Fungi 1 PDF

# General Characteristics of Fungi ## Topics - Etymology - Introduction - Origin - General Characteristics of Fungi - References ## Etymology - The word fungus (plural fungi) is derived from the Latin word 'fungus' meaning ("mushroom") which in turn is derived from the Greek word 'sphongos' to des...

# General Characteristics of Fungi ## Topics - Etymology - Introduction - Origin - General Characteristics of Fungi - References ## Etymology - The word fungus (plural fungi) is derived from the Latin word 'fungus' meaning ("mushroom") which in turn is derived from the Greek word 'sphongos' to describe eukaryotic organisms that are spore-bearing, have absorptive nutrition, lack chlorophyll, and reproduce both sexually and asexually. - The study of fungi is called as mycology. - The person who studies about fungi are called as mycologists. - The study of fungal toxins and their effects is called as mycotoxicology. - The diseases called by fungi in animals are called as mycoses. ## Introduction - Fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. - These organisms come separately under the kingdom Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, protists, and bacteria. - This is because of the difference in the fungal cell wall which consists of chitin whereas others consist of cellulose, peptidoglycan etc. - Mycology has often been regarded as a branch of botany, even though it is a separate kingdom in biological taxonomy. - Genetic studies have shown that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants. ## Origin - Three billion years - Hippocrates- Cauterization - Tinder Fungi- "Surgeon's Agaric" - Hallucinogenic Fungi- Heart of the Sahara desert - Founder of Modern Mycological Science- Pier Antonio Micheli. - Giacomo Bresadola- taxonomy and mycological diffusion. ## General Characteristics of Fungi - **Ecology** - **Morphology** - Size - Structure - Thallus - Hyphae - Colony Morphology - Form - Size - Elevation - Margin - Surface - Opacity - Color - **Physiology** - Nutrition - Heterotrophic - Carbon source - Nitrogen source - Oxygen requirement - Parameters - Temperature - pH - Light - Antibiotic Susceptibility - Resistance - Sensitive - **Classification** - By International Society of Protistologists (2005), fungi is classified into 8 subclass viz., - Chytritiomycota - Zygomycota - Ascomycota - Basidiomycota - Urediniomycota - Ustilaginomycota - Glomeromycota - Microsporidia - **Reproduction** - Sexual - Asexual ## Fungal Lifecycle This is a diagram explaining the fungal lifecycle. It shows the transitions between spores, germination, sexual and asexual fruiting, conidia, mycelium and sexual union. ## Asexual Reproduction - Budding This is a diagram detailing the steps of budding in yeast. Buds may separate or remain attached (Saccharomyces). ## Germination of Asexual Spores - Zoosporangium with zoospores - Thick-walled intercalary and terminal chlamydospores - Conidiophore and conidia - Different types of conidia ## Sexual Reproduction This is a diagram detailing the steps of sexual reproduction in fungi. It shows gametangia, progametangia, a suspensor, fertilization, a zygote, a zygospore, germination, meiosis and a sporangium.