Fundamentals of Nursing Prelim Reviewer PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER What is Nursing? Nursing as an Art and Science Nursing Nursing as an Art:  is not simply a collection of specific skills  Delivering care artfully with compassion,...

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER What is Nursing? Nursing as an Art and Science Nursing Nursing as an Art:  is not simply a collection of specific skills  Delivering care artfully with compassion, nor just a person trained to perform respect, and dignity for each client. specific tasks. Nursing as a Science: Profession  Nursing is grounded in a continually  A profession is an occupation that requires evolving body of knowledge, driven by new special knowledge, skill, and preparation. discoveries. Difference between a job and a profession: Art + Science = Provision of high-quality care.  Although no single factor absolutely Caring differentiates them, the distinction lies in  Caring is a universal phenomenon how you practice. influencing human interactions.  To act professionally, a nurse administers Is Caring Teachable? care in a conscientious and knowledgeable  Caring is shaped by culture, values, manner and is responsible to both experiences, and relationships. themselves and others.  People who do not experience care may Primary Characteristics of a Profession find it hard to act in caring ways. Extended Education: Characteristics of Nursing  A profession requires an extended  Promotes health for individuals, families, education of its members, as well as a and communities. basic liberal foundation.  Nursing is caring and involves close  An approach to learning that empowers personal contact with the recipient of care. individuals and prepares them to deal with  Nurses focus on physiological, complexity, diversity, and change. psychological, and sociological aspects of Theoretical Body of Knowledge: human beings.  A profession has a theoretical body of  Personalized services for all, regardless of knowledge leading to defined skills, race, creed, or social status. abilities, and norms.  Involves nurses in ethical, legal, and  Helps students develop a sense of social political issues in healthcare delivery. responsibility and strong, transferable Focus of Nursing intellectual skills such as communication,  Focus on human responses to both actual analytical, and problem-solving abilities. and potential health problems.  Demonstrates the ability to apply  Health-restoring responses: Reactions to knowledge and skills in real-world settings. existing health problems or illness. Provides a Specific Service:  Health-supporting responses: Concerns  A profession provides a specific service. about potential health problems. Autonomy in Decision-Making:  Nurses work with both sick and well  Members of a profession have autonomy individuals, as human responses to health in decision-making and practice. change dynamically. Code of Ethics: Professional Qualities of a Nurse  The profession as a whole has a code of  Education: Must have a Bachelor of ethics for practice. Science degree in nursing. Criteria of a Profession  Licensing: Must be licensed to practice  Provides a needed service to society. nursing in their country.  Advances knowledge in the field.  Must be fit for practice.  Protects its members and ensures effective practice. BSN1 - SNR 1  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER  A professional nurse is someone who has Expanded Roles of Nurses completed basic nursing education and Nurse Practitioner: holds a valid license to practice.  Advanced education, certified in various Personal Qualities of a Nurse specialties (e.g., Family Nurse Practitioner,  Compassionate: Deep awareness and Pediatric Nurse Practitioner). sympathy for others' suffering. Clinical Nurse Specialist:  Respectful: Maintaining patient dignity in  Advanced education, expert in a their vulnerable state. specialized area, involved in direct care,  Calm Under Pressure: Ability to make education, consultation, and research. quick, rational decisions in stressful  Ex: Gerontology, Oncology situations. Nurse Anesthetist:  Detail-Oriented: Meticulous attention to  Advanced education in anesthesiology, the smallest details. provides anesthesia services under  Good Communicator: Clear physician supervision. communication with patients, colleagues, Nurse Midwife: and others.  Advanced education in midwifery, provides  Knowledgeable: Strong understanding of prenatal, postnatal, and delivery care. clinical knowledge, critical thinking, and Nurse Researcher: patient care.  Investigates nursing issues to enhance care, typically requires advanced education. Roles & Responsibilities of a Professional Nurse Administrator: Nurse  Manages client care, staffing, budgeting,  Caregiver: Provides physical and and program planning. psychological care, preserving client dignity. Nurse Educator:  Communicator: Identifies and  Teaches in educational institutions or communicates client issues to the clinical settings. healthcare team. Nurse Entrepreneur:  Client Advocate: Protects the client and  Manages a healthcare-related business or represents their needs to other service. professionals. Scope of Nursing Practice  Counselor: Helps clients manage Republic Act 9173 (Philippine Nursing Act of psychological or social problems. 2002). Approved on October 21, 2002.  Change Agent: Assists clients in behavioral  Its primary aim is to provide a sound modifications and contributes to system general and professional foundation for changes. the practice of nursing through quality  Teacher: Educates clients about health and nursing education. necessary care procedures.  Covers a wide range of nursing activities,  Leader: Influences others to accomplish a including care across all stages of life and specific goal. health, both independently and as part of a  Manager: Manages nursing care and healthcare team. delegates tasks to others. Sec. 28 - Scope of Nursing Practice  Case Manager: Works with healthcare a person shall be considered as practicing teams to manage care plans and monitor nursing when: outcomes.  Singly or in collaboration with others, the  Research Consumer: Uses and participates nurse initiates and performs nursing in research to improve care. services for individuals, families, and communities in any healthcare setting. BSN1 - SNR 2  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER The practice includes, but is not limited to, Nursing in Education nursing care during various life stages, such as:  Requires a master’s degree, along with at  Conception, Labor and delivery. Infancy, least two years of clinical experience. childhood, toddler, preschool, school age, EVOLUTION OF NURSING adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Timeline:  Independent Practitioners: Nurses are  Nursing At Its Beginning primarily responsible for promoting health  Nursing In The Early 20th Century and preventing illness.  Nursing Leaders Of The 20th Century  Collaborative Practice: As members of the  Nursing Science And Theory In The Late healthcare team, nurses collaborate with 20th Century other healthcare providers for:  Nursing In The Philippines  Curative, preventive, and rehabilitative care NURSING AT ITS BEGINNING: THE EVOLUTION  Restoration of health In the Old Testament  Alleviation of suffering  Women provide care of children & infants  When recovery is not possible, nurses and in delivery assist in ensuring a peaceful death. In Greece and Rome Code of Ethics for Nurses:  Rely on Mythology  Defines the principles guiding nurses in INTUITIVE PERIOD their practice.  Nursing started as an intuitive way of Basic Principles: caring for the sick members of the family  Advocacy: Advocating for the health,  Nursing was untaught and instinctive. safety, and rights of clients.  Nursing was a function that belonged to  Responsibility: Upholding obligations and women. following through on promises.  It was based on experience and  Accountability: Being answerable for one’s observation. actions. Early Christian Era  Confidentiality: Protecting client’s  women began nursing as an expression of personal health information. Christianity Different Fields in Nursing  acts of mercy Institutional Nursing Rennaisance Period (1500AD-1850AD)  Includes hospital staff nursing in various  The Dark Period of nursing specialized areas (e.g., medical-surgical,  nurses of this period are considered as oncology, pediatrics). “wayward” women of low status who Community Health Nursing become “nurse” instead of going of going  Focuses on understanding and addressing to jail. the health needs of populations.  Poor single women with no family or hope School Nursing of marriage become “nurses”  Provides healthcare to students in school IN CONCLUSION settings, managing both school-related and Traditional female roles of wife, mother, external health issues. daughter, and sister have always included the Independent Nursing Practice care and nurturing of other family members.  Involves advanced nursing practice, often RELIGION with a master’s degree.  Played a significant role in the Private Duty Nursing development of nursing  Provides care in private settings, requires The Knights of Saint Lazarus extensive critical care experience.  established circa 1200 BSN1 - SNR 3  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER  dedicated themselves to the care of people  The arrival of nursing as a profession and a with leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin "calling“ conditions. PIONEERS IN NURSING APPRENTICE PERIOD Florence Nightingale (1820–1910) Pastor Theodore Fliedner and Frederika (wife)  Founder of modern nursing, known for  established the Kaiserswerth Institute for improving wartime care, public health the training for Deaconesses in Germany reform, and the establishment of the  The first formal training school for nurses Nightingale Training School. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Clara Barton (1821–1912)  most famous student of Kaiserswerth  Founded the American Red Cross and Institute helped ratify the Geneva Convention for  Nursing was viewed as a very low paying humanitarian aid. job in the social hierarchy Linda Richards (1841–1930) WAR  America’s first trained nurse, pioneer in  Nurses emerged with notable contribution psychiatric and industrial nursing, and to coutry and humanity introduced nurse’s notes and uniforms. Sojourner Truth (1797–1883) Mary Mahoney (1845–1926) Harriet Tubman(1820–1913)  First African American professional nurse,  provided care and safety to slaves fleeing advocate for racial equality in nursing. to the North on the Underground Railroad Lillian Wald (1867–1940) Mother Biekerdyke and Clara Barton  Founder of public health nursing, co-  searched the battlefields and gave care to founder of the Henry Street Settlement, injured and dying soldiers and pioneer in school nursing. EDUCATIVE PERIOD Lavinia Dock (1858–1956) Nightingale’s Era  Feminist, political activist, and suffragette  Florence Nightingale who helped establish the American Society  May 12, 1820 - Aug 13, 1910 of Superintendents of Training Schools for  English nurse, writer and statistician. Nurses.  She came to prominence during the Margaret Sanger (1879–1966) Crimean War for her pioneering work in  Advocate for women’s reproductive rights nursing. and founder of Planned Parenthood. “The Lady with the Lamp” Mary Breckinridge (1881–1965)  after her habit of making rounds at night to  Established the Frontier Nursing Service, tend to injured soldiers. providing healthcare in rural America and St Thomas Hospital in London (1860) creating the first midwifery training school.  first secular nursing school in the world PHILIPPINE NURSING LEADERS  first school of nursing that provided both Cesaria Tan theory-based knowledge and clinical skill  1st Filipino Nurse to have Masters Degree building in Nursing THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY Magdalena Valenzuela Major Developments  1st Filipino Industrial Nurse (company)  Positivism Col. Elvegla Mendoza  Logical reasoning & empiricism  1st Female Military Nurse  Development of science Dr. Julita Sotejo  Nursing evolved toward a scientific,  Florence Nightingale of the Philippines research-based defined body of nursing  Author of the Code of Ethics knowledge and practice  Founder of the UP-CN BSN1 - SNR 4  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER Anastacia Giron-Tupas teaching and supervision position. Equal to  Founder of the PNA (first week of MAY) Master’s degree. Rosario Montemayor Delgado  RA 877 – BEN is composed of BSN  1st President of the FNA  1966 – Master’s degree needed Anastacia Giron-Tupas  RA 6136 – can administer intravenous  Grand lady of Philipine Nursing meds as long as physician, violaion of  Founded PNA professional autonomy; did not materialize  Hilaria Aguinaldo – Development of Red but instead nurse prepared medication and Cross doctor administered until 1992 but it had  Loreto Tupas – Florence Nightingale of conflict with the drug administration Iloilo principle of “administer what you  Melchora Aquino – Tandang Sora prepare”  1960s – 5-year curriculum HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES  1976 – 4-year curriculum; GN program was  First hospital – Hospital de Real de Manila phased out, practicing GNs must go back to (1577) 4th year to earn a BSN degree but they  1578 – San Lazaro Hospital, Intramuros – won’t take board exam anymore since they leprosy and mental illness are already licensed  Hospital de San Gabriel – Chinese General  1980 – overlapping of 4 and 5 year Hospital curriculum graduates  Aliping sagigilid and aliping namamahay –  RA 7164 (1992) – IV training for nurses by first volunteer nurses who served as ANSAP, signed by Cory Aquino, valid only apprentice in the first hospitals after 2 months  1878 – Escuela de Practicantes (UST) – First  RA 9173 (2002) – New Nurse Practice Act school for Nursing (short-lived)  1906 – Iloilo Mission Hospital School for HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING Nursing – 6 months training, no board Intuitive exam (NON-EXISTENT)  Practiced during the prehistoric, nursing  Mission Hospital (1901) – still existent was untaught, rendered by the mothers  1907 – PGH Hospital, St. Lukes Hospital, St. (by intuition, it is the woman who is more Paul Hospital caring).  Normal Hall in PNU is used as training  Out of love, sickness caused by black spirits, ground – Same instruction (central school based on instinct idea) for 6 months then go back to hospital  *Trephining – boring a hole into a skull  Act 2493 (1915) – Medical act which without anesthesia to release evil spirits included Sec.7 & 8 about nursing practice  *Egyptians – art of embalming, anatomy which mandated registration and and physiology examination  *Moses – Father of Sanitation, asepsis, art  Act 2808 (1919) First true nursing law of circumcision  Board of Examiner for Nurses (BEN)  *China – material medica – book of  1 Doctor and 2 Nurses pharmacology  1920 – First board examination  *Babylonians – Bill of Rights, Code of  Anna Dulgent – first board exam Hammurabi (made by King Hammurabi topnotcher which include freedom to refuse  GN Program (Graduate Nurse) – 1 year treatment), medical fee  After World War II, BSN degree for four  *India – Shushurutu – list of function of the years was given by UST (1946). Managerial, nurse – combination of masseur, caregiver BSN1 - SNR 5  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER Apprentice Criteria of a Profession  Known as the “on the job training” period, 1. Specialized Education under the supervision of a more 2. Body of Knowledge experienced person, but yet there is no 3. Service Orientation formal education. 4. Code of Ethics  Experienced (through trial and error) nurse 5. Autonomy teaches new volunteer nurses who usually 6. Professional Organization came from religious orders  Nursing the sick and wounded from the Benner’s Levels of Proficiency in Nursing wars Novice  Charles Dickens – novel “Martin  Beginner with no experience Chuzzlewit” about Sairy Gump and Betsy  Performance is limited, inflexible Prag (exemplification of nurses in the Dark  Governed by context-free rules & Period of Nursing) regulations, rather than experience  Pastor Theodore Fliedner (Protestant) – first training school for Nursing, Advanced Beginner “Deaconess School of Nursing”, 6 months  Demonstrates marginally acceptable program at Kaiserswerth,Germany performance  Recognizes the meaning of “aspects” of a Educated real situation Florence Nightingale School of Nursing  Has experience in real situations to make  First theory author, first nurse-researcher judgments  Lady with a Lamp/ Mother of Modern Nursing Competent  3 months of study from Kaiserswerth  2-3 years of experience  Developed her own training “Nightingales  Demonstrates organizational and planning System of Nursing Education” which is abilities implemented in St. Thomas Hospital in  Differentiates important factors from less London important aspects of care  Correlate theory and practice, updates,  Coordinates multiple complex care continuing education, research, self- demands supporting nursing school (separate from hospital) Proficient  Changed image of nursing, revolutionized  3-5 years of experience practice  Perceives situations as a whole rather than  Professionalized as a nursing in parts  Notes of Nursing: What it is, What it is not,  Uses maxims as guides for a situation Notes on Hospitals  Has a holistic understanding of the client, Nursing as a profession is not as old as mankind improving decision-making that focuses on but nursing as an act itself is. long-term goals Contemporary Expert  Known as the Modern nursing practice  Performance is fluid  No longer requires rules, guidelines, or maxims  Demonstrates highly skilled intuitive & analytical abilities in new situations BSN1 - SNR 6  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER Carper’s Four Patterns of Knowing in Nursing Caring Behaviors and Encounters in Nursing 1. Nursing Science (Empirics) Knowing the Patient  Assumption: Knowledge is accessible  Nurse’s understanding of a specific patient through physical senses (seeing, touching, to select appropriate interventions. hearing).  Facilitated by continuity of care and clinical  Expressed in practice as scientific expertise. competence. Providing Presence  Sources of Knowledge: Research, Theory,  A person-to-person encounter conveying Evidence-Based Practice (EBP). closeness and a sense of caring.  Involves “being there” and “being with.” 2. Nursing Ethics Touch  Guides and directs nursing practice  A comforting approach to communicate through moral knowledge. concern and support.  Focus: Matters of obligation, what ought  Includes both contact and non-contact to be done, right/wrong, and responsibility. touch.  Source: Nursing Code of Ethics, Listening Professional Standards, and various ethical  Essential for meaningful interactions with theories (e.g., consequentialism, patients. deontology).  Involves being present and engaging in a nonjudgmental, accepting manner. 3. Nursing Aesthetics Empowering the Client  The art of nursing.  Supporting patient autonomy and  Expressed through actions, conduct, responsibility for decision-making during attitudes, and interactions. treatment.  Involves a deep appreciation of the  Giving the patient freedom to choose their meaning of a situation, often shared treatment options. without words. Compassion  Involves intuition, empathy, and skillful  Intelligent kindness based on empathy, action to create meaningful nursing respect, and dignity. situations.  Central to how people perceive their care  The “aha” moment. and relationships with healthcare providers. Competence 4. Personal Knowledge  Ability to understand individual health and  Grounded in self-awareness, confidence, social needs. and reflection.  Involves clinical and technical knowledge  Involves engaging in therapeutic use of self to deliver effective care and treatments. during interactions with patients.  Needs to be integrated with professional responsibilities through observation, reflection, and self-actualization. BSN1 - SNR 7  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER NURSING AS A SCIENCE Leininger’s Cultural Care Diversity and I. Nursing as a Science Universality Theory  Based on a body of knowledge.  Human caring is universal but varies across  A blend of current knowledge and practice cultures in its expressions, processes, and standards. patterns.  Data obtained from current research and  Three intervention modes for nursing care. nursing theories. Roy’s Adaptation Model II. Role of Nursing Theory  Focuses on individuals as biopsychosocial  Links among Theory, Education, Research, adaptive systems. and Practice  Uses feedback cycles and adaptive  Direct connections exist between these responses. areas.  Introduces four adaptive modes.  Guides knowledge development in nursing. Watson’s Human Caring Theory III. Metaparadigm in Nursing  Caring is central to nursing practice.  The nursing metaparadigm helps to  Emphasizes 10 carative factors such as understand and explain what nursing is, embracing altruistic values, promoting what nurses do, and why they do it. faith and hope, and developing helping-  Person trusting relationships.  Health  Environment 10 Carative factors by Watson  Nursing 1. Embrace altruistic values and practice loving kindness with self and others. Selected Nursing Theories 2. Instill faith and hope and honor others. Nightingale’s Environmental Theory 3. Be sensitive to self and others by nurturing  Linked health with five environmental individual beliefs and practices. factors. 4. Develop helping–trusting, human caring  Deficiencies in these factors result in a lack relationships. of health. 5. Promote and accept positive and negative  These factors remain integral in modern feelings as you authentically listen to nursing. another’s story. 6. Use creative scientific problem-solving Peplau’s Interpersonal Relations Model methods for caring decision-making.  Therapeutic relationship between nurse 7. Share teaching and learning that addresses and client. the individual needs and comprehension  Four phases in the Nurse-Client styles. relationship. 8. Create a healing environment for the  Nurses assume many roles. physical and spiritual self which respects human dignity. Orem’s General Theory of Nursing 9. Assist with basic physical, emotional, and  Focuses on three related concepts: self- spiritual human needs. care, self-care deficit, and nursing systems. 10. Open to mystery and allow miracles to  Addresses when nursing is needed and enter. how people can be assisted. BSN1 - SNR 8  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER Evidence-Based Practice(EBP) Sources of Synthesized Knowledge  Cochrane Collaborative, DARE, Evidence- Based Nursing Journal, and more.  Concerns with Solely Relying on Research for EBP:  Research may be done in controlled environments, not applicable to the real world.  May stifle creativity by suggesting a single solution for all patients.  Research may ignore personal life events or the cost-effectiveness of care. What is EBP?  professional performance for nurses Nursing Research include using evidence and research Historical Context: findings  Nightingale’s sanitary reforms and their  Nurses actively involved in generating and effect on reducing mortality. publishing evidence  Baccalaureate and higher degree programs  emphasis on practice that is based on include coursework on research and EBP. evidence Research Approaches:  nurses need a basic understanding of the research process and its relationship to evidence-based practice  Occurs when the nurse can “integrate best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences and values for delivery of optimal health care”  Quantitative Research  Evidence includes theories, opinions of  Systematic collection, statistical analysis, recognized experts, clinical expertise, and interpretation of numerical data. clinical experiences, and findings from  Qualitative Research client assessments  Systematic collection and thematic  Findings from RESEARCH studies are often analysis of narrative data. given the most weight  research entails using formal and systematic processes to address problems and answer questions  The integration of best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient  Phenomenology: preferences to deliver optimal healthcare.  Focuses on lived experiences.  Nurses need to understand the research  Ethnography: process and its relationship to EBP.  Focuses on cultural patterns.  Involves evidence from research, expert  Grounded Theory: opinions, clinical expertise, and client  Focuses on social processes. assessments. BSN1 - SNR 9  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER Overview of the Research Process:  A method in which decisions are made that result in a detailed plan or proposal for a study & actual implementation of the plan  Nurses need a basic understanding of the research process in order to judge the credibility of a study’s findings and their usefulness for EBP. General steps are involved:  Formulating the research problem and purpose  Determining study methods  Collecting research data  Analyzing research data  Communicating research findings  Using research findings in practice Research Related Rolesfor Nurses  Research Consumer: Regularly reading research to stay current on insights.  Research Team Member: Participate in research and EBP activities. Protecting the Rights of Study Participants  Right not to be harmed.  Right to full disclosure.  Right to self-determination.  Right to privacy. BSN1 - SNR 10  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER WEEK 4 PPT: 5 PROFESSION Roles and Functions of a Nurse Characteristics of Nursing  Caregiver: Assists clients physically and  Nursing is Caring: Central to nursing is the psychologically, preserving dignity. concept of care, whether physical,  Communicator: Integral to nursing, helping psychological, or emotional. to identify problems and relay information  Personal Contact: Nursing involves close, to the healthcare team. direct personal interaction with those  Client Advocate: Protects client rights and receiving care. communicates their needs.  Holistic Approach: Nursing addresses  Counselor: Provides emotional, individuals as physiological, psychological, psychological support and helps clients and sociological beings. manage stress or social challenges.  Commitment to Health: Nurses promote  Change Agent: Helps clients change health goals for individuals, families, behaviors and advocates for changes in communities, and nations. clinical care systems.  Personalized Services: Nursing is dedicated  Teacher: Educates clients on health and to providing personalized care regardless self-care. of race, creed, or economic status.  Leader: Influences others to achieve  Ethical Involvement: Nurses are engaged healthcare goals. in ethical, legal, and political matters that  Manager: Manages care, delegates tasks, impact healthcare delivery. and supervises performance.  Case Manager: Oversees care plans with a Focus of Nursing multidisciplinary team and monitors  Human Responses: Nurses focus on how outcomes. individuals, families, or communities react  Research Consumer: Engages in research to life’s challenges, including both health- to improve patient care and identifies restoring and health-supporting responses. researchable problems. Professional Qualities of a Nurse Proficiency Levels (Benner’s Model)  Bachelor’s degree in nursing  Novice: No experience; governed by rules  Physically and mentally fit and regulations.  Licensed to practice nursing  Advanced Beginner: Some experience, but still learning to differentiate important Personal Qualities of a Nurse: factors.  Compassionate: Deep awareness and  Competent: 2-3 years of experience, sympathy for others' suffering. capable of organizing care and making  Respectful: Helps maintain patient dignity, decisions based on long-term goals. especially in vulnerable times.  Proficient: 3-5 years of experience, with a  Calm Under Pressure: Able to make holistic understanding of clients and fluid rational decisions in high-stress situations. performance.  Detail-Oriented: Attentive to the smallest  Expert: Highly skilled, intuitive, and details of care. analytical, without relying on rules.  Good Communicator: Effective at listening and communicating clearly with patients.  Knowledgeable: Skilled in critical thinking, patient assessment, disease management, and care plans. BSN1 - SNR 11  FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PRELIM REVIEWER Fields of Nursing  Institutional Nursing: Includes hospital staff nursing with roles in medical-surgical, critical care, pediatrics, emergency care, and more.  Community Health Nursing (PHN): Works to understand and address population health needs.  School Nursing: Provides care within a school environment, including injury treatment and managing health conditions affecting students.  Independent Nursing Practice: Requires advanced education and allows nurses to work in primary, acute, or restorative care settings.  Nursing in Education and Other Fields: Nurses may work in teaching roles or contribute to nursing in other professional fields. Criteria for Nursing as a Profession  Specialized Education: Requires academic degrees at various levels (bachelor’s, master’s, doctoral).  Body of Knowledge: Establishing frameworks that contribute to nursing practice, education, and research.  Service Orientation: Focus on altruism, rather than profit.  Ongoing Research: Continual development of practice through nursing research.  Code of Ethics: Requires integrity and adherence to professional standards.  Autonomy: Nursing regulates itself, defines its scope of practice, and sets standards.  Professional Organization: Nurses are represented by professional organizations such as ANA and PNA. BSN1 - SNR 12