ESCI PDF - Energy Resources and Waste Management

Coal - is a black or brownish rock. We burn coal MODULE 9: to create energy. All processes that occur on/within the Earth Petroleum - is a liquid fossil fuel. It is also called require energy. Energy can exist in many oil or crude oi...

Coal - is a black or brownish rock. We burn coal MODULE 9: to create energy. All processes that occur on/within the Earth Petroleum - is a liquid fossil fuel. It is also called require energy. Energy can exist in many oil or crude oil. different forms, and comes from a variety of sources. Natural gas - is another fossil fuel that is trapped underground in reservoirs. It is mostly Natural Disasters - a sudden release of the made up of methane. energy near the surface of the Earth. Heat Transfer: Thermal Energy - is heat energy, or the energy of moving or vibrating molecules. Conduction - atoms vibrate against each other The earth has two basic sources of energy: Convection - heat moves with the material 1. Energy that is from the Sun and reaching the Radiation - heat moves with electromagnetic Earth (Solar energy) radiation (light). 2. Energy from Earth itself (Internal or The major benefit of hydropower is that it Geothermal energy) generates power without releasing any pollution. Solar energy - is the most abundant of all energy Hydropower is also a renewable resource since resources and can even be harnessed in cloudy the stream will keep on flowing. weather Renewable energy - is often referred to as clean energy. MODULE 10: Wind energy - harnesses the kinetic energy of Wastes -any substance which is discarded after moving air by using large wind turbines located primary use, or it is worthless, defective and of on land (onshore) or in sea- or freshwater no use. (offshore). Kind of Wastes: Solid wastes - wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes Geothermal energy - utilizes the accessible * Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, thermal energy from the Earth’s interior. bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Hydropower harnesses - is the energy of water Liquid Wastes - wastes in liquid form moving from higher to lower elevations. * Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, Non-renewable energy - comes from sources waste water from ponds, manufacturing that will run out or will not be replenished in our industries and other sources lifetimes—or even in many, many lifetimes.  USEFUL OPTIONS: Vermicomposting - the use of earthworms to Hazardous wastes - Substances unsafe to use convert organic waste into fertilizer. Non-hazardous - Substances safe to use Composting - nature's process of recycling commercially decomposed organic materials into a rich soil known as compost Classification of waste generation based on origin: Resource recovery Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that Incineration - the destruction of waste material include household garbage, rubbish, by burning. construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refugees Pyrolysis - decomposition brought about by high etc. are managed by any municipality. temperatures. Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that Gasification Energy recovery are generated by manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical, * Bio methanation - process to convert waste petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc. into biogas with the help of anaerobic microorganism like bacteria. Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances are mostly Advantages of Vermicomposting biodegradable. Reduces garbage disposal costs Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery Produces less odor and attracts fewer pests activities. These are extensively found in coastal & estuarine areas. Incineration: Radioactive wastes: Waste containing Advantages: radioactive materials. Usually these are byproducts of nuclear processes. -Reduces volume E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any -Requires minimal space modern establishments. -Can be used as a source of energy Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or end Disadvantages: products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences. -Expensive to build and operate -Can cause pollutants, e.g dioxins, if inefficiently burned MODULE 11 Five major oceans ○ Pacific Ocean Energy Resources: ○ Atlantic Ocean Renewable energy (solar, wind, geothermal, ○ Arctic Ocean hydropower) is continuously replenished and ○ Indian Ocean cleaner for the environment. ○ Southern Ocean (as of 2000) Nonrenewable energy (coal, oil, natural gas) can Ocean temperature - varies with depth, run out and causes pollution. season and latitude Solar energy is abundant and drives natural Latitude processes like the water cycle, while wind and - Ocean waters are 25oC to 28oC at the equator and only 12oC to hydropower use air and water movement for 17oC in the temperate zones. energy. - They are colder still at extreme Geothermal energy taps into Earth's internal northern and southern latitudes heat. (