G11-IT-STB-2023-web.pdf

STUDENT TEXTBOOK GRADE 11 Take Good Care of This Textbook This textbook is the property of your school. Take good care not to damage or lose it. Here are 10 ideas to help take care of the book: 1. Cover the book with protective material, such as plastic, old newspapers or magazines. 2. Always keep the book in a clean dry place. 3. Be sure your hands are clean when you use the book. 4. Do not write on the cover or inside pages. 5. Use a piece of paper or cardboard as a bookmark. 6. Never tear or cut out any pictures or pages. 7. Repair any torn pages with paste or tape. 8. Pack the book carefully when you place it in your school bag. 9. Handle the book with care when passing it to another person. 10.When using a new book for the first time, lay it on its back. Open only a few pages at a time. Press lightly along the bound edge as you turn the pages. This will keep the cover in good condition INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY STUDENT TEXTBOOK GRADE 11 Writers: Temtim Assefa Desta (PhD) Miftah Hassen Jemal (MSc) Editors: Gezahagn Gebeyehu Gamu (MA) (Curriculum Editor) Berhane Woldegabriel Zeweldi (MSc) (Content Editor) Temesgen Debelo Ayana (MA) (Language Editor) Illustrator: Selamneh Belete Tekle (MSc) Designer: Dagnachew Melesew Alemayehu (MSc) FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA HAWASSA UNIVERSITY MINISTRY OF EDUCATION First Published August 2023 by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education, under the General Education Quality Improvement Program for Equity (GEQIP-E) supported by the World Bank, UK’s Department for International Development/DFID-now merged with the Foreign, Common wealth and Development Office/FCDO, Finland Ministry for Foreign Affairs, the Royal Norwegian Embassy, United Nations Children’s Fund/UNICEF), the Global Partnership for Education (GPE), and Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, through a Multi Donor Trust Fund. © 2023 by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education. All rights reserved. The moral rights of the author have been asserted. No part of this textbook reproduced, copied in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, mechanical, magnetic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Ministry of Education or licensing in accordance with the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as expressed in the Federal Negarit Gazeta, Proclamation No. 410/2004 - Copyright and Neighboring Rights Protection. The Ministry of Education wishes to thank the individuals, groups and other bodies involved – directly or indirectly – in publishing this Textbook. Special thanks are due to Hawassa University for their huge contribution in the development of this textbook in collaboration with Addis Ababa University, Bahir Dar University and Jimma University. Copyrighted materials used by permission of their owners. If you are the owner of copyrighted material not cited or improperly cited, please contact the Ministry of Education, Head Office, Arat Kilo, (P.O.Box 1367), Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Printed by: GRAVITY GROUP IND LLC 13th Industrial Area, Sharjah, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Under Ministry of Education Contract no. MOE/GEQIP-E/LICB/G-01/23 ISBN: 978-99990-0-042-0 Table of Contents UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications................................. 1 1.1. Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom............................................1 1.2. Introduction to Information Systems.........................................................6 1.3. Applications of Information Systems..........................................................11 1.4. IT for Entrepreneurship..............................................................................22 UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies................................................................. 28 2.1. Artificial Intelligence..................................................................................28 2.2. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality......................................................38 2.3. Data Science................................................................................................44 UNIT-3 Database Management........................................................... 51 3.1. Data Management Approaches..................................................................51 3.2. Data Model..................................................................................................55 3.3. Creating Relational Database in Microsoft Access.....................................63 UNIT-4 Web Development.................................................................... 76 4.1. World Wide Web.........................................................................................76 4.2. Website Design...........................................................................................78 4.3. HTML Basics.............................................................................................80 4.4. HTML Links..............................................................................................87 4.5. HTML Tables.............................................................................................91 4.6. HTML Lists................................................................................................98 Ⅰ UNIT-5 Hardware Troubleshooting and Preventive Maintenance....... 109 5.1. Hardware Troubleshooting.........................................................................109 5.2. Basics of Preventive Maintenance..............................................................120 UNIT-6 Fundamentals of Programming.................................................. 132 6.1. Types of Programming Languages.............................................................132 6.2. Basics of Python.........................................................................................134 6.3. Variables and Data Types............................................................................139 6.4. Statements and Expressions........................................................................148 6.5. Writing a Simple Program..........................................................................151 Ⅱ UNIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS 1 Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, students will be able to: Define data, information, knowledge, and wisdom flow chain Differentiate the concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom Explain the concept of information systems Identify the main components of an information system State the function of each component of an information system Describe the different application areas of information systems Recognize the value of information system through its application to solve societal problems Explain IT-based entrepreneurship Unit Overview This unit discusses concepts of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom as well as their relationships and differences. It also discusses information system and its components, and the application of information systems in areas such as e-banking, e-government and e-learning. 1.1. Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom Brainstorming 1.1 Reflect on the value of information in our daily life. 1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications 1.1.1 Data Data is raw facts that cannot give meaning on its own. It is a representation of what we see and perceive using things like letters and numbers. Facts such as 100, 250, age, and Ethiopia are considered as data. Each of them does not give meaning on its own. For example, 100 can be the weight of a person or the measurement of a distance. Likewise, the word Ethiopia can be a country name or a person’s name. It does not tell us any meaning unless it is related to other data. Data is recorded and stored using numbers, texts, and images. Some data can be represented better by numbers than texts. For example, age is better represented by numbers than texts. Likewise, words such as name are only represented by text. With the development of satellite technology, representation of data in the form of image has become very popular. Thus, one form of data representation is better than the other forms of representation, depending on the type of data and context. Figure 1.1: Different forms of data Activity 1.1 1. List and explain the different forms of data representations. 2. Reflect on why you need to collect and store data. 1.1.2 Information Information is data processed in a meaningful way to the end users. Registering daily sales data may not give meaning. But when we aggregate daily sales data 2 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications by weeks of the month, it becomes information as it shows whether the sales are increasing or decreasing. By asking relevant questions about ‘who’, ‘what’, ‘when’, ‘where’, etc., we can derive valuable information from the data and make it more useful for users. Therefore, information is a processed data that is used to answer certain questions. Like data, information can be also represented in different forms. It can be represented in the form of a table, line graph, bar graph or formulas (see Figure 1.2). Figure 1.2: Different forms of information representation Notes Quintal or Qts, shown in Figure 1.2, is weight measurement which is equivalent to 100 kilograms Activity 1.2 1. Explain the use of information. 2. Discuss the different ways in which data is converted into information. 1.1.3 Knowledge Knowledge is an understanding which is acquired by further processing and integrating different sets of information. It includes both understanding and skill. For example, when you tell a child how to ride a bicycle, you are giving information. This helps the child to understand how to ride a bicycle. When a child applies the information in riding a bicycle, the child acquires the skills necessary to properly ride a bicycle (see Figure 1.3). Then the information becomes knowledge. Therefore, knowledge is acquired by integrating information from different sources such as reading books, engaging in different activities, discussing with other people, and 3 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications observing when something happens. Knowledge is the capability to think and act to solve a problem or accomplish a given task. For example, the ability to read this textbook or maintain a computer is knowledge. Knowledge is more of a personal possession that you retrieve and apply when you need it. Figure 1.3: Example of knowledge acquisition 1.1.4 Wisdom Wisdom is the ability to make wise decisions and judgments using one’s knowledge. It is the highest level of human understanding. It is associated with good judgment and actions that contribute to living well (see Figure 1.4). Figure 1.4: Wisdom Wisdom is like love, intelligence, and politeness in that it is a good thing to have. The more we have it, the better we become. 4 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications 1.1.5 The Difference between Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom Data, information, knowledge, and wisdom can be hierarchically arranged where data is placed at the bottom and wisdom is placed at the top of the pyramid. As you move up in the pyramid, the value you get increases. The more data is enriched with meaning and context, the more knowledge and insights we get from it. The top of the pyramid is where we have turned the knowledge and insights into wisdom which is the highest level of human intelligence (see Figure 1.5). Figure 1.5: Data, Information, Knowledge and Wisdom The difference between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom can be further explained as follows: Data is anything represented as numbers, texts, and images. For example, 010101 or +251********* are data. Information may be viewed as data put into context. It is an organized form of data to provide meaning. For example, when we say that +251********* is a person’s phone number, the data becomes information. Information is a set of data that has already been processed, analysed, and structured in a meaningful way to become useful. Knowledge refers to understanding patterns, rules, or other mechanisms that serve as a guide for our future actions. It emerges from further processing and integration 5 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications of information. It is more complex than information. It is more of a personal possession. Knowledge shapes and guides our actions. Wisdom is the ability to think and act using knowledge. It is the highest level in human intelligence. Wisdom includes intuitive thinking, logical thinking, creative thinking, and collective thinking. Activity 1.3 Give examples that illustrate the difference between data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. 1.2. Introduction to Information Systems 1.2.1 Information systems An information system (IS) is a set of interrelated components working together to collect, process, store, and disseminate information to potential users (see Figure 1.6). An information system generates different types of information or reports that are used by employees in the organization to accomplish different organizational tasks. For example, managers use information to make decisions such as determining the selling price of a product. Information systems have now become an integral part of organizations. They are used to capture data and generate summarized reports for decision making. For example, a school information system captures student data about different types of assessments such as quizzes, assignments and final examinations. All these assessment data are summarized to show a student’s overall performance. Each subject’s mark is used to calculate the average mark of students and rank them accordingly. This information is important for schools to effectively organize their regular activities. 6 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Figure 1.6: Model of Information System Activity 1.4 1. Discuss the data captured by your school’s information system. 2. Discuss the information that is generated by your school’s information system and for what purpose it is used. 1.2.2 Components of IS Information systems can be viewed as having five major components: hardware, software, data/information, people, and procedure. The functions of each component are explained below. Hardware Hardware includes digital devices that are required to perform core information system functions such as data storage, data processing, and communication (see Figure 1.7). 7 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Figure 1.7: Hardware components of Information Systems Communication among disparate parts of an information systems is facilitated through telecommunication networks that include wired and wireless networks. Software Software is a set of instructions that commands the computer hardware to do something. It includes the operating system, the Database Management System (DBMS), application software, anti-virus software, and others that are required to be in place for the information system to operate properly. Data and Information Organizations generate different types of data when they interact with their customers and suppliers. For example, data is generated when a digital device selling company sells its products such as computers and printers. The company must keep track of its daily sales data. Without such data, the company cannot properly execute its tasks and monitor its performance. The various types of data that organizations collect on a regular basis must be stored in a computer database for later use. The data is used to prepare reports such as monthly sales reports that are used by managers for decision making. Therefore, data or information is a critical resource or asset that must be properly managed by the information system. 8 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Links See Section 1.1.1 of this unit for a more detailed explanation of data and information. People Information systems require qualified or trained people with knowledge to operate the technologies and identify new data that must be captured and stored by the information system. Therefore, the technical people who have specialized knowledge of the information system are integral parts of the information system of an organization. They are responsible to create and manage an information system that is supportive to the organization’s daily activities. Procedure Procedure is another component of information systems. A procedure is a series of steps followed to achieve a desired outcome or goal. Procedures are the policies and methods to be followed in using, operating, and maintaining an information system. It is necessary for organizations to have clear procedures that clarify: what data should be captured by the information system; who should have access to the data; who should have the privilege to modify data; and many more. Procedures that are put in place to facilitate an effective use, operation, and maintenance of information systems will help organizations to get more benefits from their information systems. Activity 1.5 Explain the function of each component of an information system. In the following section, we will discuss a human resource information system (HRIS) as an example of information system implementation in an organization. HRIS is a type of information system. HRIS has a database that stores data of employees. The kind of data kept in a database of typical HRIS include: Recruitment data such as applicant’s Curriculum Vitae and the number of candidates. 9 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications demographic data like employee ID, name, date of birth, gender, position, residence, cost center specifications, department, termination date, and so on. performance management data like performance records of employees. It refers to the feedback, ratings, and achievements of employees. learning management data like training and development. Compensation and benefits data like employee’s salary structure and other benefits. HRIS uses different technologies to store and process data into useful information. Server computer, desktop computer, laptop, and networks to interconnect different departments and branches are among the infrastructural resources used in a HRIS. Employee use the available computers to access data and generate information from the database (see Figure 1.8). Figure 1.8: Human Resource Information System (HRIS) Some of the software components of the HRIS would include: Recruitment software. This software is used to automate the posting of job offerings as well as the sorting of incoming applications. The software 10 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications can post an organization’s job needs on a variety of websites. Applicants can also submit resumes without meeting with anyone in person. Time and attendance software: It is used to track employee attendance. This software helps the organization save money. Employees are paid based on the hours they work. Performance management software: It is used to manage performance appraisal data. It helps the organization to make evidence-based decisions to retain, promote, transfer, or terminate an employee. Training and development software: This software is used to manage training programs for employees. It is also used to automate training for online delivery. Nowadays, information systems are no more considered only as means of generating information for managerial decision makings. Their role for the competitive power of organizations has become so high that they are considered as strategic assets of organizations. 1.3. Applications of Information System Brainstorming 1.2 Share ideas on information systems that are used to provide services in the business environment. Information systems have now become the means through which different IT- enabled services are provided by organizations. These IT-enabled services are usually known as e-services. E-services are defined as the provision of public services using technology as a mode of service delivery. For example, banks provide banking services through mobile phone without the need to go to a bank branch. The different types of e-services are discussed below. 11 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications 1.3.1 E-Government Electronic government or e-Government is the use of information systems to provide electronic services to citizens with the purpose of increasing efficiency, transparency, and citizen participation. The appropriate application of e-Government allows for higher levels of effectiveness and efficiency in governmental tasks. It also improves efficiency of communication among different governmental offices. Different organizations establish an organizational portal to facilitate communication between the organizations and their customers. A portal is a web-based information system that collects information from different sources into a single user interface so that users can easily access the organization’s electronic services. Figure 1.9 shows the portal of the Ethiopian Ministry of Health. The portal provides different health related services to citizens. Figure 1.9 Portal of the Ministry of Health (https://www.moh.gov.et/ejcc/en) Citizens go to municipalities for business registrations, auto registry, payment of taxes, issuance of birth certificates, issuance and renewal of identification cards, etc. All forms of municipal services require citizens to go to the municipalities in person. All these services can, however, be automated and made accessible for citizens over the municipality’s web portal. Adoption of e-government solution brings several benefits. Some of the benefits are: Establishing trust between governments and citizens 12 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Facilitating sharing of information and ideas between government agencies and departments within an agency Allowing citizens to easily get government decisions and policies through institutional web portals Reducing cost of running government services as the services are delivered online Improving convenience of service delivery. Citizens can easily access government services through their mobile phones. For example, customers can pay their monthly electric bill through their mobile phones. Activity 1.6 1. Explain the concept of e-government. 2. Discuss the benefits you get by using e-government services. 1.3.2 E-banking In the traditional banking service, customers must go to the nearby banks to withdraw money, transfer money to families, and pay their utility bills. The traditional banking service is inconvenient and inefficient as it demands customers to go the bank in person and wait their turns to get a service. It also creates unnecessary burden on the bank. Electronic banking is a form of technology-based banking service that avoids exchange of cash, checks, or other types of paper documents. In the banking sector, IT is mainly associated with services like Internet banking, Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and mobile banking. Like in other service sectors, IT has positively influenced the banking industry. Banks make their information systems accessible over the Internet so as to provide Internet banking services (see Figure 1.10). This allows customers to make payments online, transfer money from their account to other accounts and get other banking services from wherever they are. 13 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Figure 1.10: E-Banking Some of the commonly known e-banking services include Automatic Teller Machine (ATM), Mobile Banking, Internet Banking, Credit cards, Debit Cards, Smart Cards, Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) System, etc. E-banking provides many benefits to banks as well as to customers. Some of the benefits include: The cost of operation per unit of services is lower for banks. Customers can withdraw cash any time using, for example, ATM service. Customers can make payments from wherever they are. Customers can easily check their account balance Customers can get immediate message about transactions related to their accounts. Despite all of the several benefits that e-banking has, there are some challenges to it such as: Digital theft Exclusion of the digitally illiterate citizen from e-banking services Lack of access to IT infrastructure in remote areas Unaffordable cost to acquire IT devices like smart phones for low-income citizens 14 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Activity 1.7 1. Explain the concept of e-banking. 2. Discuss e-banking services that you have used before or heard from your family members and list the benefits that you obtained from them. 1.3.3 E-learning The face-to-face form of education is the dominant form of educational delivery but it has some limitations. It does not allow students to learn in their own pace, and class schedules are not flexible. E-learning is introduced as an alternative form of educational delivery. E-learning is a form of learning delivered through the use of digital devices. A number of other terms are also used to describe e-learning. It is known by terms like online learning, virtual learning, distributed learning, computer-based learning, etc. Despite their subtle differences, these terms in general refer to the use of information and communication technologies for facilitating the teaching learning process. If e-learning is provided over the Internet, it is referred to as online learning The main components of e-learning are the Internet, computers or mobile phones, digital learning resources, content developers (such as teachers and graphic editors), and learners (see Figure 1.13). Figure 1.13: Components of E-Learning Some of the benefits that e-learning offers to learners are: Flexibility in learning time: Learners can access and learn at any time, or any day. 15 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Implementation of student-centered learning: Learners can learn on their own pace. Access to a variety of educational resources from different schools or universities Rich multimedia learning resources: The multimedia e-learning content engages learners to be active learners. Reduced educational costs: there are no costs for travel and accommodation. The main disadvantages of e-learning are: Physical isolation of students from teachers and other students Teachers have little control to monitor the progress of students’ learning Technology related costs make access to e-leaning difficult for students of low-income families. Activity 1.8 1. Explain the concept of e-learning. 2. Discuss the e-learning system you might have used before or heard about. What are the benefits of e-learning in facilitating your learning? 1.3.4 E-commerce E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet. E-commerce is fundamentally a website deployed over Internet to handle online transactions. Buyers go to the E-commerce website using their smartphones or computers when they make an order for a product or service over the Internet. Once the order is received by the merchant, the payment will be processed through the Bank. After the whole transaction is successfully completed, the order will be delivered to the buyer. In E-commerce transactions, many actors are involved including merchants, buyers or customers, banks and transporters. (See Figure 1.14). 16 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Figure 1.14: Components of E-Commerce In Ethiopia, small businesses which sell different types of products online have mushroomed recently. The flexibility with which customers browse products and compare prices and buy the cheapest offerings contributed to the growth of such types of businesses. On the business owner’s side, they do not need to have physical stores and hire salespersons. This allows them to attract more customers. It is, however, worth noting that e-commerce is at its infancy stage in Ethiopia. There is a need to develop the e-commerce infrastructure such as Internet access in all places, efficient transport system, appropriate regulations for E-commerce transactions, and many more. Figure 1.15 shows a sample local online e-commerce site. 17 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Figure 1.15: E-commerce - online product selling Some of the advantages of e-commerce include: Avoiding intermediaries: this mode of business allows customers to buy products directly from manufacturers at a cheaper price avoiding wholesalers and retailers. Convenience: customers can order products from where they are. Increased bargaining power for the customer: customers can easily browse the price of different merchants and choose the least price. Global reach: the Internet made it possible for the merchants to expand their customers outside their local area. This, however, also creates more competition as merchants now compete not only with local competitors but also with global ones. Activity 1.9 1. Explain the concept of e-commerce. 2. Discuss your own experience of e-commerce, if you have any. What benefits do you get? 18 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications 1.3.5 Telemedicine Telemedicine refers to the practice of caring for patients remotely without the caregiver and the patient being in the same physical location. Telemedicine was originally introduced to treat patients who were in remote places, far away from local health facilities, or in areas with shortages of medical professionals. People who live in rural areas of Ethiopia do not have access to quality health services. In addition to creating access, telemedicine has now been used as an alternative mode of health service and as a tool for convenient medical care. There are now different telemedicine companies that provide online treatment. A patient can simply come online and request a visit with one of the telemedicine company’s doctors and get treatment. The patients pay the service fee online through their bank account (See Figure 1.16). This online medical consultation has already been implemented in Ethiopia. One can meet online doctors in Ethiopia by browsing the Internet. Figure 1.16: Telemedicine - mobile based service There are now new mobile-based medical services. Patients are starting to use their mobile to monitor and track their health conditions. Simple home-use medical devices allow patients to gather needed medical information for doctors (see Figureure 1.17). These devices are used to measure the patient’s body temperature, glucose levels, and blood pressure without the need to go to clinics. This encourages 19 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications more and more patients to become proactive about using technology to manage their health. Figure 1.17: Telemedicine Mobile based Service Some of the advantages of telemedicine for patients include: Overcoming geographical barriers to access health care services Reduced cost through avoidance of costs such as travel and hotel services. Access to specialized physicians by people who live in remote locations Telemedicine, however, has some limitations. Telemedicine requires technical trainings and equipment, which may not be readily available in the rural areas of developing countries. Activity 1.10 1. Explain the concept of telemedicine. 2. Reflect on the benefit of telemedicine in your daily life. 1.3.6 Teleconference A teleconference is a meeting of two or more people who are separated by distance using electronic communication. It is a generic term for connecting people from 20 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications different locations electronically. The two popular forms of teleconferencing are audio conferencing and video conferencing. Audio conference: it is a voice-only communication, sometimes called conference call, which connects people from remote locations via telephone lines (See Figure 1.18). For example, meetings can be conducted via audio conference. Figure 1.18: Teleconference -Audio conference Activity 1.11 1. Explain the concept of teleconferencing. 2. Discuss the benefits of teleconferencing for students to do group assign- ments or project works. Video conference: it combines both voice communications and video images. It supports two-way video conferencing. Video conferencing creates a social presence that resembles face-to-face meetings. It enables participants to see the facial expressions and physical appearance of conference participants at remote sites (see Figure 1.19). Zoom, Google Meet, and Microsoft Teams are some examples of video conferencing software. 21 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Figure 1.19: Teleconference -Video conference Teleconference has many benefits for conference participants. It saves time and travel costs. Conference participants can attend the meeting from home or office. It reduces conference hosting costs. In addition, it can accommodate more people as it does not cost that much for each additional participant. 1.4. IT for Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is defined as the process of designing, launching, and running a new business. An entrepreneur is an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards. The entrepreneur is commonly seen as an innovator, a source of new ideas, goods, services, and businesses. Information technology (IT) is transforming the world of work. IT provides new opportunities for business people. IT enabled business is a business that uses IT as a platform to run a business. It includes business like online training, providing data entry and processing services, Internet Café service and online product sells. These types of businesses are providing new opportunities for job creation that could help tackle global unemployment. For instance, the development of the mobile-based applications has created new opportunities for small- and medium- sized enterprises (SMEs) in various parts of the world, especially in developing countries like India and Kenya. In our country, IT has also created new employment opportunities. Youth unemployment is one of the global challenges we face today. IT can be exploited to solve such types of problems. Therefore, IT should be included in youth 22 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications employment and entrepreneurship strategies for three key reasons: More jobs and businesses require IT skills IT is transforming the way young digital entrepreneurs do business There is an explosion of online learning opportunities and resources for job seekers and digital entrepreneurs People who are competent in IT can create different types of IT-based businesses. They can have their own business as application developers, game developers, and service providers using various platforms including social network websites. In Ethiopia, IT-based services are flourishing such as Internet cafes and online sales. Figure 1.20 shows a sample online mobile sales business. Figure 1.20 Online mobile sales IT-based businesses do not require large capital to start as do traditional businesses. An innovative and entrepreneurial mind with little resource like a laptop can create incredible business ideas. The story of the founder of RIDE, Samrawit Fikru, is a good example in Ethiopia. Starting as an SMS-based service, RIDE today is a popular Internet-based taxi-hailing service that is used by thousands of pepole (See Figure 1.21). RIDE has made great contributions to job creation in addition to providing an alternative service to taxi users. 23 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Fig 1.21: Ride taxi-hailing system Activity 1.12 1. What is IT based business? 2. Discuss in a group to identify different types of IT-based businesses. Unit Summary In this unit, you have learnt about: basic concepts of data, information, knowledge and wisdom. the relationship between data, information. Knowledge, and wisdom concepts of information systems components of information systems application of information systems in the society such as E-government, E-banking, E-learning, E-commerce, Telemedicine, and Teleconference. advantages and the potential downsides of applications of information systems in different social and economic activities of the society the use of IT for entrepreneurship 24 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Key Terms Data is a collection of raw facts. Database is a collection of related files that stores organized data E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet. E-learning is a form of education that is delivered through digital devices. E-banking is a form of banking in which funds are transferred through an exchange of electronic signals rather than through an exchange of cash, checks, or other types of paper documents. Entrepreneurship is the process of designing, launching, and running a new business. E-services are defined as the provision of public services using technology as a mode of service delivery. Information is processed data in a meaningful way to potential users. Information system is a set of integrated components for collecting, storing, processing data, and providing information. Knowledge is an understanding which is acquired through the application of information into actions. Procedure is a series of steps followed to achieve a desired outcome or goal. Telemedicine is a practice of caring for patients remotely while the caregiver and the patient are in separate physical locations. Teleconference is the meeting of three or more people who are separated by distance using electronic communication. Wisdom is an ability to make wise decisions and judgments using one’s knowledge. It is the highest level of human understanding. 25 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications Review Questions Part I: Write True if the statment is correct and False if it is incorrect. 1. Data is the foundation for generating information and knowledge. 2. Information must be accurate and relevant to the purpose in order to be considered valuable. 3. Knowledge is data put into context. 4. As one goes from data to wisdom hierarchy, value increases. 5. “Think many times before you act”. This statement refers to information. 6. People are not important component of the information system. 7. E-commerce is a form of e-service that provides banking services. 8. E-learning is a form of education that is delivered through digital devices. 9. Telemedicine is a form of medical services which is provided through digital devices. 10. IT can be used to create IT-based businesses. Part II: Choose the correct answer from the given alternatives. 1. A collection of facts without meaning to users is ___. A. Knowledge B. Data C. Information D. Wisdom 2. The wise use of knowledge is known as____. A. Knowledge B. Data C. Information D. Wisdom 3. ___ is acquired by integrating information with experience. A. Knowledge B. Data C. Facts D. Wisdom 4. One of the following is not the component of information systems. A. Hardware B. People C. Procedures D. None 26 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-1 Information Systems and Its Applications 5. Application of digital technologies to provide government services to the public is known as __________. A. e-banking B. e- government C. e-learning D. e-commerce 6. ________refers to the practice of caring for patients remotely through electronic devices. A. e-banking B. e- government C. telemedicine D. e-commerce 7. Which one of the following is the benefit of ICT entrepreneurship: A. Create employment opportunities B. Generate income for the country C. Diversify the country’s economic sector D. All Part III: Discussion Questions. 1. How can e-government transform government services to the public? 2. Why have information systems become very important for present-day society? 3. How has e-learning changed the way we learn in school as well as in the office? 27 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES 2 Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, students will be able to: Explain Emerging Technologies Define Artificial Intelligence and state its branches Describe common Artificial Intelligence applications Differentiate the concepts of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Describe Data Science and its applications Unit Overview Emerging technology can be understood as a technology that is developing and evolving fast with a prominent socio-economic impact. There are several examples of emerging technologies that are covered in this unit such as artificial intelligence, virtual reality, augmented reality, and data science. The application areas of emerging technologies are also discussed in the unit. 2.1. Artificial Intelligence Brainstorming 2.1 To what extent emerging technologies can transform the work environment today? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that deals with the design of systems that mimic human intelligence. AI systems are designed to have features that only humans are capable of such as reasoning and generalization. An example of reasoning is, “My friend is either at home or in her workplace. My friend is not 28 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies in her workplace. Therefore, my friend is at home”. Generalizing is about applying past experiences to current problems of similar nature. For example, “I know how to change a wheel on my bicycle and therefore I can use this knowledge to change the wheel on my friend’s bicycle.” Even though the history of AI goes back to the 1940s, it was in the 1950s that the term was coined. AI has become so popular and a powerful tool today due mainly to significant growth in computer capacity and the availability of a large amount of data. AI algorithms are now extensively used in a wide range of areas including business, medicine, and entertainment. 2.1.1 Branches of AI Though there is no hard and fast way of identifying the subfields of AI, the following groups can be considered as branches of AI. a. Machine Learning Machine Learning is the study of computer algorithms that enable the computer to learn from data and improve itself without being explicitly programmed. Machine learning algorithms learn from experience. Unlike conventional computer algorithms with explicit instructions that are followed by the computer to solve a problem, machine learning algorithms allow the computer to train on sample data inputs. A model that is built from the sample data will then be used to make predictions that are useful for decision-making. Fraud detection, recommendation systems, email spam detector, and speech recognition are some of the examples of applications of machine learning. Figure 2.1 Fraud detection using machine learning 29 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies b. Robotics Robotics is the study of machines called robots that substitute tasks that are traditionally done by human beings. Over the past few decades, robots have been used mainly in replacing human labor in routine and mundane activities such as those that are found in car manufacturing assembly lines (See Figure 2.2). Robots are also used in environments that are considered hazardous to human beings like handling radioactive wastes, underwater, and space explorations. Figure 2.2 Robots in car manufacturing assembly line Similarly, the application of robots in the household is also becoming common. Nowadays, robots are used at home to do chores, assist the elderly, monitor young children, and more. A robot vacuum cleaner, shown in Figure 2.3, is a well-known example of the application of robots in homes. A robot vacuum cleaner is a machine that sweeps carpets and cleans floors without human intervention. Figure 2.3 Robot vacuum cleaner c. Natural Language Processing Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of AI that deals with enabling computers to understand written and spoken human language in the same way human beings do. Computers’ understanding of natural language is what powers 30 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies the services we get from a wide range of systems around us. Some of the major application areas of NLP are listed below (See also Figure 2.4). Spam Detection: Email service providers, like Yahoo, analyze a text in an email to check if it is spam or not using NLP. Machine Translation: translation of text from one language to another that systems, like Google Translate, do is supported by NLP. Virtual Assistant: voice-operated virtual assistants such as Amazon’s Alexa and Apple’s Siri use NLP. Sentiment Analysis: by extracting and analyzing users’ data on social media, it is possible to learn users’ opinions (which could be negative, positive, or neutral) about something using NLP. Fake News Identification: identifying whether or not news is trustworthy and checking the reliability of its source can be done using NLP. Text Summarization: summary of a large piece of document like academic articles can be automatically done using NLP. Figure 2.4 Applications of natural language processing d. Expert Systems Expert systems are computer programs that emulate human experts. They are designed to solve problems that are normally solved by human experts. Expert systems are one of the earliest attempts to put the field of artificial intelligence to the test. Some of the fields that benefit from expert systems include medical diagnosis, petroleum engineering, and financial investing. An expert system consists of three components: User Interface, Knowledge Base, and Inference Engine. 31 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies User Interface: this is part of the expert system that users use to interact with the expert system. It accepts queries from the user and forwards them to the inference engine. It is also the means through which users see the recommendation that the expert system provides. Knowledge Base: this is the repository of knowledge of experts in the domain area. The knowledge is organized in the form of if-then-else rules. The knowledge contained is of both factual and heuristic (experiential or common-sense rule) types. The completeness, accuracy, and precision of the knowledge captured in the knowledge base are central to the performance of expert systems. Inference Engine: this is the brain of the expert system that produces the answer by referencing the knowledge base. One of the earliest and most well-known examples of expert systems is MYCIN. MYCIN is an expert system that emulates infectious disease experts. It identifies bacteria that cause infections and recommends antibiotics. Figure 2.5 Expert system Activity 2.1 List the areas where expert systems can be applied. 2.1.2 Application of AI Nowadays, the power of AI is being exploited to efficiently solve problems in a wide range of areas. The following are some examples of applications of AI. 32 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies i. Online Shopping AI algorithms are used to dive into and process the massive user data available in various systems to extract personalized data about shoppers. The data is then used to present users with items that they are more likely interested in, which makes the whole shopping experience efficient and enjoyable. Figure 2.6 Online shopping ii. Autonomous Cars By collecting data from sources such as GPS, vehicle radar, and cameras, autonomous cars can function without the help of a human agent. Although fully automated autonomous cars are not yet on the streets, autopilot features are already implemented in cars produced by companies like Tesla. The trend and development in the area indicate that the era of fully automated cars is not far away. Multiple reports indicate that autonomous cars have great potential for improving road safety. Autonomous cars are believed to significantly reduce the number of road accidents due to their features such as the ability to exchange safety-critical information with one another, the 360-degree view of the surrounding, the power to flag hazards on the road ahead, and many more. 33 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Figure 2.7 Autonomous car iii. Social Media The size of data available on social media makes it practically impossible to process the data using human beings. This is why AI has become a fundamental part of how social networks operate today. Social media companies, like Facebook, apply AI in various areas such as advertising, delivery of personalized content, facial recognition, and many more. Figure 2.8 Facial recognition using AI iv. Surveillance Surveillance systems can benefit significantly from AI. For example, AI systems can automatically detect suspicious behavior in real-time. This can be implemented in places like supermarkets, military and security stations, or any place with restricted access. 34 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Figure 2.9 AI application in surveillance v. Agriculture Global phenomena like climate change, food security, and population growth are making the application of innovative approaches in the area of agriculture more important than ever. AI systems are at the core of such type of innovative approaches. Examples of applications of AI in agriculture include precision farming, detection of pests, monitoring the health of soils and crops, and the like. AI-based agricultural advisory systems can be built that farmers use to be climate-ready and adjust their farming activities accordingly. Figure 2.10 AI based agriculture Precision Farming vi. Customer Service Due to advancements in multiple areas of AI such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), chatbots are nowadays used to provide customer support. A chatbot is a system that simulates human conversation through text or voice commands. It is a fast and cheaper way for companies to provide support and assistance to their customers. 35 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Figure 2.11 Chatbot vii. Healthcare Healthcare is one of the areas with immense potential for the application of AI. Disease diagnosis, drug development, and hospital care are some of the examples of applications of AI in the healthcare sector. More examples of the assistance that AI offers in healthcare for complex activities like surgery are discussed in Section 2.2 Figure 2.12 AI application in surgery viii. Space Exploration Space exploration is characterized by the processing of a massive amount of data. AI and Machine Learning, which is one of the branches of AI, are used to process data that assists space exploration activities. Operations like space mission planning, data collection, navigation, and maneuvering are supported by AI. NASA, for example, uses a robot known as Robonaut to work on the International Space Station. Robonaut uses many of the tools that an astronaut uses and can perform tasks that are normally done by human beings. 36 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Figure 2.13 Robonaut and an astronaut ix. Smart Homes AI systems are abundant in what is known as smart homes. The AI systems assist in home security, household chores, alerting of smokes, and many more. Figure 2.14 Smart home x. Banks Credit cards and other forms of fraud prevalent in the banking industry can be prevented using fraud prevention AI. AI systems are used to trace the pattern in credit card transactions and detect frauds. Figure 2.15 Application of AI in banks 37 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies xi. Search Engine Search engines use AI systems such as NLP to better understand user search queries. They also use AI in ranking algorithms, which determine in what order responses are presented to users in reply to their search query. Figure 2.16 Google Rankbrain: Google’s application of AI Activity 2.2 1. Discuss how AI systems can help social networking companies improve their services. 2. Search and discuss in group on more examples of the application of AI outside those covered in the textbook. Discuss the features and debate for or against AI systems. 3. Join with a partner and let one of you take the role of supporting auton- omous cars, one against. Then discuss and debate whether they are a good idea, or not, and why. 2.2. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality 2.2.1 Augmented Reality Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that enhances the real world by overlaying computer-generated digital data on real-world objects. By blending the real world with computer-generated information, AR creates an engaging and dynamic user experience. 38 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies The hardware of AR includes a processor, sensors, input devices, and a display. Mobile devices do have all four components to run AR applications. Depending on the application, however, the display could be tablets, smartphones, head-mounted displays (HMD), or smart glasses. Such displays are used to locate objects of focus as well as show the computer-generated overlaid information. Figure 2.17 Augmented reality devices AR works by first capturing the picture of the real-world object through a camera. Then relevant information about the image like measurement of the object, as well as other objects that are present in the image and their relative distance from the object in focus, will be processed by the software. Virtual information will be finally generated and overlaid on the object. Figure 2.18 Example of augmented reality Activity 2.3 Share examples of AR applications that you have used. Describe their features including potential areas of improvement. 2.2.2 Virtual Reality Virtual reality (VR) is a technology that creates a three-dimensional computer- generated simulated environment. A person can interact with VR using electronic devices such as goggles, headsets, gloves, or bodysuits. VR attempts to create an illusory environment that can be presented to our senses with artificial information, 39 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies making our minds believe that it is (almost) a reality. Unlike AR, VR creates a completely immersive experience for the user. Figure 2.19 Virtual reality devices Using sensors of various types, a VR environment responds to the user’s movements and adjusts views and perspectives in real-time. VR also enables users to touch and manipulate virtual objects by way of data gloves equipped with force-feedback devices. This is how a VR creates the illusion of being in a real environment. Figure 2.20 Example of virtual reality Activity 2.4 1. Give examples of how different types of training can be provided using VR. 2. Prepare a presentation on how your school benefit from VR. 2.2.3 The Difference between VR and AR AR and VR are both known for their enriched and interactive experiences with rich 3-D visuals. However, there are some differences between the two. The following table summarizes the major differences between the two technologies. 40 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Table 2.1 The difference between Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality Augmented Reality Virtual Reality AR works in a real-world VR operates in a com- setting. It is partially im- pletely virtual world. It is mersive. fully immersive. AR users can control their VR users are under the presence in the real world. control of the system. AR can run on familiar de- VR requires a headset de- vices such as smartphones. vice to use it. AR works in an environ- VR works only in a fic- ment where the real and tional/simulated reality. virtual worlds blend. 2.2.4 Application of VR and AR The potential areas of application of AR and VR are very wide. The interactive nature of these technologies, however, makes them more attractive to areas such as education, healthcare, and entertainment. The following are examples of the application of AR and VR within the three areas. Education: AR and VR have a wide array of uses in education and enable to learn-on-the go using real-time instructions. They also make learning interactive and fun. Among the reasons why such technologies are very useful in education include: o They allow students to travel in time and space and see historical events in a very interactive manner. o AR allows students to learn various things more concretely. For example, students can see the different organ systems visually and interactively. o The complexity of some concepts can be reduced when presented in a three-dimensional interactive manner. o They are a good alternative in an environment where resources are scarce such as laboratory equipment. o Learning will be made possible from anywhere using relatively 41 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies more accessible devices like smartphones. o Students can get connected interactively with students from different parts of the world. This helps to instill desirable values like empathy and collaboration in students. A B Figure 2.21 Example of augmented reality (A) and virtual reality (B) in education Healthcare: there are numerous AR and VR applications implemented in the medical industry. Some of the applications in use today include: o Physicians and medical students are trained and taught using AR/ VR technologies. The technologies allow them to learn life-saving operations like surgery in a risk-free environment. o AR improves disease diagnosis in a manner that is less invasive and pain-free for the patient. o By helping surgeons visualize the patient’s muscles, bones, and internal organs, AR supports a surgical procedure in a low-risk and much more accurate way. o Tele-surgery, which is conducted with the patient and the surgeon being in different locations, is supported by VR. o VR can be used to distract patients from stressful experiences caused by prolonged recuperation in hospitals. Such patients can use VR headsets to focus on entirely different things and make their medical treatment less stressful. 42 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies A B Figure 2.22 Example of augmented reality (A) and virtual reality (B) in healthcare Entertainment: this is another area where the use of AR and VR has become very popular. The following are some examples of the application of AR and VR in entertainment: o By adding computer-generated data on artifacts in art galleries and museums, AR creates a very interactive and enjoyable experience for visitors. o VR movie theatres equipped with individual armchairs that have extra gear, glasses, helmets, or tools for aroma injections can create a completely new and immersive experience for movie fans. o VR and AR components can be added to amusement parks to help visitors enjoy their visit more. o Different manufacturers are introducing numerous AR applications which present gamers with new ways to interact with the real world. The rise in the number of mobile gamers has also created a demand for augmented reality games. 43 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies A B Figure 2.23 Example of augmented reality (A) and virtual reality (B) in entertainment Activity 2.5 1. Describe the difference between Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality. 2. Discuss among your class mates which technology, between AR and VR, is more practical in your particular context. Demonstrate or discuss the features and share what you like about them. Make also suggestions for improvements. 2.3. Data Science The amount of data that is being generated by organizations from different sources is growing exponentially. In order to properly utilize such an enormous amount of data in a manner that ensures competitiveness, an appropriate type of approach or method on how to use data is required. Data science provides the tools and techniques that are used by organizations to take advantage of the vast amount of data that they own. Data Science is a blend of tools, algorithms, and machine learning (ML) principles used to discover and extract hidden patterns. It is an interdisciplinary field that 44 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies includes areas such as statistics, mathematics, and computer science. Data science employs various tools at different stages in finding valuable solutions. A professional who is charged with the responsibilities of the activities involved in data science is known as a data scientist. Data scientists use different types of algorithms to turn data into useful insights. Figure 2.24 Data science disciplines The concept of big data is strongly associated with data science. Big data refers to a huge volume of data that cannot be processed using traditional methods, and it is characterized by volume, variety, and velocity. For example, in 2020 Facebook generated 4 petabytes of data every day — that is a million gigabytes. Data science applies mathematical and statistical approaches and computer tools for processing big data. Figure 2.25 Characteristics of big data The insights generated through data science tools and techniques apply to almost all fields. In manufacturing, for example, data science can be used to forecast product demand that will be used to determine the precise amount of raw material 45 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies that needs to be ordered. The personalization of information on social media is achieved through the use of data science tools on the massive amount of data that social media companies collect from their users. Weather predictions in the agricultural sector, preventive medicine in health care, and risk management in business are but a few examples to mention about the areas where data science has improved results to a great extent. The application of data science in sites like social networking sites involves the collection of large amounts of user data. But this sometimes creates tension with the issue of privacy, especially in countries where there are strong privacy regulations. Data anonymization and data generalization are some of the ways suggested for tackling issues of data protection and privacy. Data anonymization refers to removing personally identifiable information from data, while data generalization is about bunching data into broad categories such as age groups and geographical areas. As these approaches limit the level of insight that companies generate from data, privacy remains to be a contentious issue. Activity 2.6 1. Discuss among your class mates on the exponential growth of data in today’s business environment and its implications. 2. How much of your personal data are you willing to allow social media companies to use? 46 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Unit Summary In this unit, you have learnt about: what is meant by Emerging Technologies what Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the branches of AI the wide range of application areas of AI what Machine Learning is what robots are and their applications in various areas Natural Language Processing (NLP) and its applications what expert systems are and the three components of expert systems namely, user interface, knowledge base, and inference engine what Augmented Reality is what Virtual Reality is the difference between Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality the various application areas of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality what Data Science is and the areas of applications 47 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Key Terms Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science concerned with the design of systems that mimic human intelligence Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that enhances the real world by overlaying a computer-generated digital data Big Data is a data characterized by large size (volume), diverse sets of information (variety), and exponential growth rate (velocity) Data Science is an interdisciplinary field with a blend of tools and algorithms that discovers and extracts hidden data Emerging Technology is a fast-evolving and developing technology with a prominent socio-economic impact Expert system is a computer program that emulates human experts Internet of Things (IoT) is an interrelated Internet-connected objects that exchange data without human intervention Machine Learning is a study of computer algorithms that enable the computer to learn from data and improve itself Natural Language Processing (NLP) is a branch of AI that deals with enabling computers with understanding human language Robotics is a study of machines called robots that substitute tasks that are traditionally done by human beings Social Media is a medium that facilitates socializing through virtual networks Virtual Reality (VR) is a technology that creates a three-dimensional computer-generated simulation environment 48 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Review Questions Part I: Write True if the statment is correct and False if it is incorrect. 1. Growth in computer power is one reason for the popularity of AI today. 2. It is practical to process the entire data of social media without the help of AI. 3. Virtual Reality is no different from Augmented Reality. 4. Data science has no challenge regarding privacy. 5. Big data is something that cannot be managed using traditional data processing approaches. Part II: Match the items given under column B with associated items in column A A B 1. Application of NLP a. Virtual Reality 2. Blend of virtual and real world b. Sentiment Analysis 3. Bunching data into broad categories c. Augmented Reality 4. MYCIN d. Datata generalization 5. A fully immersive experience e. Big data f. Expert Systems g. Data Science Part III: Fill in the blank spaces 1. The process of de-identifying users from a data set is called _________. 2. One example of application of AI that can be implemented in a supermarket is ____________. 3. One example of an AI system that is used in customer service is ______. 4. A robot that NASA uses in the International Space Station is called ___. 5. The device used to capture input of an Augmented Reality is __________. 49 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-2 Emerging Technologies Part IV: Discussion Questions. 1. Explain some of the ways in which AI contributes to the healthcare sector. 2. Discuss how AI can improve life in a smart home. 3. Explain ways in which AR and VR can make learning an interactive and fun experience. 50 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT DATABASE MANAGEMENT 3 Learning Outcomes At the end of this unit, students will be able to: Define database Explain data models Describe data management approaches Recognize database entities, attributes and relationships Develop data models with Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) Create and manage databases using Microsoft Access Unit Overview Database management is a method used to organize data in a more effective way for easy management and use of data. In this unit you will learn the basics of database modelling and management. The unit covers concept of database, file- based and database approaches, relational data models, relational database, and database management with Microsoft Access. 3.1. Data Management Approaches Brainstorming 3.1 Discuss the types of data schools capture and how they manage it to run their day-to-day activities. Data management is an integral part of our daily lives. Traditionally, data used to be managed manually using physical papers. As the size of data that organizations manage become larger and larger, computers have become instrumental for efficient 51 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management management of data (see Figure. 3.1). The first computer-based data management is a file-based data management approach. The database approach was introduced later and addressed the inherent weaknesses of the file-based approach. Figure 3.1: Paper-based vs Computerized systems 3.1.1 File based data management File-based data management is an approach in which data is stored in separate files without explicit relationships (see Figure. 3.2). Data in different files is managed by different application programs. Any change to data requires modification of the program that uses the data. Changes made on the program may also require change in the file structure. In file-based data management approach, each department creates and processes its own files separately. For example, procurement and finance departments create and manage their own files. Figure 3.2: Architecture of the file-based data management The file-based data management approach creates problems of data duplication and data inconsistency. For example, let us say employee data is stored both in human resource and finance departments. When human resource department modifies 52 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management the employee records upon hiring new employees, it may not communicate the information to the finance department. As a result, different information about employees would be found in one organization. Such types of contradictions are caused by the fact that data in one file is not linked to data in other files of the same organization in the file-based approach. The isolation of data also makes retrieval of data of the entire organization a very difficult task. These problems led to the development of the database approach. Figure 3.3: Data redundancy in different departments Activity 3.1 1. Discuss the file-based data management approach. 2. Discuss the main limitations of the file-based approach to management of data in an organization 3.1.2 Database approach to data management In the database approach to data management, data is managed by a database using a database management system (DBMS) software. A database is a collection of logically-related data. It stores all organization’s data in one repository. A database is created to address the data requirements of different user groups and application programs in an organization. Database is an essential resource to every organization. It is used to maintain internal records of organizations such as student records for schools, customer records and daily sales records for supermarkets, patient database for hospitals and the like (see Figure. 3.4). Data in the database are used to generate different information that are 53 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management used in the daily business activities. For example, the salesman in a supermarket uses database to generate daily or monthly sales reports. Hospitals may generate report that shows the most frequent disease types in the last year. Figure 3.4: Databases for different organizations DBMS is software that manages databases. DBMS is used to add new data, modify data and delete data in the database. It is also used to retrieve data from the database. DBMS essentially serves as an interface between the database and end users or application programs. It ensures that data is easily accessed by potential users. The database management process has three main components (see Figure 3.5). At the bottom is the database which stores the actual data. In the middle is a DBMS which manages the database. At the top of the DBMS are application programs that use the database. The application programs submit database query to the DBMS. Then, the DBMS retrieves data that matches the queries and replies retrieved data to the application programs. Figure 3.5: Database Architecture 54 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management The database approach to data management provides many advantages to the organization. Some of the advantages are: Data independence: A database is created to store all organization data and support all users of the organization. Each user or department does not need to manage its own isolated data. Data sharing: all organization’s data is stored in one central database. DBMS allows this central database to be accessed by different users. Avoiding data redundancy: Isolated departmental files are stored in one central database. The DBMS can retrieve data from multiple tables so as to meet the requirement of different database users or application programs. Improved data security: Data in the database is accessed only by authorized users. Only users who are given data access right can access and modify data in the database. Activity 3.2 1. What are the benefits of a database as compared to file-based data man- agement approach? 2. Why do organizations need to store data in the database? 3. What is the purpose of the DBMS? 3.2. Data Model Data model of a database is the blue print of the database. It is used as a guide to store data in a database. It shows database entities, attributes and the relationships between the entities. It also specifies what data to store in the database. For example, a school database stores data about students and teachers. It does not need to store data about patients or traffic accidents. These data do not have relevance to the school’s day-to-day activities. Likewise, hospitals store data about patients and physicians. 55 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management 3.2.1 Basic Concepts in Data Modelling The basic concepts of entity, relationship and attribute are discussed below: Entities are basically people, places or events about which you want to store data. For example, banks may keep data about customers and bank account entities. Similarly, a library may have entities like book, loan and borrower. Entities are equivalent to tables when implemented in the database. Attributes are properties of an entity that are used to differentiate one entity from other entity. For example, customer entity may have customer id, name, sex and address as its attributes. On the other hand, book entity may have author name, book title and publication year as its attributes. The two entities have different attributes because they are different entities. A relationship is an association between entities. For example, customer has account in a bank. The verb ‘has’ indicates the relationship between customer and bank account entities. The relationship between entities can take different forms: One-to-one relationship: An instance of an entity has only one instance in the other entity with which it is associated (see Figure 3.8). For example, a country and a capital city. A country is associated with one capital city, and a capital city is associated with only one country. Figure 3.7: One-to-one relationship type Notes Instance of an entity refers to a single occurrence of an entity. For example, “Addis Ababa” is an instance of the entity “City”. 56 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management One-to-many relation: An instance in one entity is associated with many instances in the other related entity (see Figure 3.8). For example, a department called ‘Computer Science’ is associated with multiple students. Figure 3.8: One-to-many relationship type Many-to-many relationship: Instances on both sides of the relationship are associated with multiple instances of the other entity (see Figure 3.9). For example, an employee may work in multiple projects. At the same time, a project may have multiple employees assigned to it. Figure 3.9: Many-to-many relationship type Activity 3.3 Explain the differences between entities, attributes, and relationships. 3.2.2 Entity Relationship Diagram One of the popular representation tools for data model is Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). ERD is used to visually represent a data model. It has three main components discussed in Section 3.2.1, namely entity, attribute and relationship. Entities are represented as a rectangle and relationships as a line to show the association between entities. Attributes are represented as ellipses. The names of entities and attributes are placed inside the rectangle and the ellipse respectively. The names of relationships, on the other hand, are placed right on top of the line. 57 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management Figure 3.10 shows an example of ERD that shows the association between a student and book entities and their respective attributes. Figure 3.10 Entity Relationship Diagram As Figure 3.10 shows, student entity has student_id, name, age and address attributes. On the other hand, book entity has book_id, book_title, publication_year attributes. The two entities are related by ‘borrows’ relationship. Activity 3.4 1. Describe the purpose of ERD. 2. Assume that teachers are assigned to a class schedule in your school. The Teacher entity has teacher_id, name, sex, and specialization attributes. The Schedule entity has schedule_id, room, period, and section attributes. Con- struct an ERD based on the description given. 3.2.3 Relational Data Model The relational data model represents data in terms of two-dimensional tables called relations. A relation is nothing but a table of rows and columns. Each row, also called a record or tuple, contains a unique instance of data. These rows in the relation denote a real-world entity. The columns in a relation, also known as attributes or fields, are used to describe the properties of relations. Figure 3.11 shows an example of a student relation. 58 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management Student Student Name Sex Grade Address Attribute ID Records ST001 Brook Assefa M 12 Kebel 05 ST002 Chaltu Bayissa F 11 Kebele 01 ST003 Ali Mohammed M 10 Kebel 03 /tuples ST004 Tsion Gabissa F 10 Kebele 01 Figure 3.11 Student relation The relational data model provides conceptual tools to represent a data model of a relational database. A relational data model captures a collection of relations, their attributes, and their relationships. See Figure 3.12. Figure 3.12 Relational data model Notes Figure 3.12 shows that student relation has student_id, sex, grade and address attributes. On the other hand, Book_Loan relation has book_id, student_id and loan_date attributes. Student and Book_Loan relations are related via the student_id attribute that is paced in the Book_Loan_ relation. In the same way, Book relation is related with Book_Loan_ relation via the book_id attribute placed in the Book_Loan_ relation. 59 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management 3.2.4 Relational Database Relational database is a type of database that contains logically related set of tables. The rows in a table are called records, and the columns are called fields or attributes. Relational database is implemented using relational database management system (RDMS) software. The following three tables are used to show implementation of a relational database (see Figure 3.13). Student Primary key  Student ID Name Sex Grade Address ST001 Brook Assefa M 12 Kebele 05 ST002 Chaltu Bayissa F 11 Kebel 13 ST003 Ali Mohammed M 10 Kebele 05 ST004 Tsion Gabissa F 10 Kebele 08 Book loan Primary key Foreign key    Book_Loan_No Book ID Student Loan date ID BL0001 B001 ST001 12/5/2021 BL0002 B002 ST002 10/6/2021 BL0003 B003 ST001 3/12/2021 Book Primary key  Book ID Author Title of book Year B001 Hana Bekle Introduction to Physics 2004 B002 Dania Kedir Organic Chemistry 2015 B003 Kebede Yohannes Java Programming 2020 Figure 3.13 Relational database 60 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management Notes The above three tables in Figure 3.13 have a primary key. A Primary Key is a field which has a unique value for each record. For example, student_ID serves as a primary key for the Student table because no two students can have the same id. The relational database uses Foreign Keys as a navigational link to retrieve data from related tables. A foreign key is an attribute in a table that matches the primary key of another related table. Student_ID and Book_ID in Book_Loan_Table are foreign key. They are used to link Student table and Book table respectively to the Book_Loan table. 61 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management Activity 3.5 Area Code Country Population (Km²) ET Ethiopia 114,963,588 1,000,000 EG Egypt 102,334,404 995,450 TN Tanzania 59,734,218 885,800 KY Kenya 53,771,296 569,140 UG Uganda 45,741,007 199,810 SD Sudan 43,849,260 1,765,048 Source: https://www.worldometers.info City Population Code Addis Ababa 2,757,729 ET Omdurman 1,200,000 SD Cairo 7,734,614 EG Gondar 153,914 ET Jimma 128,306 ET Kisumu 216,479 KY Khartum 1,974,647 SD Mombasa 799,668 KY Nairobi 2,750,547 KY Source: https://worldpopulationreview.com/continents/africa/cities Answer the following questions based on the tables given above. 1. What are the entities in the above tables? Give a name for each table that represents the content of the data. 2. What is the attribute that is used to link the two tables? 3. How many fields does the first table have? 4. List the cities that are found in Kenya. 5. Create a new table that contains country name, city name and city popu- lation attributes. 6. Create an ERD diagram with the relationship type. 62 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management 3.3. Creating Relational Database in Microsoft Access This section explains how to create and manage a database on Microsoft (MS) Access. Relations or entities are represented as database tables. Attributes are represented as table fields. Figure 3.14 shows the required transformation between relations in the relational data model and MS Access database tables. Student entity Student table Attribute name Field name Data type student_id student_id Text student_name student_name Text Sex sex Text Grade grade Number Address address Text Figure 3.14 Transformation of entity into Microsoft Access database table The data type column indicates the type of data to be stored for the respective field. For example, student name field, as shown in Figure 314, has Text data type while grade is assigned Number as its data type. 3.3.1 Creating Microsoft Access Database When you work on Microsoft Access, creating a database is the first step. In MS Access, a database is a container of database objects such as tables, forms, queries and reports. There are different versions of MS Access software to create and manage databases. In this textbook, you will learn how to create and manage database objects using MS Access 2010. In order to create a database, follow the following steps: 1. Open MS Access Software 2. In the main Window, click on Blank database 3. Enter the database name in the File Name input box. (When giving a name to the database, it is highly recommended to use names that properly describe the data stored in the database.) 4. Click on the Create button. 63 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY GRADE 11 ~ STUDENT TEXTBOOK UNIT-3 Database Management After the database is created, another MS Access window is opened where database objects can be created. Before other database objects are created, a table object must be created. A table is a set of fields that store data about a certain entity. We use the following tables in Figure 3.15 for the following practical activities in MS Access. Student Student_ID Sname Sex Age Grade_level ST0001 Brook Assefa M 17 11 ST0002 Chaltu Bayissa F 18 12 ST0003 Giday Hagos M 15 9 ST0004 Nejat Mohammed F 17 11 ST0005 Hailu Mekonnen M 16 9 ST0006 Kedir Ali M 18 12 Teacher Teacher_ID tname sex age specialization T0001 Oljira Kuma M 42 Biology T0002 Hagos Kiros F 35 Chemistry T0003 Rediet Assefa F 28 Mathematics T0004 Ahmed Yusuf M 27 Physics T0005 Delebo Nurye M 26 IT Grade Student ID Teacher_ID subject grade ST0001 T0001 Biology 75 ST0001 T0002 Chemistry 86 ST0002 T0002 Chemi

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