GEE-LIE-notes.docx

**GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER** **5 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS** 1. **First Generation** - 1940's-1950s - Vacuum tube based - ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 650, IBM 701 2. **Second Generation** - 1950's-1960s - Transistor based - IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107 3. **Third Generation...

**GENERATIONS OF COMPUTER** **5 GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS** 1. **First Generation** - 1940's-1950s - Vacuum tube based - ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 650, IBM 701 2. **Second Generation** - 1950's-1960s - Transistor based - IBM 1401, IBM 7090 and 7094, UNIVAC 1107 3. **Third Generation** - 1960's-1970's - Integrated circuit based - IBM 360, IBM 370, PDP-11, UNIVAC 1108 4. **Fourth Generation** - 1970's-Present - Microprocessor based - IBM PC, STAR 1000, APPLE II, Apple Macintosh 5. **Fifth Generation** - Present and the future - Artificial intelligence based - Desktops, laptop, tablets, smartphones **Vacuum tube** -- an electronic device that controls the flow of electrons in a vacuum. **Transistor** -- an electronic component that can be used as an amplifier or as a switch. **Integrated circuit (IC)** -- a small electronic circuit printed on a chip (usually made of silicon) that contains many its own circuit elements (e.g. transistors, diodes, resistors, etc.) **Microprocessor** -- an electronic component held on an integrated circuit that contains a computer's central processing unit (CPU) and other associated circuits. **CPU (central processing unit)** -- It is often referred to as the brain or engine of a computer where most of the processing and operations take place (CPU is part of a microprocessor). **Magnetic drum** -- a cylinder coated with magnetic material, on which data and programs can be stored. **Magnetic core** -- uses arrays of small rings of magnetized material called cores to store information.**Machine language** -- a low-level programming language comprised of a collection of binary digits (ones and zeros) that the computer can read and understand. **Memory** -- a physical device that is used to store data, information and program in a computer.**Artificial intelligence (AI)** -- an area of computer science that deals with the simulation and creation of intelligent machines or intelligent behave in computers (they think, learn, work, and react like humans) **4 BASIC COMPUTER PERIODS** 1. **Premechanical age**- 3000 BC-1450 A.D 2. **Mechanical age**- 1450-1840 3. **Electromechanical age**- 1840-1940 4. **Electronic age**- 1940-Present **WRITING AND ALPHABETS** - **Petroglyphs-** signs or simple figures carved in rock - **Ideographs-** symbols to represent ideas and concept - **Cuneiform-** the first true written language and the first real information system - **Star-** heaven or God - **Papers and pens** - **Sumerians-** stylus and wet clay - **Egyptians-** papyrus pants (2600 BC) - **Chinese-** made paper from rags (100 AD) - **Books and Libraries** - **Mesopotamia-** religious leaders kept the earliest book - **Egyptian-** kept scrolls - **Greeks-** (600 BC) fold sheets of Papyrus vertically into leaves and bind them together **FIRST NUMBERING SYSTEM** - **Egyptian-** Vertical lines (\|) for numbers 1-9 - U or O-10 - coiled rope- 100 - lotus blossom for 1000 - **Hindus-** (100-200 AD) 9-digit numbering. - *875 AD* the concept of *zero* was developed. **Abacus-** The first calculator. - Was man's first recorded adding machine. - Invented in Babylonia and popularized in China. **Johann Guttenberg-** movable metal-type printing process in 1450. **John Napier-** invented ***LOGS* (Logarithm).** **LOGS-** allows multiplication and division to be reduced in addition and subtraction. **Arabian Lattice-** lays out a special version of the multiplication tables on a set of four-sided wooden rods. **Wilhelm Shickard-** invented the ***first mechanical calculator*** that can work with six digits and can carry digits across columns. **William Oughtred-** invented ***slide rule**.* **Blaise Pascal-** invented the ***Pascaline** made of clock gears and levers that could solve mathematical problems like addition and subtraction.* ***Gottfried Leibniz-** invented **Stepped Reckoner*** ***Joseph-Marie Jacquard-** developed the **automatic loom** controlled by punch cards.* ***Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar-** developed **Arithmometer*** (the first mass produced calculator)*.* **Charles Babbage-** invented the ***difference engine*** and ***analytical engine*** - Father of Modern Computer **Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace Byron-** the first computer programmer **Voltaic Battery-** first electric battery known as voltaic pile **Alessandro Volta-** invented ***Voltaic Battery*** **Telegraph** - **Samuel F.B Morse-** conceived of his version of an Electromagnetic Telegraph **Telephone and Radio** - **Alexander Graham Bell-** developed the first working *telephone*. - **Guglielmo Marconi (RADIO)-** discovered that electrical waves travel through space and can produce an effect far from the point which it originated. - **George Boole-** developed the binary algebra known as ***Boolean Algebra**.* **Pehr and Edward Scheutz-** completed a Tabulating Machine **Dorr Felt-** devises the ***comptometer**,* a key driven adding and subtracting calculator **Comptograph-** containing a built-in printer **Herman Hollerith-** father of information processing - Founded the ***Tabulating Machine Company**,* later became the ***Computer Tabulating Recording Company*** and ***International Business Machines Corporation (IBM)*** **Punched Card-** provided computer programmers with a new way to put information into their machines **Otto Schweiger-** invented the first efficient four function calculator called ***Millionaire.*** ***Lee de Forest- developed vacuum tubes.*** ***Konrad Zuse- built the first programmable computer called Z3.*** ***John Atanasoff and Cliffor Berry- completed the first all-electronic computer called ABC or Atanasoff-Berry Computer.*** ***CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS*** ***By Size*** - **Super Computer** - Fastest and Powerful - Made to perform multi-specific tasks - **Mainframe Computer** - Multi programming, high performance - simultaneously solving complex calculations and continuously for a long time. - **Mini Computer** - Digital and multi-user - **Micro Computer** - Personal Computer, Smartphone, Tablet **By Purpose** - **General Purpose** - Everyday tasks - **Special Purpose** - Particular or specialized tasks **By Type** - **Analog Computer** - Measure - Clock, speedometer, voltmeter - **Digital Computer** - Arithmetic operations - Laptop or desktop, Calculators - **Hybrid Computer** - Analog and Digital - Solve complex calculations or problems - Gasoline pump **Mainframe-** central data repository, or hub - Workstations or terminals **Media**- communication outlets or tools used to store and deliver information or data. **Evolution of Media-** describes the history and development of media technology. - **Pre-Industrial Age (before 1700)** - Cave paintings - Clay tablets - Papyrus - **Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)** - Steam - Machine tools - Iron production - **Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)** - Transistor - Electronic circuits - Early computers - Television - **New Information Age (1900s-200s)** - Internet - Microelectronics - Web browsers - Social networks - Video **5 DO's OF USING INTERNET** 1. Choose strong passwords 2. Stay away from suspicious clickbait 3. Enable two-factor authentication 4. Keep devices and apps up to date 5. Be picky about what Wi-Fi you are using **5 DON'T's OF USING INTERNET** 1. Don't share your password 2. Don't download illicit or unknown software 3. Don't stick with a single email account 4. Don't store personal card details on websites 5. Don't click on any email you don't recognize **3 TYPES OF HACKERS** 1. **Black Hat**: Causes harm. 2. **White Hat**: Helps others. 3. **Gray Hat**: Does both. **Intellectual property (IP)** -refers to creations of the Mind, such as inventions; Literary and artistic works; Designs; and symbols, Names and images used in Commerce. **Identity Theft**- happens when someone takes your name and personal information (like your social security number) and uses it without your permission to do things like open new accounts, use your existing accounts, or obtain medical services. **Hacking**- the act of compromising digital devices and networks through unauthorized access to an account or Computer system. **Cybersecurity**- is the practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks. These cyberattacks are usually aimed at accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information; extorting money from users through ransomware; or interrupting normal business processes. **Cloud security**- provides rapid threat detection and remediation, enhancing visibility and intelligence to prevent malware impacts. **Malware**- is a type of software designed to gain unauthorized access or to cause damage to a computer. **Phishing**- is the practice of sending fraudulent emails that resemble emails from reputable sources. **Ransomware**- is a type of malicious software that is designed to extort money by blocking access to files or the computer system until the ransom is paid.