, such as when members feel a closer kinship to other group members than to people residing in their own countries. Other sociologists study the impact this growing international culture has on smaller, less-powerful local cultures. Yet other researchers explore how international markets and the outsourcing of labor impact social inequalities. Sociology can play a key role in people’s abilities to understand the nature of this emerging global culture and how to respond to it. (B) Conflict theory looks at society as a competition for limited resources. This perspective is a macro-level approach most identified with the writings of German philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx (1818–1883), who saw society as being made up of individuals in different social classes who must compete for social, material, and political resources such as food and housing, employment, education, and leisure time. Social institutions like government, education, and religion reflect this competition in their inherent inequalities and help maintain the unequal social structure. Some individuals and organizations are able to obtain and keep more resources than others, and these “winners” use their power and influence to maintain social institutions. Several theorists suggested variations on this basic theme. Polish-Austrian sociologist Ludwig Gumplowicz (1838–1909) expanded on Marx’s ideas by arguing that war and conquest are the basis of civilizations. He believed that cultural and ethnic conflicts led to states being identified and defined by a dominant group that had power over other groups (Irving 2007). German sociologist Max Weber agreed with Marx but also believed that, in addition to economic inequalities, inequalities of political power and social structure cause conflict. Weber noted that different groups were affected differently based on education, race, and gender, and that people’s reactions to inequality were moderated by class differences and rates of social Max Weber mobility, as well as by perceptions about the legitimacy of those in power. German sociologist Georg Simmel (1858–1918) believed that conflict can help integrate and stabilize a society. He said that the intensity of the conflict varies depending on the emotional involvement of the parties, the degree of solidarity within the opposing groups, and the clarity and limited nature of the goals. Simmel also showed that groups work to create internal solidarity, centralize power, and reduce dissent. Resolving conflicts can reduce tension and hostility and can pave the way for future agreements. In the  1930s and 1940s, German philosophers, known as the Frankfurt School, developed critical theory as an elaboration on Marxist principles. Critical theory is an expansion of conflict theory and is broader than just sociology, including other social sciences and philosophy. A critical theory attempts to address structural issues causing inequality; it must explain what’s wrong in current social reality, identify the people who can make changes, and provide practical goals for social transformation (Horkeimer 1982). More recently, inequality based on gender or race has been explained in a similar manner and has identified institutionalized power structures that help to maintain inequality between groups. Janet Saltzman Chafetz (1941–2006) presented a model of feminist theory that attempts to explain the forces that maintain gender inequality as well as a theory of how such a system can be changed (Turner 2003). Similarly, critical race theory grew out of a critical analysis of race and racism from a legal point of view. Critical race theory looks at structural inequality based on white privilege and associated wealth, power, and prestige. The social–conflict paradigm suggests that many cultural traits function to the advantage of some and the disadvantage of others. Conflicts present in our society includes gender, race and class struggles. The tendency of a given culture to ascribe particular characteristics and roles is called stereotyping. Men and women are conditioned to act out roles in their behavior and thinking which are determined by society as appropriate. It is important to note and realize that their stereotyped roles/characteristics and their fictitious idea are assigned by society and therefore can be challenged and undone. (C) Sociobiology, the systematic study of the biological basis of social behaviour. The term sociobiology was popularized by the American biologist Edward O. Wilson in his book Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975). Sociobiology attempts to understand and explain animal (and human) social behaviour in the light of natural selection and other biological processes. One of its central tenets is that genes (and their transmission through successful reproduction) are the central motivators in animals’ struggle for survival, and that animals will behave in ways that maximize their chances of transmitting copies of their genes to succeeding generations. Since behaviour patterns are to some extent inherited, the evolutionary process of natural selection can be said to foster those behavioural (as well as physical) traits that increase an individual’s chances of reproducing. Sociobiology has contributed several insights to the understanding of animal social behaviour. It explains apparently altruistic behaviour in some animal species as actually being genetically selfish, since such behaviours usually benefit closely related individuals whose genes resemble those of the altruistic individual. This insight helps explain why soldier ants sacrifice their lives in order to defend their colony, or why worker honeybees in a hive forego reproduction in order to help their queen reproduce. Sociobiology can in some cases explain the differences between male and female behaviour in certain animal species as resulting from the different strategies the sexes must resort to in order to transmit their genes to posterity. Sociobiology is more controversial, however, when it attempts to explain various human social behaviours in terms of their adaptive value for reproduction. Many of these behaviours, according to one objection, are more plausibly viewed as cultural constructs or as evolutionary by-products, without any direct adaptive purpose of their own. Some sociobiologists—Wilson in particular—have been accused of attributing adaptive value to various widespread but morally objectionable behaviours (such as sexism and racism), thereby justifying them as natural or inevitable. Defenders of sociobiology reply that at least some aspects of human behaviour must be biologically influenced (because competition with other species would select for this trait); that evolutionary explanations of human behaviour are not defective in principle but should be evaluated in the same way as other scientific hypotheses; and that sociobiology does not imply strict biological determinism. Macionis, John J. 1999. “Sociology. Student Media Version. Seventh Edition.” United States of America: Prentice-Hall, Inc. https://www.britannica.com/science/sociobiology https://courses.lumenlearning.com/alamo-sociology NAME: APPLICATION (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast the two theoretical analysis on culture. 10pts. structural–functional paradigm social–conflict paradigm structural–functional social-conflict similarities paradigm paradigm  MODULE 1: DEFINING CULTURE LESSON 3 THE MATERIALITY OF POPULAR CULTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Examine popular culture as material culture. 2. Visualize youth subculture as an example of the visibility of materiality in popular culture. 3. Characterize various global popular culture TIME FRAME: 2 Weeks INTRODUCTION Hi students! Today we are going to discuss about Materiality of Popular Culture. This lesson examines culture as material culture. Culture is about making the world signify. It matters because signification helps organize and regulate social practice. According to actor-network- theory, popular culture it is not just people acting and interacting, it is about people acting and interacting with material objects, and material object interacting with each other. In a network, all the actor acts: there is movement not between intermediaries but between mediators. Materiality is mute outside culture, until it is made to signify by human action. Material objects have to be realized as meaningful by social practice. When different cultures share the same material object, what marks cultural differences is obviously not these objects but the different meanings of these objects and how these meaning are realized in social practice. NAME: ACTIVITY (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) My Life, My Style! In today's generation, there are a lot of youth subcultures where an individual can find themselves to be in with the group. Some groups can be identified with how they style their hair, what dress they wear and the objects they often use. Your task is to describe your group (circle of friends/barkada) and think of their influences on you by using the graphic organizer below. ME MY FRIENDS ANALYSIS (*for SETBI-DAPECOL Students, DO NOT ANSWER THIS ACTIVITY) FISH BONE ANALYSIS Fish Bone Analysis. Write down what are the impacts/cause and effect created by the following item towards our lives? 1. car 2. mobile phone 3. milktea 4. television 5. fastfood chain (Mcdo or Jollibee) ABSTRACTION Youth subcultures are an obvious example of the visibility of materiality in popular culture, this can be seen through the drug of their choice, a particular dress code, social spaces that are occupied, a particular music providing an aural landscape. Further, most people's lives are filled with material objects. We interact with material objects in many ways; we produce and consume them, we exchange them, we talk about them and admire them, and we use them to say things about ourselves. Sometimes the material capacities of an object are such that they transform what we do. CAR : It has helped bring about fundamental change in the popular culture of shopping -- not only how we shop, but also who shops. MOBILE PHONE : It is now impossible to walk down the high street of any town or city and not see people using mobile phones to talk, text, take photographs or listen to music. As such, it democratized the self-portrait – makingpossible the so-called “selfie”. There are a lot of material objects that has contributed to the changes on the way of our lives nowadays. There are different ways to think theoretically about the materiality of popular culture i.e. Actor- Network-Theory, Cultural Studies,& Material Culture. A. Actor- Network-Theory According to actor-network-theory, popular culture is not just people acting and interacting, it is people acting and interacting with material objects and material objects interacting with each other. Example. Whether or not we use a bus or a car to travel, wear formal or casual clothes to meet friends, drink wine or water, sleep on holiday in a tent or a hotel, these material objects make a difference to the realization of our actions and interactions. Many of our activities are through material objects of a variety of kinds. Any thing that does modify a state of affairs by making a difference is called an actor (Latour, 2007). The interaction between actors always takes place in networks. In other words, to understand one thing, you have to see it in relation to other things; see it as part of a network. It is how something performs or is made to perform within a given network that determines its situated therefore temporary meaning and significance. i.e. public library exhibits a collection of photographs of a local community (although taken by different individuals, the gallery would situate them all in a network in which these differences of subject and purpose would be diminished, as they would all be, at least temporarily, of significance because of what that tell the exhibition's audience about the local area) Material objects can be mediators and intermediaries. Intermediaries - convey meaning unchanged Mediators - transform, translate, distort, and modify the meaning they are supposed to carry i.e. Powerpoint and LED television/Projector (Both technologies are fundamental to the experience of our interaction in the class. Interaction between us involves certain tech and these do not just work as intermediaries, they act as mediators.) A Bottle of Drink (at first it is an intermediary, but when offered to woman by a man, it becomes a mediator as it convey of an attempt to start a relationship A network is 'a string of actions where each participant is treated as a full-blown mediator. In a network all the actors act: there is movement not between intermediaries but between mediators. 'As soon as actors are treated not as intermediaries but as mediators, they render the movement of the social visible'. In a network there is not a transport of causality between intermediaries but a series of connections in which actors make other actors act.It is by recognizing the interaction between the human and the material that popular culture and everyday life become fully visible to our analysis. In other words, if we are to understand everyday life, and popular culture as its primary feature, we have to fully recognize the role of material objects. As Latour argues, we should not think of the social and the material as separate categories. It is the weaving together of both material and social; that is, it is human-to-human, object-to-object, and human-to-object actions and interactions that make visible the materiality of popular culture. B. Meaning and Materiality This admixture can take various forms: a text message written on a phone, musical sounds produced by human body, graffti painted on a wall, a toy loved by a child. Cultural studies defines culture as a realized signifying system. Material objects surround us and we interact with them and we use them to interact with others. They accompany us through the shifting narratives of our lives, becoming the material of our emotions and our thoughts. Popular culture is never just the materiality of things; it is always a simultaneous entanglement of meaning, materiality and social practice. This admixture can take various forms: a text message written on a phone, musical sounds produced by human body, graffiti painted on a wall, a toy loved by a child. References: Storey, John. 2015. “Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction. Seventh Edition.” Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Inc. Storey, John. 2010. “Culture and Power in Cultural Studies: The Politics of Signification.” Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press NAME: APPLICATION (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) List down 5-10 material things that is important to you and gives meaning to you life? and why? MATERIAL THINGS REASONS 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.  MODULE 2: POPULAR CULTURE AROUND THE WORLD LESSON 4 A. WESTERN POPULAR CULTURE LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Evaluate Western Popular Culture specifically in the lens of American Pop Culture TIME FRAME: 1 Week INTRODUCTION Hello learners! Welcome to Lesson 5 The Popular Culture Around the World. Now, we will travel and discover new things that will give you more knowledge about the culture around the world. When people talk about Western Culture, what exactly they are referring to? Western Culture is an incredibly broad term used to describe the social norms, belief system, traditions, customs, values, and so forth that have their origin in Europe or based on European Culture. United States of America for example, is firmly western in culture. American culture is as diverse as American people, drawing on the traditions of the nation’s many immigrants. American culture also reflects the nation’s democratic ideals, as Americans have pioneered in forms of entertainment, such as baseball and movies, which are aimed at mass audiences. The east coast of the United States was originally a British colony, and as America developed its own independent nation, it carried with it many elements of European culture. French Culture, Spanish Culture and British culture are all sub-categories under the broad loose category of Western Culture. Europe and much of the western hemisphere is western in culture. This is in contrast to Asia which is eastern in culture and Africa which -you guessed it- has its own unique African culture. Australia is largely western in culture. Western culture is a pretty fluid and loose term because it encompasses so much. Some of the central characteristics of western culture include, democracy, rational thinking, individualism, Christianity, capitalism, modern technology human rights, scientific thinking. NAME: ACTIVITY (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) Bring me to the West! Santa Claus or simply Santa is a legendary figure of Western Pop Culture who is said to bring gifts to the homes of well-behaved, “good” children on Christmas Eve and the early morning hours of Christmas Day. This is an example of a western influence that people around the world have been practicing. Your task is to paste any picture or sketch using any available writing/art materials that would bring the audience to the feeling of western popular culture. To make it more interesting, just simply put your own thoughts and description of your chosen figure that reminds you of the influence of the west. Make your description as short as 100 words or lesser. You can do it! YOUR ILLUSTRATION EXPLANATION NAME: ANALYSIS (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) Write five examples of western popular culture and try to analyse the effects these have brought into Philippine popular culture. EXAMPLE EFFECT 1. American songs We tend to love more the foreign songs than our own local songs 2. 3. 4. 5. ABSTRACTION Among the three effects of globalization on culture, the growth of global “pop culture” tends to get the most attention, and to strike people on a visceral level. Many complain that this form of globalization is actually Americanization, because the United States is by far the biggest producer of popular culture goods. Pop culture is manifested around the world through movies, music, television shows, newspapers, satellite broadcasts, fast food and clothing, among other entertainment and consumer goods. For the United States, the entertainment industry is one of the most important spheres of economic activity. In fact, the U.S. entertainment industry generates more revenue from overseas sales than any other industry other than the commercial aerospace industry. Many would say that this new juggernaut of American industry has propelled the American pop culture around the world at a frenetic pace. Reality television is a popular medium for the broadcast of American culture. One of the most prominent examples is “Keeping up with the Kardashians” which follows the family life of the Kardashian family. The show has developed a dedicated following internationally and has contributed to an idea of a glamorous American lifestyle that is practiced by the family. This reality show and other like it have contributed to a rise of celebrities who are “famous for being famous” (O’Rourke, 2011). The growth of the influence of American television has been mirrored within the film industry, as well. Viewed from the perspective of other countries, the dominance of the United States film industry in Europe has been a rapidly and recently growing concern (Dager, n.d). Recently, countries in Europe such as France have passed protectionist measures, to facilitate the growth of the film industry domestically, which have damaged the share of American films overseas. The current share is 60-75 percent across Western Europe (Hopewell, 2013). American movies and television shows, which are commonly referred to in trade parlance as audio-visual services, are therefore an important commodity among U.S. exports. This is perhaps doubly the case with regard to inherently cultural products. Not only do foreign nations worry about their own domestic entertainment industries from an economic standpoint, but they also worry about the effects on their culture. For many citizens of other countries, American films and televisions shows are not just another commodity. I. The Spread of American Pop Culture Globalization enables foreign companies to distribute American cultural products, including music and books. The spread of American restaurant chains and consumer products worldwide is accompanied by the spread of American popular culture. In recent years, American movies, music, and TV shows have consistently gained more and more audiences worldwide. The products of popular musicians are also likely to be distributed by non-U.S. companies such as Japan’s Sony, Germany’s Bertelsmann AG, France’s Vivendi, or the United Kingdom’s EMI Group. Similarly, American authors are increasingly published by foreign media conglomerates. Canada is one of the best examples of a country where U.S. cultural products dominate despite the Canadian government’s efforts to preserve local culture. Canadian films account for just 2.1 percent of Canadian film ticket sales, and the vast majority of the remaining 98 percent are American. In most other countries, however, American cultural products are not as widespread as they are in Canada, and they face more domestic competition. In most cases, two general trends can be observed: ⚫ Many American cultural products tend to be popular with people of very different societies. ⚫ Despite the popularity of American cultural products, other countries still produce a substantial number of films, music, books, and TV shows. II. Television What is the role of TV in Western popular culture? American cultural products are influential in the television industry, as well. For example, American company CNN exemplify the global news. However, television remains a more local cultural form than movies, music, or publications. However, there was a time when television had a significant impact on Eastern European politics. Television series such as “Dallas” and “Dynasty” were viewed by individuals living behind the Iron Curtain and offered an unrealistic, but appealing alternative to the communist lifestyle. Therefore, we can say that television has played an important role in propagating Western popular culture, though majorly Americanized. Through this medium, the proliferation of technology, news/ideas, entertainment, language, fashion and sports is made even wider and farther across borders. III. Pop Culture Values Almost by definition, popular culture has attained an immense global following precisely because it is popular. For many citizens of other countries though, the near take-over of their own cultural industries, especially for younger audiences, is of great concern. As sociologist Peter Berger points out, pop culture: 'carries a significant freight of beliefs and values. Take the case of rock music. It's attraction is not just due to a particular preference for loud, rhythmic sound and dangerously athletic dancing. Rock music also symbolizes a whole cluster of cultural values—concerning self- expression, spontaneity, released sexuality, and perhaps most importantly, defiance of the alleged stodginess of tradition.' References: Storey, John. 2015. “Cultural Theory and Popular Culture: An Introduction. Seventh Edition.” Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, Inc. https://study.com/academia/lesson/modern-western.com NAME: APPLICATION (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) Choose an artist or a celebrity, or any technology or any object that is of western origin and has influenced you as a person. Write a 100-word analysis paper on why you like this person/idea/object and how does this western popular culture affect your preferences over such things and behavior.  MODULE 2: POPULAR CULTURE AROUND THE WORLD LESSON 4 B. EASTERN POPULAR CULTURE (South Korean and Japanese Popular Culture: Philippine Perspectives) LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Assess Eastern Popular Culture through the Korean and Japanese Pop Cultures TIME FRAME: 1 Week INTRODUCTION Filipino has always been welcoming of foreign trends and culture. As such, Korean culture and trends as seen in Korean dramas have invaded and been deeply rooted in Philippine society today. Korean dramas have greatly influenced the food fashion, cosmetics and entertainment industries, as well as people’s views and preferences. The Korean Wave receivers are likely to experience in Korean culture in order to fully understand the context of films, dramas, and K-pop. As a representative content the Korean wave, K-pop as a part of a global trend especially popular among the youth (Jang et.al.,2012:80). ACTIVITY (*for SETBI-DAPECOL Students, DO NOT ANSWER THIS ACTIVITY) Compare and contrast. Write down what are the differences of Japanese culture and Korean culture. CATEGORY JAPAN KOREA FOOD DRESS MOVIES MUSIC ANALYSIS(*for SETBI-DAPECOL Students, DO NOT ANSWER THIS ACTIVITY) Since you are done with the activity, you’re now ready to answer this questions that will help you to think creatively. Be explicit in answering the questions. 1. Are you a fan of any k-pop groups? Why or why not? 2. What do you think is the reason why a lot of Filipinos are so hooked on anything Korean? 3. If given a chance to choose only one travel destination,which country in Asia would you like to visit? And why? ABSTRACTION A decade on, and the English-speaking world remains dominated by American-made music, films and television. Yet, there's been a noticeable shift: a steady rise in the influence of South Korean and Japanese pop culture exports. In 2019, Japanese consultant Marie Kondo taught us how to declutter our lives in her Netflix hit "Tidying Up with Marie Kondo." South Korean pop groups BTS and Blackpink showed us big-budget, action-packed music videos -- and smashed YouTube records in the process. Also, "Parasite" became the first South Korean film to win a Palme d'Or and an Oscars-- and then the film's director Bong Joon-ho appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" speaking mainly in Korean. That capped off a decade that's seen the rise of East Asian pop culture in the West, including the catchy "Gangnam Style" by flamboyant South Korean rapper PSY (2012) and the glacially-slow romances in Japanese reality show "Terrace House" (which came to Netflix in 2015). Top English-language fashion magazines like "Vogue" and "Elle" now regularly feature South Korean beauty products, apparently endorsed by actresses Drew Barrymore and Emma Stone. "Asia is becoming an increasingly significant cultural force," consulting firm McKinsey noted in a 2019 discussion paper. "In contrast to the past when the region was largely a recipient of Western culture, with Asian citizens enthusiastic consumers of Hollywood movies and British pop music, for instance. Today, cultural flows go in both directions." The Growing Influence of East Asian Pop Culture A decade ago, Japanese anime like Pokemon and Digimon was already a fixture in the West. Hong Kong martial arts stars Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee were household names. Analysts were already using the phrase "hallyu" -- or "Korean wave" in Korean -- to refer to the spread of South Korean fashion, beauty products, television dramas and music in other countries, especially in Asia. Accordingly, 'the East is coming.' In fact, it has been for a while," said Anthony Fung, an expert in pop culture at the Chinese University of Hong Kong. But in the past decade, East Asian pop culture -- particularly from South Korea -- has really taken off. Now there's not just one Kung Fu star or one anime, but a range of different East Asian exports. Jung-Sun Park, a professor and coordinator of Asian-Pacific studies at California State University at Dominguez Hills, says social media and the internet have "totally transformed the transnational flows of pop culture." The various social media platforms have revolutionized the ways in which individuals encounter and consume pop culture and have greatly diversified the routes of pop cultural flows and influences (Park, 2019). In the past, traditional media platforms like television and radio stations have controlled what we see and hear. East Asian pop culture also offers something else: Diversity. Susanna Lim, a professor of Asian studies at the University of Oregon, says Western fans are demanding greater diversity than they did in the past. She points to K-pop fans as an example, noting that many are from diverse backgrounds, and may also feel marginalized by American mainstream culture. "The growing interest in East Asian pop culture reflects these changing demographics and cultural awareness in the US and the West," she said. K-pop is packed full of Western influences, so it can feel both familiar and unfamiliar to Western audiences, Lim added. The Effect of the East Asian Spread Western fans of K-pop and other cultural products might initially be drawn in by flashy dance moves and edgy fashion, but it's having a ripple effect in other areas. Enrollments in Japanese and Korean programs in the United States increased between 2013 and 2016, according to a study by the Modern Language Association of America.Enrollments for Korean language programs rose by 13.7%, by far the largest increase of any language being taught. K-pop is also boosting tourist arrivals to South Korea. According to Korean think tank Hyundai Research Institute, K-pop group BTS helped inspire an estimated one in 13 tourists that visited the country in 2017. That same report found that, if BTS maintain their popularity, they will contribute a projected 56.16 trillion South Korean won ($48 billion) to the country's economy by 2023. Jo Elfving-Hwang, an associate professor of Korean Studies at the University of Western Australia, said that Korean Australians she had interviewed hadn't been interested in Korean pop culture, but started paying attention after being introduced to it by their non-Korean friends. "This is an interesting example of global popular culture that has been driven by external recognition of the cultural attractiveness rather than a push by local diasporas (Elfving-Hwang, 2019)." What the Future Looks Like Experts say there's every reason to think Japan and South Korea's cultural exports will continue to have an impact in the coming decade. The big question mark is over China. Although China's rising economic and political influence has made it much more prominent on the world stage than it was a decade ago, it has barely made a dent on the West's pop culture landscape. Fung says China's limited impact is partly because there's less of an economic need for Chinese entertainment companies to look abroad -- it's the most populous country in the world, so there's already a huge domestic market. Another reason, though, is the strict control that China's Communist Party imposes on Chinese media. Regulators have banned actors with tattoos and censored song lyrics. Chinese state media outlets have also criticized male celebrities who appear effeminate or not manly in appearance. Professor Elfving-Hwang says it's "harder to imagine" the Chinese music industry ever having the same international appeal as K-pop. "But you never know," she said. In the next decade, Elfving-Hwang thinks East Asian pop culture will keep going strong -- and she sees that as a good thing. "If K-pop can actually make people curious enough to take quite a big step like learning a language," she said, "And then through that gain more understanding about the culture... I think that will have a really significant impact on how we can communicate in the future. We will also discuss on How K-Attracted Tourism Boost and the Koreanovela Invasion in the Philippines. Because we all knew that a lot of people in the Philippines loves Korean drama, musics and many more. The Korean television series Winter Sonata became popular in Japan and Japanese tourist agencies offered location tours to various filming sites in Korea. Kamiya (2004) noted that these are 'prime examples of how movies and television programs can not only transport viewers to another world, but also inspire them to travel.' The Hallyu, or “Korean wave,'' was first coined in 1999 by Beijing journalists who were surprised by the growing popularity of South Korean entertainment and culture in China (J.Y. Kim, 2007). Today, the term is used to refer to Korean popular culture at large, which usually includes tv drams, movies, music, food, and fashion.As mentioned in various studies, the Korean wave has had considerable impact on Korea's tourism and has led to a dramatic increase in international tourist arrivals there, specifically to locations associated with Korean tv dramas (Rewtrakunphaiboon, 2009; Lim, 2008). Moreover, Dae Jang Geum (literally The Great Jang Geum), or Jewel in the Palace in English, is a fifty-four-episode drama produced by the Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation (MBC). It tells the success story of Dae Jang Geum who became the first female royal doctor despite coming from the lower class. It is also a story of complicated relationships involving love and hate. Also, it presented a reproduction of the Korean royal palace in the Joseon dynasty, featuring the food and medical treatments of that period (Zabala, 2013). Finally, it should be noted that the most number of visitors came from neighboring East Asia i.e. Japan, China, and Taiwan. This is attributed not only due to geographical proximity but also to cultural proximity. Tourism is first and foremost a business. The influx of increased tourist numbers would generate more revenue for the local economy as well as increased awareness of filming location destinations not only locally but also internationally (Zabala, 2013). The Koreanovela Invasion in the Philippines Filipino audiences had long been caught by Latin American soap operas, specifically Mexican telenovelas.“Telenovela” is a term used to refer to television drama series or soap opera, particularly those from Latin America. After the introduction of other imported tv drama series from Taiwan and Korea, the term was appropriated to refer to Taiwanese drama series as “Chinovela” (i.e. Meteor Garden) and to Korean drama as “Koreanovela.” Local tv stations started showing Korean dramas regularly in the same year, 2003 i.e. Endless Love 1: Autumn in My Heart. Local free tv channels must have seen it as an opening for more Korean dramas, as they had already made their way to East Asia and other Southeast Asian countries. Since then, a number of Korean dramas or Koreanovelas have been shown on local television, including Endlss Love, Lovers in Paris, Full House,Jewel in the Palace and so on. Lin and Tong (2008) concluded that Korean dramas provide a space where traditional femininity is reaffirmed and modern femininity presented. Aspects of sociocultural reality, culture, and society are reflected in dramas as well as idealistic femininities desired by consumers. Cho Hae-Joang (2005) stressed that Korean pop culture helped define a new “Asian femininity.” Attractiveness, softness, tenderness, and faithfulness to their loved ones are some of the qualities of the ideal woman portrayed in Korean dramas. Also, masculinity through the projection of the ideal man i.e. handsome, caring, perfect, cool, etc. is portrayed(Lin and Tong, 2008). Common scenes in Koreanovelas: a. slapping the face b. hitting the back of the head or the nape c. kicking people d. drinking alcoholic beverage i.e. beer/soju e. being carried piggyback f. divorce g. suicide In conclusion, the South Korean Government's initiative, as well as the Korean people's demand for globalization and liberalization in the media and culture, resulted in the production of better films and television dramas. The advent of independent investors and groups in producing and financing films and the commercialization of the TV sector led to a more competitive environment for the production of TV dramas; both contributed to the diversification of themes and the overall improvement in quality of media and cultural products in S.Korea (Gongora, 2013). Reference: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/28/entertainment/east-asia-pop-culture-rise-intl-hnk/index.html NAME: APPLICATION (*RETURN THIS PAGE ONLY) In 5- 10 sentences answer the following. Have you gained a greater understanding and appreciation for Japanese Pop culture? Explain. Have you gained a greater understanding and appreciation for Korean Pop culture? Explain. What are some unique features of Japanese pop culture? What are some unique features of Koreans? ------------------------ END OF THE GE ELECT 3 COURSE PACK ----------------------- Prepared by Social Science Faculty of Davao del Norte State College S.Y. 2020-2021