GE10 Env. Sci. Topic 2.pptx.pdf

GE 10: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Topic 2: Evolution & Biodiversity Instructor: Geologist Felipe O. Villegas III Physics & Geology Department College of Arts and Sciences Negros Oriental State University GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Evolution...

GE 10: ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Topic 2: Evolution & Biodiversity Instructor: Geologist Felipe O. Villegas III Physics & Geology Department College of Arts and Sciences Negros Oriental State University GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Evolution Evolution the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth. A species is a group of organisms that share a close genetic heritage, that are able to interbreed, and to create fertile offspring. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III  If organisms can produce fertile species, they are of the SAME SPECIES. Why can two humans produce children? Human DNA is 99.99% similar If two organisms cannot produce a fertile offspring, therefore they are of Different Species. Chimp DNA is 1.2% 1.6% different different from humans from humans GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III  A MULE is a hybrid of a horse and a donkey. Are horses and donkeys of the same species? No, because Mules are sterile A LIGER is a hybrid of a lion and a tiger. Are lions and tigers of the same species? No, because Ligers are sterile Sterile or Sterility - the condition of being unable to produce young or and offspring. ➔ A species is a group of organisms that share a close genetic heritage, that are able to interbreed, and to create fertile offspring. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Speciation Speciation is a term that is defined as an evolution of new species. Factors responsible for Speciation: 1. NATURAL SELECTION - “survival of the fittest” 2. MUTATION - A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. 3. GENE FLOW - transfers of genes from other population of similar species 4. REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION - mating behaviors or preferences 5. GENETIC DRIFT - “survival of the lucky ones” GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III 1. Natural Selection Those that have the advantage in their environment are better likely to survive and reproduce. Environment selects which individuals are more fit to survive Peppered Moths GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III 2. Mutation A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence. Mutations can result from DNA copying mistakes made during cell division, exposure to ionizing radiation, exposure to chemicals called mutagens, or infection by viruses. NEW SPECIES develop as a result of DNA mutation. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III 3. Gene Flow Gene flow is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another. If gene flow between 2 populations continues, separate population becomes similar enough to breed. If gene flow between 2 populations ends, this can now be a key to speciation. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III 4. Reproductive Isolation When members of a population can no longer or will not reproduce Isolation Types: A. Geographical Isolation B. Habitat Isolation C. Behavioral Isolation D. Temporal Isolation GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III 4. Reproductive Isolation A. Geographical Isolation - B. Habitat Isolation - isolation refers to the physical barriers occurs when two species that that exist that keep two could interbreed do not because species from mating. the species live in different areas. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III 4. Reproductive Isolation C. Behavioral Isolation - refers D. Temporal Isolation - means to the fact that many species 'isolated in time,’ this is a perform different mating rituals. mechanism that prevents species Occurs when populations of the from mating because they breed same species begin to develop at different times. different behaviours that are not recognized or preferred by members in another population. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III 5. Genetic Drift “survival of the lucky ones” is common after a population experiences a population bottleneck. A population bottleneck arises when a significant number of individuals in a population die or are otherwise prevented from breeding, resulting in a drastic decrease in the size of the population. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Environment The place or the surroundings where organisms live, adapt and interact to survive. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Climate Climate is the average weather in a given area over a longer period of time. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Climate vs. Weather What’s the difference? GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Types of Climates A. Tropic - hot and humid B. Dry - Moisture is rapidly evaporated to the air and there is very little precipitation. C. Temperate - Typically warm and humid summers with thunderstorms and mild winters. D. Continental - These regions have warm to cool summers and very cold winters. In the winter, this zone can experience snowstorms, strong winds, and very cold temperatures—sometimes falling below -22°F (-30°C). E. Polar - In the polar climate zones, it’s extremely cold. Even in summer, the temperatures here never go higher than 50°F (10°C). GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III  Global Climate Locations A. C. B. D. E. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Ecosystems Is an aspect of the environment where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. An ecosystem is a chain of interaction between organisms and their environment. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Types of Ecosystem A. Terrestrial Ecosystem B. Aquatic Ecosystem GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Ecosystem GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Structure of an Ecosystem A. Terrestrial Ecosystem B. Aquatic Ecosystem GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III The principal steps in the operation of ecosystem are as follows: 1. Reception of radiant energy of sun. Manufacture of organic materials from inorganic ones by producers, 2. Consumption of producers by consumers and further elaboration of consumed materials; and. 3. After the death of producers and consumers, complex organic compounds are degraded and finally converted by decomposers and converters into such forms as are suitable for reutilization by producers. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Biodiversity short for Biological Diversity Biodiversity is a term used to describe the enormous variety of life on Earth. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the species in one region or ecosystem. Refers to the interrelatedness of genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the environment. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III 3 Levels of Biodiversity 1. Genetic Diversity - diversity of genes in species 2. Species Diversity - The number of species within a particular ecosystem or throughout the whole biosphere or living world. 3. Ecosystem Diversity - Is all the different habitats, biological communities, and ecological processes, as well as variation within individual ecosystems. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III Philippine Biodiversity The Philippines contains 2/3 of the Earth’s biodiversity and 70% of the world’s plants and animal species due to its Geographic Isolation. GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III And, that is all for today…… GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III References https://pressbooks.umn.edu/environmentalbiology/chapter/5-2-origin-of-biodiversity/ https://www.proprofs.com/quiz-school/story.php?title=animals-plants https://www.shutterstock.com/image-vector/silhouette-theory-evolution-man-human-development-1024476247 https://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/blog/The-Importance-of-Family-in-Latin-America https://www.military.com/veteran-jobs/career-advice/military-transition/famous-veteran-chuck-norris.html https://stock.adobe.com/search/images?k=horse+donkey https://spana.org/blog/what-is-a-mule-13-things-you-didnt-know/ https://www.quora.com/Who-will-win-a-fight-between-a-tiger-and-a-lion https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/meet-the-liger--half-lion-half-tiger/news-story/e67fda38c6fd949b6bce5e3ae0d8b25f https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/sterility https://askabiologist.asu.edu/animals-wildfires https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/natural-selection/population-genetics/a/genetic-drift-founder-bottleneck https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environment https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Barrier-Reef https://www.shutterstock.com/image-photo/beautiful-nature-collage-four-seasons-year-300076028 https://www.australianenvironmentaleducation.com.au/education-resources/climate-vs-weather/ https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/tropics/ https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wadi_Rum_Desert,_Jordan,_Arid_Dry_Climate.jpg https://irantours24.com/tag/continental-climate/ https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/the-polar-regions.html https://medium.com/@aj.elyoussef/how-do-different-animals-and-plants-rely-on-each-other-in-ecosystems-1555a2048a17 https://theconversation.com/biodiversity-where-the-world-is-making-progress-and-where-its-not-146782 http://kfordgrade1.weebly.com/rain-forest-habitat.html https://www.nsta.org/lesson-plan/do-all-kinds-organisms-have-lot-genetic-diversity https://earth.org/what-are-ecosystem-services/ https://www.philchm.ph/status-of-philippine-biodiversity-2/endemism-2/ https://www.worldwildlife.org/blogs/good-nature-travel/posts/a-biodiversity-hotspot-in-the-philippines https://www.facebook.com/youthstrike4climatePH/photos/a.415014985926341/707675496660287/?type=3 GE 10: Envi. Sci. Prepared by: Felipe O. Villegas III