Fundamentals Exam Review PDF

Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 1. the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing: stress incontinence 2. -infectious agent -reservoir -portal of exit...

Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 1. the inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing: stress incontinence 2. -infectious agent -reservoir -portal of exit -mode of transmission -portal of entry -susceptible host: chain of infection 3. microorganisms that normally reside on the skin, mucous membranes, and inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: resident flora 4. microbes that reside on the skin surface and are easily removed: transient flora 5. include: -bacteria -viruses -fungi -protozoa normally found in and on tissues: chain of infection: infectious agent 6. ability to produce disease: virulence 7. a place where a pathogen can survive but may not multiply needs all of the following: -food -oxygen (or no oxygen) -water -appropriate temperature and Ph -minimal light: chain of infection: reservoir 8. The path by which the pathogen leaves the reservoir -body openings -breaks in skin -breaks in mucous membranes 1 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj -pathogens carried through portals by blood, body fluids, excretions and secretions: chain of infection: portal of exit 9. method by which MO are transmitted from reservoir to host MO can be transmitted in many ways certain diseases tend to be transmitted more commonly by specific mode possible via multiple modes: -contact transmission (direct and indirect) -droplet -airborne -vehicles (contaminated water or food) -vectors (animals): chain of infection: mode of transmission 10. organisms can enter the body by the same routes that they can exit -skin -respiratory tract -GI tract -reproductive tract -blood: chain of infection: portal of entry 11. degree of resistance/susceptibility to a pathogen resistance increased by immunizations and actual contracting of the disease- : chain of infection: susceptible host 12. includes procedures used to eliminate all MO from an area including spores, from and object or area: surgical asepsis 13. includes procedures used to reduce the number of and prevent the spread of MO: medical asepsis 14. 1. Before initial patient/patient environment contact 2. Before aseptic procedure 2 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 3. After body fluid exposure risk 4. After patient/patient environment contact: 4 moments of hand hygiene 15. gloves and gown required upon room entry use dedicated equipment or disinfect before use with another MRSA VRE C.Diff: contact precautions 16. wear a mask and eye protection with 2m of resident gloves and gown must be worn upon room entry Patient must wear mask if they leave the room dedicated equipment or use disinfectant before use with another eg. pneumonia, respiratory illness: droplet precautions 17. keep door closed and negative pressure wear N95 mask, fit tested ands seal checked with respiratory for TB transport patient if necessary, patient to wear procedure mask for treatment staff wear an N95 respiratory as per direction above transport: airborne pre- cautions 18. providing direct care to patients with suspected or confirmed Covid-19 recommended PPE -medical mask or N95 respirator -isolation gown -gloves -eye protection: covid precautions 19. used to protect immunocompromised patients when their immune system is not working properly MO can be carried on the equipment, air, HCP uniform 3 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj everyone will need to wear: -mask -gown -gloves anyone who is sick, should not enter the room: reverse isolation precautions 20. HH gown mask goggles gloves: donning PPE 21. gloves gown HH goggles mask HH: doffing PPE 22. interval between initial infection and first signs and symptoms: incubation period 23. interval from onset of nonspecific signs and symptoms to more specific symptoms: prodromal stage 24. interval when patient manifests signs and symptoms specific to type of infection: illness stage 25. interval when acute symptoms disappear. Total recovery could take days to months.: convalescence 26. A tool for predicting pressure ulcer risk- lower number means higher risk: braden scale 27. occupied bed occupied bed surgical bed: 3 types of beds 28. 1-head and face 2-neck 3-arm closest to you: 4 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj -clean to dirty -move to other side, complete other arm -then change water (distal to proximal) 4-chest and abdomen-draped/warm 5-leg closest to you 6-other leg-move to other side 7-feet in basin-not always possible 8-reposition to cleanse the back-neck to lower back, at times may need to do back of legs at this time -neck to lower back, back of legs, then buttocks -may need to consider changing water 9-buttocks 10-perineum: bathing order 29. cleanse front to back, start when patient is supine, or cleanse when they are lateral lying: washing the perineum: female 30. cleanse in a circular motion, start whenn patient is supine start at tip of penis and cleanse outward to the base rinse and dry gently: washing the perineum: male 31. -wash cloth in sink with little water -warm water to wash -proper removal/insertion -label container: denture considerations 32. -Pt identifiers -HH gloves -raise bed to working height 5 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj -test for gag reflex -careful when washing -tongue -carefully separate upper and lower teeth with padded tongue blade by insert- ing blade, quickly but gently between back molars: mouth care for unconscious patient 33. -promote independence -shave in the direction of the hair -use longer strokes on the larger areas of the face. -use shorter strokes around the chin and lips -ask patient how they shave, what works?: shaving a patient 34. feet should be cleaned, dried, lubricated with lotion (but not between the toes), and inspected frequently supine position - alleviate pressure on the heels by elevating lower legs on a pillow, the heels positioned over the edge of pillow seated in a chair - position feet so that no pressure on heels if ulcer on one foot - provide preventive care to the unaffected foot and special care to affected foot.: diabetes foot care 35. tool used to identify risk factors for falls in hospitalized patients-higher number means higher risk: morse fall scale 36. medical aid to classify stool. -types 1 and 2 indicate constipation -types 3 and 4 indicate ideal stools -types 5, 6 and 7 indicate diarrhea. always look at your own stool. It is important to know what your normal is and what should be normal.: bristol stool chart 37. temperature pulse respirations blood pressure O2 saturation: vital signs 38. : temperature conversion 6 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 39. radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation: methods of heat loss 40. -byproduct of metabolism -muscular activity -BMR -Hormone production -fever: methods of heat production 41. Process of maintaining an internal temperature within a tolerable range.: - thermoregulation 42. -age -exercise -circadian rhythm -stress -environment -alteration in body -temperature: factors affecting body temperature 43. a fever-producing substance: pyrogen 44. reduces fever: antipyretic 45. high fever: hyperpyrexia 46. fever: febrile 47. sustained, intermittent, remittent, relapsing: patterns of a fever 48. oral rectal axillary tympanic: temperature assessment 7 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 49. -side lying, modified left lateral, upper leg flexed -lubrication -dominant hand holds thermometer -insertion in direction of umbilicus-3.5cm -resistance-stop and withdraw: rectal temperature 50. smoked, chewed gum, hot or cold foods/liquids: what factors affect oral temperature 51. -check for cerumen -pull pinna backward, up and out -point towards nose: tympanic temperature 52. center of patients armpit, no skin lesions: axilla temperature 53. Heat exhaustion- Caused by excessive loss of water and salt through sweating -Profuse Sweating -Pale, cool, ashen skin -weak, rapid pulse Heatstroke- most dangerous, body's temp regulation system shuts down -Body temperature of 105°or more -Hot, red skin -Initially rapid, strong pulse: heat exhaustion vs heat stroke 54. palpable bounding of blood flow felt at different points on the body: pulse 55. the amount of blood that enters the aorta with each ventricular contrac- tion: stroke volume 56. volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute equals heart rate x stroke volume: cardiac output 57. temporal carotid apical brachial radial 8 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj ulnar femoral popliteal posterior tibial dorsalis pedis: pulse assessment sites 58. rate rhythm volume bilateral symmetry: characteristics of a pulse 59. Lub: closing of both AV valves during ventricular systole Dub: closing of both semilunar valves during ventricular diastole: Lub-dub heart sound 60. difference between the apical and radial pulse rates when the heart fails to transmit a pulse to the periphery of body due to contraction being inefficient: pulse deficit 61. regular or irregular regular interval between beats is normal: pulse rhythm 62. when the interval is interrupted by an early, late or missed beat, and signify an abnormal rhythm -best to use apical pulse when found -can be described as: regularly irregular or irregularly irregular: dysrhythmia 63. pulse strength reflects the volume of blood ejected against the wall of the artery with each contraction of the heart Graded: absent-0 weak-1+ normal-2+ bounding-3+: pulse strength 9 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 64. pulses are the same on each side both pulses should be equal pulse may be absent or unequal from one side to another (due to thrombus) all symmetrical pulses can be assessed simultaneously EXCEPT the carotid pulse: bilateral symmetry 65. find the point of maximal impulse (PMI) locate angle of Louis and move down to the left 5th intercostal space, laterally midline, close to the apex: apical pulse 66. Inhalation and exhalation of air.: respiration 67. rate, rhythm, depth: characteristics of breathing 68. P- Pulmonary Bronchial Constriction P- Possible Foreign Body P- Pulmonary Embolus P- Pneumothorax P- Pump Failure P- Pneumonia: 6 P's of Dyspnea 69. absence of breathing: apnea 70. slow: brady 71. fast: tachy 72. The measure of the percentage of oxygen molecules that are bound to hemoglobin in arterial blood.: oxygen saturation (SpO2) 73. the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and re RBCs: diffusion 74. the distribution of RBCs to and from the pulmonary capillaries: perfusion 75. an external monitor placed on the patient's fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood: pulse oximeter 76. The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them: blood pressure (BP) 77. when the heart contracts and forces blood into the aorta: systolic 10 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 78. when the ventricles relax: diastolic 79. a brief period when Korotkoff sounds disappear during auscultation of blood pressure; common with hypertension: auscultatory gap 80. difference between systolic and diastolic pressure normal is 30-50 mmHg- : pulse pressure 81. low blood pressure that occurs within 3 mins of standing up: orthostatic hypotension 82. NPO clear liquid full liquid thickened liquid pureed mechanical soft soft or low residue high fiber low sodium low cholesterol diabetic regualr gluten free: Therapeutic diets 83. can make chewing difficult chop foods finely to reduce chewing offer softer foods select foods carefully: ill-fitting dentures when eating 84. difficulty swallowing: dysphagia 85. -coughing or choking -needing to swallow several times after each bite -constant drooling -food leaking from the mouth 11 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj -pocketing food -complaining of feeling something stuck in throat -unexplained weight loss -gurgling voice resisting being fed: S/S of dysphagia 86. use clock method, guide hands, if feeding tell him what is on spoon/fork, dark tray or cloth: feeding visually impaired 87. -establish and follow routine -avoid distractions -provide lots of encouragement -give simple instructions -offer only one plate and utensil at a time -finger foods are easier -bowl is easier than plate -fill cups half full -ensure foods and fluids are not too hot -cut into small bites -stay close when eating: feeding confused patients 88. -toilet first, wash hands -patient to sit upright -assits putting on glasses or hearing aids -protect clothes with apron -be aware of dietary restrictions: before feeding meals 89. muscle atrophy -give high calorie diet decreased appetite -assess clients food preferences, food intake should be assessed, dietary consult: impacts and interventions: mobility of patient-metabolic 90. decreased lung expansion -deep breathing and coughing every 1-2 hrs, use incentive spirometry, repo- sition every 2 hrs stasis of pulmonary secretions -respiratory assessment to detect abnormalities, adequate intake, position changes, chest physiotherapy maintaining patient airway 12 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj -deep breathing and coughing, adequate fluid intake: impacts and interventions: mobility of patient-respiratory 91. increased cardiac workload -educate about valsalva maneuver and breath out when defecating, monitor vital signs orthostatic hypotension -monitor signs, change positions slowly, get client moving as quick as possi- ble if condition allows thrombus formation -prophylaxis, early ambulation, leg exercises, assessment for potential forma- tion, educate client: impacts and interventions: mobility of patient-cardiovascular 92. joint contractures -ROM, use devices to prevent muscle atrophy -proper diet, isotonic exercises, physical therapy referral: impacts and interven- tions: mobility of patient-musculoskeletal 93. skin breakdown: impacts and interventions: mobility of patient-skin 94. decreased peristalsis: impacts and interventions: mobility of patient-elimina- tion 95. cradle/foot boots abduction pillow trochanter rolls hand rolls foot boards sand or water bags hand wrist splints trapeze bar side rails bed boards wedges pillows: supportive devices 96. -assess the environment -plan the move -ensure proper body mechanics: 13 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj -work in your comfort zone -tuck elbows, effective grip palms up -use a wider base of support to increase stability -bend at your knees and stand up straight -lower the center of gravity to increase stability -face the direction of movement -avoid lifting ,if possible, instead use leverage, rolling, turning and pivoting -push object rather than pull -avoid friction -use assistive devices: body mechanics 97. the method used to turn a patient with a spinal injury, in which the patient is moved to the side in one motion: log roll 98. manner of walking: gait 99. can do a 3 person lift in tight quarters but the lift sheet is preferred. place the stretcher alongside the bed. ensure the wheels are locked on both inform the client of what you are going to do and ask them to assist if possible have 2 nurses position themselves on the stretcher side, and 1 nurse on the bed side use the lift sheet to slide the person from the bed over to the stretcher: transfer from bed to stretcher 100. : supportive devices for patient 101. it can increase comfort, improve ventilation, increase ability to social- ize/relax -difficulty breathing -heart problems -eating -watching tv: when to use supported fowlers 102. used for hip surgery people tend to sleep in this position after spinal anesthetic: when to use dorsal recumbent/supine 14 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 103. allows full extension of hips and knees prevents flexion contraction of hips and knees promotes mouth drainage following surgeries of oral cavity or throat can be used in some patients with pulmonary conditions: when to use prone 104. preferred for rest and sleep relieves pressure on sacrum and heels used when there is a sensory or motor involvement on one side: when to use lateral/side lying 105. facilitates oral drainage in unconscious patient reduces pressure on lumbar and sacral area comfortable for pregnant women for administering an enema: when to use semi prone/sims position 106. tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body: urethra 107. Decreased urine output: oliguria 108. absence of urine: anuria 109. final phase of kidney disease: ESRD (end stage renal disease) 110. excessive urination: polyuria 111. increased formation and secretion of urine: diuresis 112. agent that increases urine output: diuretic 113. excessive urination at night: nocturia 114. ischuria: dribbling of urine 115. inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis: pyelonephritis 116. bacteria in the urine: bacteriuria 117. urine that remains in the bladder after urination: residual urine 118. inability to control bladder and/or bowels: incontinence 119. painful urination: dysuria 120. inflammation of the bladder: cystitis 121. blood in the urine: hematuria 122. voiding at frequent intervals: urinary frequency 123. preservation; withholding: retention 124. surgical creation of an alternate route for excretion of urine: urinary diver- sion 125. opening: stoma 126. the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements- : urinalysis 127. catheter associated urinary tract infection: cauti 128. urination: micturition 129. tube for injecting or removing fluids: catheter 15 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 130. catheter inserted into the bladder through a small abdominal incision above the pubic area: suprapubic catheter 131. A catheter that has an attachment on the end that fits onto the penis, also called an external or ''Texas'' catheter.: condom catheter 132. a crust or hard coating on the surface of something: encrustation 133. ratio of a mineral's weight compared with the weight of an equal volume of water: specific gravity 134. moisture-associated skin breakdown caused by prolonged contact of the skin with urine or feces: incontinence associated dermatitis 135. the amount of urine left in the bladder after urination: post void residual 136. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra: urinary system 137. Females: 5 cm Males: 20 cm: urethra length 138. Disease conditions -nervous system -neurological diseases -spinal cord impairment -cognitive impairment -pre-renal, renal and post-renal alterations: factors influencing urination 139. -Disease conditions -Fluid balance -Medications -Pelvic floor muscles -Diagnostic examinations -surgical procedures -psychosocial factors: factors affecting urination 140. -dysuria -fever, chills, nausea, vomiting and malaise -sense of urgency if bladder is infected -blood-tinged urine due to irritation of bladder/urethral mucosa -cloudy, foul smelling urine and change in urine colour of -if infection has spread to upper urinary tract, pt may complain of flank or lower back pain, tenderness, fever and chills: Symptoms of UTI 141. -common cause of HAIs -results in additional hospital days, disease and death -catheters should ONLY be inserted because of clinical indication -incontinence or convenience for nurses are NOT acceptable reasons to insert a catheter-requires a doctor;s order -should be removed as soon as possible: Catheter associated UTI 16 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj 142. the loss of urine in response to a sudden, urgent need to void; the person cannot get to a toilet in time: urge incontinence 143. involuntary loss of urine associated with overdistention and overflow of the bladder: overflow incontinence 144. the combination of stress incontinence and urge incontinence: mixed incontinence 145. assess for -pH -presence of protein -glucose -blood -specific gravity -sample should be examined as soon as possible after collection (2 hrs) -when checking for protein, the first voided specimen in the morning is pre- ferred -nurses can quickly screes a patients urine with reagent strips that get dipped into the urine and observed for colour change Collection: -random specimen-collected any time during normal voiding into a clean specimen cup -clean-voided/midstream specimen-also collected in a sterile specimen cup -catheter specimen-collected through port using aseptic technique into a sterile container: routine urinalysis 146. *also read picture cultured to allow growth of bacteria-takes 24-48 hrs -tested for sensitivity to antibiotics -use of broad spectrum of of antibiotics while waiting results -results can necessitate a change in antibiotic 17 / 22  Fundamentals Exam Review-based on Jen's PP, still editing** Study online at https://quizlet.com/_g7jnyj -assess voiding status and understanding of procedure -explain and provide privacy -instruct patient to cleanse perineum -HH and gloves -assist non-ambulatory with with peri-care and bedpan -use surgical asepsis -cleanse with antiseptic soaked cotton balls: Urine for Culture and Sensitivity (C&S) 147. -ask the patient to void at regular, pre specified intervals throughout the day based on maximum intervals in bladder diary (1.25hrs) -gradually increase the interval by 15-30 mins per week as tolerated until an acceptable pattern is achieved. -patient will need prompting and support from caregivers to undertake this: - bladder training 148. -hormones -creatinine clearance -protein quantity -2, 12, 0r 24 hr samples -begin after a void -void into clean receptacle -urine transferred to collection container -free of feces or toilet paper -miss a specimen and start over -follow agency policy: timed urine specimen-composite specimen collection 149. intake and output -hourly of