GE 6 - ARTS APPRECIATION Module 1 PDF

Commission on Higher Education CORDOVA PUBLIC COLLEGE Gabi, Cordova Cebu GE 6 - ARTS APPRECIATION I. COURSE CONTENT...

Commission on Higher Education CORDOVA PUBLIC COLLEGE Gabi, Cordova Cebu GE 6 - ARTS APPRECIATION I. COURSE CONTENT LY Assumptions and Misconceptions on the Nature of Art N O II. OBJECTIVES SE After this lesson, you should be able to: U a. Explain the meaning, nature, and importance of arts; L b. Discuss the nature of art’s preliminary expressions; A c. Clarify misconceptions about art; N d. Differentiate art from nature. R TE IN III. SOURCES PC Ariola, Mariano.(2014). Introduction to Art Appreciation. C & E Publishing Inc. |C Inocian, Reynaldo et al. (2021). Modular Approach to Art Appreciation. LoriMar Publishing. E C U IV. LESSON D 👇 O Read > R https://drive.google.com/file/d/1cegIb9uIBbJpsUedvs3qXH8G3kPE1pd7/view?usp= EP drive_link R T Art Imagination and Expression O N Art is a part of life. Every now and then, we live with it as we cook, speak, sing, O dance and write are outcomes of our productive imagination. What is the difference D between imagination and expression in art studies? Imagination is an abstraction of a certain thought or feeling that produces a good art based on reality or experience (Hollick, 2014); while expression is an automatic response to it. For instance, when a mother thinks on what food to prepare for her children's meal, she imagines the ingredients, the kitchen utensils and the processes to use before expressing them into the actual cooking. Unexpressed imagination is not art. It is not art when an individual fails  to realize the beauty and utilitarian purpose. When the mother fails in her imagination to provide a palatable meal for her children, she also fails in her art of cooking. However, the expression of art can either be positive or negative. When both means and ends of art are constructive, its expression enhances not only the individual's quality of life which is essential to his or her progress and development but also the life of others and the nation as well. The expression of art in advertisements found in billboards, magazines, and social media entices public opinion in patronizing certain LY brands and in the purchase of products in order to increase company's sales, improve employees' lives and regulate government tax collections. When the means and the ends N of art expression are destructive like the art of war, art may result to misery, hinder O progress and development, and promote chaos. Thus, this situation may bring imminent SE danger to society. The burning of buildings, the looting of goods, the destruction of properties, and the violent protests in some places in the United States brought by racism U and COVID-19 issues show concern about how we use art expression more positively. L A Using this context in the United States, how do your means and ends of art expression N respond to this ferocity? With what is happening to our environment today, it is R imperative to nurture positive and more peaceful expressions of art rather than the TE negative. IN PC Etymology and Definition of Art |C Do you know that art is derived from the Latin term ars, which means skill, talent, or ability? In a broad sense, art is a skill in making or doing something (The World Book E Encyclopedia, 1995). Art is the expression of creative skill and imagination in different C genres for appreciation of beauty and emotional power (Oxford Online Dictionary, 2020). U One misconception of art is the belief that someone is an artist and the rest are not. This D belief is silly because every individual has a talent. We are skillful in everything we do O that ends with a good purpose. This ability allows us to claim that we are all artists in our R own right, depending on our preferences and abilities that determine our specific interest EP in art. The belief that art is only good for the rich and famous is the second R misconception. There is no bifurcation of art according to status. God created human beings with an equal number of neurons, capable of rationalization compared to other T O creations in the animal kingdom. The human brain is capable of thinking 5,000 thoughts N per day (Laboria, 2013), including thinking for the art. We are all gifted with art. The problem is when we fail to recognize it and the lethargy that dictates us not to do it, O because we want everything easy and instant given to us in a silver platter. It is an urgent D call to stop this complacency. We need exposure to hone our imagination to its maximum potential.  Creativity and Art Appreciation Do you believe that creativity is the mother of all inventions? While it is true, imagination remains its grandmother. This metaphor means that imagination allows us to be creative, and to create scientific inventions and aesthetic innovations. Creativity is a metacognitive skill - a form of divergent thinking that allows us to generate relationships, integrate concepts, elaborate information, and brainstorm issues with fluency, flexibility, and originality (Johnson, 2010). Thinking outside of the box, creativity is an unstructured LY free flowing process to capacitate the body and create art. We appreciate art because art gives us pleasure. Listening to music is a form of appreciation that makes us enjoy and N provides a panacea for our day's tedious work. Art allows us to imagine our past O experiences and draws our feelings to appreciate beauty. SE U What differentiates art from craft? L A Art and craft are forms of human creativity. The third misconception is the belief N that art and craft have interchangeable meanings. Inocian et al., (2019) emphasized that R "Art is an expression of feelings and emotions; craft is a form of work with the use of TE available materials." Zulueta (1994) rejoined that art is beautiful rather than useful; while IN the craft is making something useful more than beautiful. Art and craft can be different, but these two can be similar in some ways." In simpler terms, art is the expression of PC imagination; craft is the realization of the expression. Art is tinged with a psychological |C process; craft provides a utilitarian and mechanical process of creation. As a form of emotional release, art can stand alone even without craft as a lighter side of our humanity. E Yet, a craft without art is awful with no appreciation. This is the danger when craft is C subjected to a mechanical and systemic routine in industries run by machines to yield a U mass production of goods. The production process is dull and repetitive unless the artists D in industries shall continue to imagine the latest product innovation, design, packaging, O and marketing. These industries will become more sustainable to keep their patrons and R make their business alive. Craft producers use colors, motifs, or decorations to suit EP market demands (Coppock, 2000). R T O How can imagination and expression take place in the world of the visual arts? N Primarily, the artist is honest about his or her feelings on the realities of nature and society, affecting his or her life and the life of everybody, either reflecting the core or the O peripheral context of society in the artwork. For instance, how can a lonely artist paint on D canvas? The artist imagines, sensitizes, and clarifies the core and peripheral issues of loneliness in depicting his/her art. He/She imagines the core of loneliness, referring to any of these psychological issues: struggling for acceptance or rejection, scuffling for despair, fighting for pain, fearing the unknown, lingering anxiety and facing uncertainty. These core issues interface with the peripheral, which include the people's response to socioeconomic, political, environmental, technological, and public health issues.  This explicit expression of feelings from the imagined core and peripheral issues is a 'magic recipe' of art. The visual quality of the artwork depends on craftsmanship on how the artist selects the art media, uses the brush, mixes colors on the palette, and contrasts hues between lighter and darker values of tints, tones, and shades, to enhance the artist's techniques of painting. Applying all these to the actual painting proves the artist's art of painting and craftsmanship to produce several pieces of artwork for public use. Osborne (2014) specified that tints are the combinations of white to a color that increases lightness; tones are the combinations of a specific color with gray to produce its LY tinting and shading; shades are the combinations of a specific color with black to increase N darkness. These techniques of artistic craftsmanship are common in the visual arts more O so in the art of painting. This context shows a classic mix of art and craft principles and SE techniques in the arts.  U L The Humanities A N As coined from the Latin words humanus and humanitas meaning humans, the R field of humanities provides human beings opportunity to think critically and creatively, TE in order to understand the values and cultures of the world and to bring clarity to the future (Stanford Humanities Center, 2015). The study of humanities includes philosophy, IN history, religion, art, literature, language, and music, which can be remembered through PC the mnemonics: (PHARLLM philosophy, history, art, language, literature, and music). However, Zulueta (1994) included dance and theater as part of the humanities. |C Art is at the center of the seven fields because this provides the enhancement of E the individual human potential. Linking art and the other fields of humanities is relevant C to our religious customs and lifestyles (Coppock, 2000). Philosophy is derived from the U Greek words philos or philein, which means love, and sophia, which means wisdom. D Hence, philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom. History is derived from the Latin O word historia, which means to scribble and record the events in the past. History R intertwines with the development of civics for democratic citizenship. These two fields EP enhance either logical or sequential thinking, which is essential to the artist's imagination R and expression in the arts. Religion is derived from the Latin word religare or religio, which means to bind. It is a form of obligation that binds the faithful with one Divine T O power. Religion enhances the art of meditation and reflection for discernment, good N judgment, self-control, fortitude, and sound decision-making process of the artist. O Literature is a derivative of the Latin word littera or litteratura, which means letter D or knowledge of books. It concentrates on the study of fiction like myths, epics, folktales, short stories, poems, and drama. Non-fiction deals with prose and narratives in essays, news, research, technical reports, and other printed media that depict cultural implications of people's lives in society. Literature enhances the art of writing and reading of an individual. Not only are these arts essential indicators to basic literacy of the world's human population, these also promote appreciation of beauty of the intangible cultures  and urban legends. From the Latin word lingua, which means tongue, language provides avenues for better communication using the art of speaking and listening. Oration, declamation, story-telling, news reporting, and public speaking are the techniques for auditory art. This auditory art is essential to promote understanding, peace, and harmony in society by listening to individual voices either in print or audio media. The power of words in effective communication can never be underestimated - it heals or it kills. Poor LY language communication breaks communities and sound language builds these communities to promote alliances. The Greek word mousa, which means muse, and the N Latin word Musa which denotes the goddess of music, to represent a song or poetry for O appreciation of beauty, brings the etymology of music (Mansfield, 1923). Music is the SE pleasing combination and succession of sounds (Harper, 2020), with or without the use of musical instruments. This auditory art relaxes the soul and stirs pleasant and happy U emotions by singing, humming, chanting, rapping, and engaging in jingles and tonal L A rhymes (Inocian, 2018). N R TE  IN PC Art History |C Art history begins with the emergence of human beings whose imagination propels an expression of great legacies that human civilizations have witnessed. Art is as E old as history, even before the discovery of cuneiform writing in Mesopotamia and the C hieroglyphics in Egypt. For thousands of years, incessant interaction of early humans U with the environment paved the enhancement of imagination that led to the discovery and D gradual evolution of the finer aspects of life. Although culture was unsophisticated, art O became a witness in the early humans 'quest for people's struggle for power, security, and R survival. EP Though art history has been characterized by a Eurocentric bias because of power R influence and historical control of the West (Chase, 2014), art historians and researchers T started the inclusion of Oriental perspectives. The obvious bias in the development of art O history between the West and the East is reflected in the art history timeline created by N Warhol (2012). O D Pre-historic Period Regarded as nomads, our early ancestors engaged in primitive art using stone flakes to produce fire to protect themselves. They joined hunting wild animals for food and used animal skins to cover their bodies. Like them, the Cro-Magnons made carvings on wood and rocks and painted the caves to scare wild beasts to protect their families and  bands, who lived in deep and shallow caves and rock shelters (Rafferty, 2020). Art is integral to the lifestyles and beliefs of many cultures as proven by early cave paintings of our ancestors (Coppock, 2000). Being part of Europe's modern men and women, Cro-Magnons were known in cave paintings that reflected their daily hunting routines. Their paintings in Figure 6, were associated with magic and fertility rituals, depicting pregnant women with large breasts and wide hips. In Southeast Asia, art began with the early appearance of humans, on records in 43,900-year-old cave paintings discovered in Maros-Pangkep, Sulawesi, Indonesia (Aubert et al., 2014). LY N O During the Mesolithic age, the art of tool-making was improved like the use of SE axes by sharpening the tools using stone flaking and grinding. They learned to use nets and hooks for fishing. They also learned the art of dog domestication for food. During the U Neolithic Age, nomadism ended. They settled permanently and engaged in the art of L farming. They raised barley, wheat, millet, fruits and vegetables. The art of animal A domestication was increased. Aside from dogs, they raised goats, horses, and sheep as a N potential source of milk, cheese, and meat. They learned the art of pottery-making for R water and food containers. Another new development during this age was the polishing TE and the putting of handles on stone tools for a comfortable hunting expedition. IN PC |C Ancient Period E While prehistoric art is associated with the struggle for security and human C survival, art in the ancient period represented the architectural construction of stones and U bricks for temples, fortresses, tombs, and palaces that symbolize power and authority. In D 2700 BCE, ancient Sumerians constructed the Ziggurat of Ur as a votive offering to Enlil, O their deity. The Gate of Ishtar constructed in 575 BCE in Babylon (now Iraq) is one of the R most famous citadels in the ancient world (Agustyn, et al., 2016). The pyramids built at EP Giza, Egypt served as tombs of the pharaohs in 2000 BCE. The mortuary temples of R Queen Hatshepsut and her family were constructed during the New Kingdom in 1500 BCE. The carving of the Bust of Nefertiti in Figure 7 was a famous contribution to the art T O of sculpting during the Amarna period in 1300 BCE. Her bust reminds women's political N power and leadership in the ancient world (2005). O D The legacies of the Age of Metals coincided with a significant part of the ancient world. At the height of the Bronze Age, art of pottery making was more elaborate during the Minoan (1500 BCE) and the Mycenean (1200 BCE) kingdoms in Ancient Greece. The Minoan Palace of Knossos and the Lions Grate (Lethaby, 1918) in Mycenae were few of its greatest contributions in architectural art. According to Coppock (2000), the Minoan palaces of Crete abounded with brilliantly colored paintings with representation  of birds and animals. As shown in Figure 8, Minoan artists depicted sea creatures because of their island location in the Mediterranean Sea. Greece was able to produce the Parthenon in the Acropolis as a symbol of power and elevated the culture of democracy (Ellis & Esler, 2003). The Greeks spent their leisure time watching a stage presentation or play at the Theater of Delphi with more than 5,000 expectant visitors (Cartwright, 2012). The Athenians were also known in slip or layered clay pots depicting a typical farm life' (Family Encyclopedia of World History, 1996). LY  N O The Egyptians were the first group of people to use copper for ornaments during SE the Copper Age. The art of mixing copper and tin resulted in the production of bronze U transitioning this Age to the Bronze Age. The smelting of iron by the Hittites of Asia Minor ushered the introduction of the Iron Age with the creation of chariots L A (now Turkey). This casting of iron was introduced when Egypt signed up a treaty N with the Hittites to end their animosities and fighting to maintain peace and brotherhood R in the region (Ellis & Esler, 2003). This discovery facilitated transportation and iron TE wheels that contributed to the enhancement of civilization during ancient times. IN PC Greek art greatly influenced Etruscan art (600 BCE) by mixing Greek and Roman |C styles to create composite columns in sophisticated homes and tombs. The structure of the Sarcophagus from Cerveteri, Apulu (Apollo), and the Interior of the Tombs of the E Reliefs of Cerveteri reflect their combined sophistication. After the Etruscans were wiped C out in the peninsula, the Romans established a republic in 200 BCE and built an empire U that lasted until 250 CE. Structures of temples, tombs, palaces, colosseums and aqueducts D were inspired by verism or Roman realism in art, which expresses practical and O down-to-earth style and motif. The Romans were also known for their frescoes, mosaics, R and murals. Frescoes are mural paintings using watercolor in freshly laid plaster on walls EP and ceilings. The Last Supper of Leonardo da Vinci exemplifies one of the frescoes R (Zelazko, 2018). A Mosaic is a picture made from colored chips of stone or glass (Ellis & Esler, 2003). Murals are paintings executed directly on walls. One of the known muralists T O during the Renaissance was Michelangelo (Cohen, 2018). Early Christian art started in N 400 CE, which featured churches and Christian images like the old St. Peter's Basilica, Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Good Shepherd, Santa Constanza, and St. Apolinare O Nouvo. D The Medieval Period The Medieval period is divided into two: the early medieval and the late medieval. The Early Medieval which started from 410 CE to 1024 CE featured the arts of  the warlords (600 CE), Hiberno-Saxon and Carolingian (800 CE), and the Ottonian (900 CE) with portable works, interlacing patterns, illuminated manuscripts, Cloissonne, burial relics and animal style jewelry. Its finest works of art include the Palatine Chapel and the Durham Cathedral the manuscripts of Landisfarne, Ebbo, and Lindau Gospels. This period features Byzantine art from 324 CE to 1453 CE, Islamic Art from 622 CE to 1924 CE, the Romanesque (1100 CE), and the Gothic (1200). The features of Byzantine art included the architectural design of the Hagia LY Sophia and the heavenly Byzantine Mosaic. Aside from the Koran, the arabesques, calligraphy, and horse-shoe arch, Islamic art also featured the architectural design of the N Dome of the Rock, the Mosque of Cordoba, the Palace of the Lions, and the Mosque of O Selim II. Romanesque architecture is characterized by heavy walls and smaller windows SE as shown in Pisa and Durham Cathedrals. Aside from performing pilgrimages, the Romanesque period excelled in keeping relics as exemplified in the Reliquary of U Sainte-Foy. The architecture of the Gothic period is characterized by a Rayonnant style L A with flying buttresses and the use of stained glasses. This is depicted in the architectural N design of the cathedrals of Salisbury and Notre Dame, Despite the Black Death R (1347-1351) and the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453), the Romanesque art survived and TE ushered a new development in the late medieval period. IN The Late Medieval lasted from 1300 CE to 1500 CE. This period coincided with the massive development of art during the Renaissance, as redemption of freedom was PC curtailed during the early medieval times. During the first part of the early medieval period (1300 CE), art was also dubbed as late Gothic or Proto-Renaissance that served as |C the transition between these two periods of art history. Within this period, figures started E to have form with shadows and edifices stressed with width and height as depicted in the C Baptistry of San Giovanni Doors at Pisano. Art in the early Renaissance was U characterized by the use of oil painting, extreme detail and symbolism as depicted in the D frescoes of church ceilings. This period was also regarded as the rebirth of classical O culture that used linear perspectives, frescoes and tempera in art. The Medici family who R introduced the Medici neo-platonic academy became the patron of the arts during this EP period. The artworks of Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Bramante, Bellini, Giorgione, and Titian contributed to the glory of the Renaissance. The Renaissance art spread to R France, Poland, Germany, and England like the works of Dürer, Bruegel, Bosch, Jan van T Eyck and Rogier van der Weyden. O N O Modern Period D Art in the modern era was enlightened by the following ages: Mannerism (1550), Baroque (1650), Rococo (1700s), Neoclassical (1800), Romanticism (1800), realism (1860), photography (1850), England's arts and crafts and Paris Art Nouveau (1900), Impressionism (1865-1885), Post Impressionism (1900), Fauvism and Expressionism (1910), Cubism, Futurism, Suprematism, Constructivism, and De Stijl (1905-1920), Dada  (1920) and Surrealism (1930). As a transition from the Renaissance to the Modern period, mannerism art broke the rules and emphasized twisted and elongated bodies, as shown in the Last Supper (Tintoretto), Entombment of Christ (Pontormo), Madonna with the Long Neck (Parmigianino) and the works of El Greco, Bronzino and Cellini. During the Baroque period, art was used as a weapon for religious wars. Baroque art is emphasized in the works of Rubens, Caravaggio, Bernini and Gentileschi. Paintings, landscapes. Portraits emphasized still-life like in the works of Claesz, Vermeer, LY Hals and Rembrandt. This period was inspired by the religious and political issues of the Thirty Years War between the Catholic and the Protestant Church from 1618 to 1648, and N the Counter Reformation in Italy by Pope Paul III, together with the active support of O Saint Ignatius de Loyola. The Baroque period was succeeded by the Rococo period, SE where the theme of art was highly decorative, more especially during the time of King Louis XIV of France. During the periods of Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution U (1760-1850), neo-classical art recaptured Graeco-Roman grace and grandeur. L A N R At the height of the American Revolution (1775-1783) and French Revolution TE (1789-1799), romanticism celebrated the triumph of imagination and individuality in art. Sixty years later, realism art focused its theme to working class and peasants in a rustic IN mode of painting, more evident in the works of Courbet, Daumier, and Millet, inspired by PC the democratic revolutions of 1848. The art of photography was recognized in 1850 in daguerreotype and calotype classification. Arts and crafts received their recognition using |C natural forms, repeated designs of floral and geometric patterns. Capturing the fleeting effects of natural light was the subject of impressionism within 20 years in Europe. This E theme was elaborated in the works of Monet, Manet, Renoir, Pissarro, Cassatt, Morisot C and Degas. Fifteen years later, there was a soft revolt against Impressionism known as U Post-Impressionism in 1900. Some of the known artists in this period were Van Gogh, D O Gauguin, Cézanne, and Seurat. Ten years later after Post Impressionism, Fauvism and R Expressionism in art became popular. Art in this period was characterized by the use of EP harsh colors, flat surfaces, and emotion distorting forms. There were experiments of new forms to express modern life during the Pre- and Post-World War 1. This period featured R Cubism, Futurism, Suprematism, Constructivism, and De Stijl from 1905 to 1920. T Emphasis on ridiculous art, painting dreams, and exploring the unconscious were the O features of the Dada and surrealism periods. N O D Contemporary Period The contemporary period of history marked the beginning of Abstract Expressionism in 1945 and Pop Art in 1960s. After World War II, art observed pure abstraction and expression without forms. According to Zulueta (1994), "Some contemporary painters have shifted their interest to the work of art as an object in itself, an exciting combination of shapes and colors that fulfills an aesthetic need without  having to represent images or tell a story." The use of popular art absorbs a wide demand for consumerism in advertisements, commercials, and entertainment companies. This contemporary period also paved the way to postmodernism and deconstructivism, from 1970 to the present. The postmodern and deconstructive period reworked and mixed past styles of art. Art without a center is the popular mantra among postmodern and deconstructive artists. LY N O V. ACTIVITY/OUTPUT A. Activity (for face to face only) SE “Highest Score to Win “Perfect Score for First Quiz”” U Direction: The class will be divided into five (5). The game consists of 3 rounds L A (Easy, Average, Difficult) with designated points in each round. Everyone must make a N choice and answer the question, the number of people who got the wrong answer will be R deducted to the number of people who got the right answer. Winning team will have their TE reward. IN B. Output (online) PC Comedian is a 2019 artwork by Italian artist Maurizio Cattelan. In a short bond paper, write your thoughts if this is considered art or not. Submit it in pdf. |C E C. Flaunt the art in you! (face to face) C U 1. Recall one of the experiences you have in your life. D 2. Pick one of these experiences that you like to depict and express your feeling/s O about it using any form of art. R *For visual art - please bring a photo, or artifact itself and explain what it is all EP about. R *For performance art - please prepare a performance presentation (if recorded, T please shorten it to a maximum of 3 minutes, bring your own speaker/mic). O N *For literary art - please print your piece on a short bond paper. O 3. Reused footage/piece must be within 2 years from the time of first release. D VI. SUMMARY In conclusion, the definition of art is multifaceted and evolves over time, encompassing a broad spectrum of human expression, creativity, and cultural  significance. It is often misconstrued as merely aesthetic or confined to traditional forms like painting and sculpture, but art transcends these boundaries, encompassing performance, digital media, and everyday objects imbued with meaning. Misconceptions arise when art is viewed solely through subjective tastes or commercial value, overlooking its profound ability to provoke thought, evoke emotions, and reflect societal changes. Understanding art in its full context allows us to appreciate its diverse forms and the rich dialogue it fosters within and across cultures. LY VII. EVALUATION N 25 item quiz TBA. O SE U L A N R TE IN PC |C E C U D O R EP R T O N O D