Functional Groups PDF
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This document provides an overview of different functional groups in organic chemistry. It explains concepts like hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl groups, along with example compounds such as alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, and amine.
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Your Date HYDROXYL GROUP CARBONYL GROUP CARBOXYL GROUP ALCOHOL ETHERS Alcoh SUFFIX: ols Alcohol is an organic compound commonly used as a reagent, solvent, and fuel. It is colorless and also transparent. It has an OH group attached to a single bond alkyl group,...
Your Date HYDROXYL GROUP CARBONYL GROUP CARBOXYL GROUP ALCOHOL ETHERS Alcoh SUFFIX: ols Alcohol is an organic compound commonly used as a reagent, solvent, and fuel. It is colorless and also transparent. It has an OH group attached to a single bond alkyl group, alkane. CH3OH CH3CH2OH CH3CH2 CH2 OH OH CH3CHCH3 Ethe rs Ether structure contains two alkyl groups joined in one oxygen. Ethers act much like alkanes. They burn and split apart when boiled in concentrated acids. Different ethers have diverse uses but most are useful as solvent. CH3-O-CH3 CH3-O-C2H5 CH3-O-C3H7 ALDEHYDES KETONES Aldeh SUFFIX: ydes The general structure for aldehyde consists of a carbonyl group, with its carbon atom attached to both the hydrocarbon atom and a hydrogen atom. Aldehydes contribute to favorable odors of essential oils like cilantro and vanillin. O CH3-CH CH3-CH-CH2-CH CH3 O Keto SUFFIX: nes It is characterized by a carbonyl group (O=C) linked to two other carbon atoms. It can be generally represented by the formula RCOR, where the two Rs are alkyl groups. Ketones are often used in perfumes a nd p a i n t s to stabilize the other ingredients so that they do not degrade quickly over time. O CH3-C-CH3 O CH3-C-CH2-CH3 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ESTERS AMINES Carboxyl SUFFIX: ic Acid It is characterized by the presence of carboxyl group. A carboxyl group is a functional group with a carbonyl (C=O) and a hydroxyl (R-OH) which has the general formula –COOH. Carboxylic acids are used in the production of polymers, pharmaceuticals, solvents, and food additives. Est SUFFIX: ers It is characterized by the presence of carboxyl group, in which hydrogen of the hydroxyl group has been replaced by an a l k yl g ro u p. E s te r s fo r m e d wh e n a carboxylic acids reacts with an alcohol. Due to their distinct odors, esters are widely used as artificial flavorings and fragrances. Ami SUFFIX: ne It is organic compound containing a functional group of basic nitrogen atom. They are derivatives of ammonia (NH 3 ) when one or more hydrogen atoms are placed by an R group. To name amines, name the attached alkane chain with the suffix –amine. ALCOHOL ETHERS ALDEHYDES KETONES CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ESTERS AMINES
