Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (PDF)

GEC-TCW GLOBAL TRADE  GLOBAL TRADE Globalization: A Very Short Introduction Manfred Steger  Globalization a Scholars are not in agreement as to who exactly coined the term and when it first appeared (Theodore Levitt, Highly Contested...

GEC-TCW GLOBAL TRADE  GLOBAL TRADE Globalization: A Very Short Introduction Manfred Steger  Globalization a Scholars are not in agreement as to who exactly coined the term and when it first appeared (Theodore Levitt, Highly Contested economist, Harvard Business School, in an article “Globalization of Markets”) Concept Scholars are not in agreement as to how the term can be defined Scholars are not in agreement as to the cause of globalization Scholars are not in agreement as to the history and chronology of globalization  Globalization a Scholars are not in agreement as to the impact of Highly Contested globalization (globophilia and the globophobia, Homogeneity or heterogeneity) Concept Scholars and not in agreement as to the trajectory of globalization (done, moving forward) The scholars are not in agreement as to the concept itself (one dimension or multiple dimensions, process, condition, age, a system, or a force)  Dickens (geographer): Globalization is the umbrella term for the complex set of transformative process and outcomes that Globalization dialectically and rationally interact with places and people (Gopinath, 2008). defined Freidman (Columnist): Globalization is the inexorable integration of markets, Get a modern PowerPoint nation-states and technologies to a degree never witnessed before. It is an International system (2008).  MCNamee (capitalist): It is an environment in which we live. We got one world. Get used to it. Make the most of It. Debating Globalization globalization? It is like asking a fish to debate the merits of living in the sea( 2008). defined Robertson (sociologist): Globalization is a process by which we come to experience, or become aware of the world as a single place (2008). Stiglitz (economist): Globalization is the removal of barriers to free trade and the closer integration of national economies (2008). Globalization Defined Anthony Giddens, Director of the London School of Economics Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by vents occurring many miles away and vice versa. Content Here Content Here Easy to change colors, Easy to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. Fredric Jameson, Professor of Literature at Duke University The concept of globalization reflects the sense of an immense enlargement of world communication, as well as of the horizon of a world market, both of which seem far more tangible and immediate than in earlier stages of modernity. Globalization Defined. David Held, Professor of Political Science at the London School of Economics Globalization may be thought of as a process (or set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions - assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact - generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power. Content Here Easy to change colors, photos and Text. 34% Roland Robertson, Professor of Sociology at the University of Pittsburgh Globalization as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. Globalization Defined James Mittelman, Professor of International Relations at American University. Globalization compresses the time and space aspects of social relations. Content Here Content Here Easy to change colors, Easy to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. Globalization refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same time fostering in people a growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant.  Content Here Content Here Easy to change colors, Easy to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. Economic dimension of Globalization (Steger 2013) 1. Economic 2. Political Content Here Content Here Easy to change colors, Easy to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. 3. Cultural 4. Ecological 5. Ideological 6. Religion Economic dimension of Globalization (Steger 2013) 1.The global economic order emerged after World War II, when the Bretton Woods Conference laid the foundations for the IMF, World Bank, GATT and WTO (free trade) 2. In the 1980s neoliberalism liberalized financial transactions Content Here Content Here 3. Transnational corporations rival nation-states in economic power, and have Easy to change colors, Easy had a profound to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. effect on the structure and function of the global economy 4. The Washington Consensus was drafted to reform indebted developing countries, but it has thus far rarely helped countries develop(global loans). 1. Liberalization and global market integration 2. Irreversible and inevitable 7. Nobody is in-charge 8. It benefits everyone in the long run. Political dimension of Globalization (Steger 2013) 1. The political dimension of globalization’ looks at political arrangements beyond the nation- state. 1. The modern nation-state came into being after the Protestant Reformation (treaty of Westphalia), characterized by centralized government and self-determination. Content Here Content Here Easy to change colors, Easy to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. 2. The rise of organizations such as the United Nations has threatened the nation-state, according to globalization skeptics. However, national governments still hold significant powers. 3. There has been a rise in the number of supra-territorial institutions, operating from the local level all the way to the global level. 4. Globalization further spreads democracy. Cultural dimension of Globalization (Steger 2013) 1. Explores the intensification and expansion of cultural flows across the globe 2. Critics of cultural globalization claim that the world is being homogenized or ‘Americanized’. 3. Advocates say that Content globalization Here reinvigorates niche cultures instead of Content eliminating Here them Easy to change colors, Easy to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. 4. The existence of the global imaginary is linked to the rise of global media networks. These networks are owned by a small group of transnational corporations, which can affect journalistic integrity. 5. Several different hypotheses exist about the effects of language globalization. Some say that it leads to protection of native tongues. On the other hand, some foresee the rise of a ‘Globish’ language. Ecological dimension of Globalization (Steger 2013) 1. Deals with the effects of global alliances on ecological issues 2. There is an inexorable link between all humanity and the planet Earth 3. The Industrial Revolution Content has Here caused many ecological problems, including, resource Content Here and food shortages,Easy tooverpopulation, change colors, reduced biodiversity, pollution, and climate change. Easy to change colors,All photos and Text. photos and Text. these problems are global — the result of aggregated human action — and require a coordinated response. 4. However, there are still debates about the seriousness of ecological issues, and, whilst progress has been made, few multilateral measures have been implemented. This phase of globalization has been severely damaging to the environment, and action is needed now. Ideological dimension of Globalization (Steger 2013) 1. Market globalism- belief in free trade, neoliberal ideas and the promise of consumerism 2. Justice globalism- envisages a global civil society with fairer relationships and environmental safeguards 3. Religious globalism- strive Content Here for a global religious community with superiority over secular Content Here structures Easy to change colors, Easy to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. Mansbach (2013) 1. Skeptics- sees globalization as mere economic interdependence and it is neither unprecedented Nor revolutionary. In fact it is reversible. Content Here Content Here 2. Hyper globalizers- also Easy to change perceive globalization as basically economicEasy colors, interdependence to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. but it is Revolutionary. There new actors like non state actors. 3. Transformationalists- sees globalization as unprecedented and multidimensional, it causes profound change in politics and economics, culture, security, migration, human rights, and environment  Underlying Philosophies of Globalization Imperialism a concept that describes various methods employed by one country to gain control (sometimes through territorial conquest) of another country (or geographic area) and then to exercise control, especially political, economic, and territorial, over that country (or geographic area). Content Here Content Here Colonialism Easy to change colors, Easy to change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. the creation by the colonial power in the country (or geographic area) that has been colonized of an administrative apparatus to run its internal affairs. Development a “project” that is primarily concerned with the economic development of specific nation - states not regarded as sufficiently developed.  Underlying Philosophies of Globalization Americanization “the import by non - Americans of products, images, technologies, practices and behaviour that are closely associated with America/Americans.” (Richard Kuisel,1993) Neo – Liberalism Content Here Content Here a combination of classical liberalism’ Easy to change colors, s commitment to individual liberty withEasy neoto classical change colors, photos and Text. photos and Text. economics devoted to the free market and opposed to state intervention in that market. (article: liberalism vs. Neo-liberalism) (Dismantling Trade Barriers) Neo - Marxian Theories The new imperialism  Characteristics of Globalization 1. It involves both the creation of new social networks and 3. The intensification and acceleration of social the multiplication of existing connections that cut across exchanges and activities. traditional political, economic, cultural, and geographical boundaries. 4. The compression of the world into a single place has increasingly made global the frame of reference for 2. The expansion and the strengthening of social relations, human thought and action. activities, and connections  Metaphors to explain Globalization George Ritzer (2011) 1. From Solids to Liquids “Solids”- refers to barriers that prevent or make difficult the According to Zygmunt Bauman, liquid phenomena: movement of things have NO shape. are SPATIAL and TEMPORAL. “Liquids”- refers to the increasing ease of movement of tend to melt whatever stands in its path people, things, information, and places in the contemporary world.  Metaphors to explain Globalization George Ritzer (2011) 2. FLOWS 3. Heavy and Light Movement of people , things and information , and places due Work becomes light due machines and computers, vinyl , in part, to the increasing porosity of global barrier (melting of records to cassettes to Walkman to DVD from DVD to barriers) downloads.  Themes of Globalization Intensification Networks and the expansion of social relations Intergovernmental Multinational. Corporations organizations and International NGO’s (e.g. Red (MNC) e.g. Call Centers (JP international organizations cross/Red Crescent, Doctors Morgan Chase, Accenture, (ASEAN, APEC, EU, UN, w/o Borders, World Vision, Tzu etc.) WTO, IMF, NATO, African Chi foundation) Union (AU), etc.).  Themes of Globalization Acceleration of social exchange. Internet (Social media Cheap travel e.g. Facebook, Live television and cable TV (CNN, BBC, Fox (Budget airlines: instagram, twitter, Mobile phones and Starmark, NokAir, News, Aljazeera, ABS satellite phones skype, viber, CBN, GMA etc.) Tiger Airways, Cebu whatsapp, gmail, etc) Pacific, etc)  Globalization Theories and Approaches Homogeneity increasing sameness in the world as cultural. inputs, economic factors, and political cultural imperialism “McWorld” orientations of “one-size-fits all” societies expand to create common practices, same economies, and similar forms of government  Globalization Theories and Approaches media imperialism undermines the existence of. alternative global “extended from old Independent media originating media to new the Internet could Media Center from developing countries media” end up being less diverse and competitive  Globalization Theories and McDonaldization Approaches Western societies are dominated by. the principles of fast global spread of Globalization in food restaurants rational systems, “extended to other contrast to on such as efficiency, business, sectors, geographic calculability, and geographic areas in order to predictability, and areas” gain profits, control power, and so on  Globalization Theories and Approaches heterogeneity creation of various cultural practices,. new economies, associated with Economic and political groups cultural hybridization “glocalization” issues are not because of the exempted from interaction of heterogeneity elements from different societies in the world  Cultural differentialism Globalization Theories and Approaches cultures are essentially different. and are only “catastrophic Increasing superficially affected collision” new fault lines interaction by global flows among different “civilizations” would lead to intense clashes  Globalization Theories and cultural hybridization Approaches integration of local and global cultures. cultural hybrids “glocalization” Appadurai’s “scapes”  Globalization Theories and cultural convergence Approaches stresses homogeneity. introduced by cultural imperialism Deterritorialization globalization Cultures are happens when one deemed to be culture imposes radically altered by itself of and tends to strong flows destroy at least parts of another culture  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 1. It began when prehistoric tribes settled and were able to outmuscle wandering tribes (trade due to food surplus- McGregor) 2. The Ancient or pre-modern period saw technological advances that allowed trade and communication to flourish (Silk Road, Phoenicians, growing shipbuilding and navigation, Rise of the Roman empire)  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 1. Hardwired- it is in the instincts of men to develop and flourish that is why they have to move. (Missionary work, commerce and trade, adventure and conquest). 2. Cycles- there were global ages in the past and what appears now is a new globalization. This is related to rise and fall of civilizations. 3. Waves or Epochs - Century European colonial conquest, the European Wars, European imperialism of the mid nineteenth century, Post world war two, post cold war.  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 4. Events- rise of the Roman Empire, spread of Christianity and Islam, travels of the Vikings, trade in The Middle Ages, Genghis Khan into eastern Europe, Marco Polo to china, the discovery of America, European colonialism, and the two World Wars..  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 3. Age of exploration and colonization 4. The modern period saw the Industrial Revolution provide massive advances (electricity, combustion engine, telegraph) 5. Advancement of technology (internet, satellite, mobile phones etc.)  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 14th century (1301-1400) Black Death – estimated 25 million lives – wiping out one third of European society Hundred Years’ War – England vs. France  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 15ᵗʰ century (1401-1500) 1456 The Ottoman Turks overrun Athens, begin a stay that will last 400 years, and they turn the Parthenon into a mosque. 1492 - colonization of the America by Christopher Columbus  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 16ᵗʰ century (1501-1600) 1521 – Philippines encountered by Ferdinand Magellan. He was later killed in the Battle of Mactan in central Philippines in the same year. 1531 - The Church of England breaks away from the Roman Catholic Church and recognizes King Henry VIII as the head of the Church. Anne Boleyn becomes Queen of England and they have Elizabeth Tudor is born.  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 18ᵗʰ century (1701-1800) 1760-Industrial Revolution 1789 -1798 = French Revolution 1769-1821 = the Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte “French Empire” Rise of Nationalism  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) 19ᵗʰ century (1801-1900) 1815-1848 - Concert of Europe - Congress of Vienna = restore of monarchies 1898 - Treaty of Paris  The History of Globalization (Steger 2013) Broader, more recent changes Emergence of global power (post World War II) Emergence of MNCs Demise of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War Thank You….