Anatomy Notes Week 4 PDF

**ANAT Notes:** **Week 4** - Only teeth that have cingulum are anterior teeth - Each cusps represents a lobe - Mandibular that has 5 cusps and it is developed from 5 lobes - The rudimentary lobe is called the cusp of carabelli - The teeth go through 3 stages: the bud stage, the cap s...

**ANAT Notes:** **Week 4** - Only teeth that have cingulum are anterior teeth - Each cusps represents a lobe - Mandibular that has 5 cusps and it is developed from 5 lobes - The rudimentary lobe is called the cusp of carabelli - The teeth go through 3 stages: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the crown. **Tooth Germ:** - **Enamel Organ:** Generates the enamel and made of cells from *epithelial cap* - **Dental Papilla:** - **Dental Follicle/Sac:** Permanent molars do not develop from the successional lamina. Calcification is when done around 25 yrs. Old Baby born with teeth are natal tooth, they fall out soon after birth. They still go through primary and permanent dentition *(1 out of 2000)* Around 6 months is when our teeth start to develop Curve of speed is seen laterally Curve of Wilson is seen **Transverse Cusp Ridges:** - Transverse cusps ridges are going to be the maxillary first and the maxillary 2^nd^ - Only premolars have transverse ridges All our molars have oblique ridge \# Summary of Posterior Teeth and Height of Contour The audio recording discusses the anatomy of posterior teeth, focusing on the concept of height of contour. 1\. \*\*Height of Contour\*\*: The height of contour refers to the widest portion of the tooth, which can vary depending on the tooth\'s location. It is typically described as being within the middle third to the cervical third of the tooth, particularly on the lateral surface of posterior teeth. This positioning is crucial for understanding the contours and overall shape of the teeth. 2\. Maxillary First Molar: The recording specifically mentions the maxillary first molar, indicating that the widest portion of the lingual surface is also found in the middle third. This detail is important for dental professionals when assessing tooth anatomy and for procedures involving these teeth. 3\. \*\*Workbook Reference: The speaker encourages the use of a workbook to fill in relevant areas, suggesting that practical exercises accompany the theoretical knowledge presented. This approach helps reinforce learning through application. Overall, the discussion emphasizes the significance of understanding the height of contour in posterior teeth, particularly for the maxillary first molar, and the importance of practical exercises in mastering this knowledge. **Tooth Numbering Systems Chart** **System** **Description** **Permanent Teeth** **Primary Teeth** --------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- **Universal** Uses numbers 1-32 for permanent teeth and letters A-T for primary teeth. Numbering begins with the upper right third molar (\#1) and continues around the arch, ending with the lower right third molar (\#32). 1-32 (starting with upper right third molar and moving clockwise around the arch to lower right third molar) A-T (starting with upper right second molar and moving clockwise around the arch to lower right second molar) **Palmer Notation** Uses brackets to symbolize the four quadrants and numbers 1-8, with the central incisor as \#1, to denote the tooth\'s position relative to the midline. 1-8 in each quadrant, starting with the central incisor (represents the third molar) A-E in each quadrant, starting with the central incisor (\[E\] represents the second molar) **Federation Dentaire International (FDI)** Assigns a two-digit number to each tooth. The first digit indicates the quadrant (1-4 for permanent, 5-8 for primary), and the second digit indicates the tooth position relative to the midline (1-8). 11-18, 21-28, 31-38, 41-48 (first digit: quadrant; second digit: tooth position) 51-55, 61-65, 71-75, 81-85 (first digit: quadrant; second digit: tooth position) The sources explain that each dental office may choose to use only one system. However, it is important for dental professionals to be familiar with all three systems to facilitate communication between offices. This chart summarizes the key features of each system, as described in the sources. A diagram of teeth and teeth Description automatically generated Surfaces of a Tooth **Facial Surface:** This is the surface of the tooth that faces outward. For anterior teeth, it\'s also called the **labial surface**, referring to the lip side. For posterior teeth, it\'s called the **buccal surface**, referring to the cheek side. **Lingual Surface:** This is the surface of the tooth that faces the tongue. **Proximal Surfaces:** These are the sides of the tooth that face the neighboring teeth in the same arch. There are two proximal surfaces: ○ **Mesial:** This surface is closest to the midline of the face. ○ **Distal:** This surface faces away from the midline of the face. **Occlusal Surface:** This is the chewing surface of posterior teeth (premolars and molars). It\'s also referred to as the biting surface. Anterior teeth have an **incisal ridge**, or incisal edge, which serves a similar function for biting. Some sources consider the incisal ridge to be a fifth surface, termed the **incisal surface**. Additional Areas **Crown:** The part of the tooth covered with enamel. **Root:** The part of the tooth embedded in the bone. **Cervix:** The area of the tooth where the crown and root meet. This is also called the **cervical area**. **Cervical Line:** The line that separates the enamel from the cementum of the tooth. **Furcal Region:** The area between the roots of a tooth that has multiple roots. **Apex of Root:** The tip of the root of the tooth. **Apical Foramen:** The opening at the tip of the root that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter the pulp cavity. Dividing Surfaces into Thirds Each surface of a tooth can be divided into thirds to help describe the location of features. ○ The facial and lingual surfaces are divided into **mesial, middle, and distal thirds**. ○ The proximal surfaces are divided into **facial, middle, and lingual thirds**. Teeth can also be divided into thirds horizontally: ○ **Incisal Third:** The third of the surface closest to the incisal edge on anterior teeth. ○ **Occlusal Third:** The third of the surface closest to the occlusal surface on posterior teeth. ○ **Middle Third:** The middle section of the surface. ○ **Cervical Third:** The third of the surface closest to the cervical line. Mid-Term Test **Instructions:** Choose the best answer for each question. **1. Which of the following is NOT a function of teeth?** a\) Protecting the oral cavity b) **Photosynthesis** c) Aids in digestion d) Acquiring and chewing food e) Phonetics and speech **2. The crown of a tooth is covered by:** a\) Cementum b) **Enamel** **3. True or False:** The root portion of a tooth is covered with cementum. **Answer:** True **4. The junction of the cementum and enamel is called the:** a\) **Cementoenamel junction (CEJ)** b) Dentinocemental junction **5. The part of the tooth seen above the gingiva is called the:** a\) Anatomic crown b) **Clinical crown** **6. A tooth with three roots has a:** a\) Bifurcation b) **Trifurcation** **7. The anatomical area where roots divide on a multi-rooted tooth is called a:** a\) **Furcation** b) Root trunk **8. True or False:** The alveolar process is the portion of the jaw that supports the teeth. **Answer:** True **9. The bony socket in which the tooth fits is called the:** a\) **Alveolus** b) Sulcus **10. Which of the following is NOT a hard tissue of the tooth?** a\) Enamel b) Dentin c) **Pulp** d) Cementum **11. The hardest substance in the human body is:** a\) Bone b) **Enamel** c) Dentin **12. True or False:** Enamel is thickest over the tip of the crown and becomes thinner towards the cervical line. **Answer:** True **13. The color of enamel is determined by its:** a\) Thickness b) Mineralization c) **Both a and b** **14. Enamel is composed of approximately what percentage of inorganic material?** a\) 70% b) **96%** c) 45% **15. Which of the following forms the main body of the tooth?** a\) Enamel b) **Dentin** c) Cementum **16. True or False:** Dentin is capable of adding to itself. **Answer:** True **17. Dentin that is laid down in response to caries is called:** a\) Secondary dentin b) **Reparative dentin** **18. Cementum is:** a\) Harder than enamel b) **More dense than bone** c) Located on the crown of the tooth **19. The main function of cementum is to:** a\) Protect the pulp b) **Provide an attachment for the tooth to the alveolar bone** c) Aid in chewing **20. True or False:** Cementum is thickest at the cervical line and thins out towards the apex of the root. **Answer:** False **21. Cellular cementum is found in the:** a\) Coronal third of the root b) **Apical third of the root** c) Entire anatomic root **22. Which type of cementum can reproduce itself?** a\) **Cellular cementum** b) Acellular cementum **23. Cells that produce cementum are called:** a\) Odontoblasts b) **Cementoblasts** c) Ameloblasts **24. Dental pulp is composed of:** a\) Blood vessels b) Lymph vessels c) Connective tissue d) Nerve tissue e) **All of the above** **25. True or False:** The dental pulp is responsible for the formation of dentin. **Answer:** True **26. The cells that form dentin are called:** a\) **Odontoblasts** b) Cementoblasts c) Fibroblasts **27. Which part of the pulp is housed within the coronal portion of the tooth?** a\) Pulp canal b) **Pulp chamber** c) Root canal **28. The pulp canals are located within the \_\_\_\_\_ of the tooth.** a\) Crown b) **Roots** **29. The pulp chamber and the pulp canals together are referred to as the:** a\) **Pulp cavity** b) Dental sac **30. True or False:** The pulp cavity extends from the tip of the pulp horns to the apex of the root canal. **Answer:** True **31. Which of the following is NOT a supporting structure of the tooth?** a\) Alveolar process b) Periodontal ligament c) **Enamel** d) Gingiva **32. The incisal edge is found on which type of tooth?** a\) Canines b) **Incisors** c) Premolars **33. True or False:** The lingual surface of incisors is shaped like a shovel. **Answer:** True **34. The longest and most stable teeth in the human dentition are the:** a\) Incisors b) **Canines** c) Premolars **35. Canines function to:** a\) Grind food b) **Protect the jaw joint during side jaw movements** c) Cut food **36. True or False:** Premolars are a cross between canines and molars in terms of function. **Answer:** True **37. Premolars typically have how many cusps?** a\) 1 b) **2-3** c) 4 or more **38. The primary function of molars is to:** a\) Cut food b) Tear food c) **Grind food** **39. True or False:** The maxillary central incisor is the widest mesiodistally of the anterior teeth. **Answer:** True **40. Which tooth has a crown that is triangular in shape when viewed from the incisal aspect?** a\) Mandibular lateral incisor b) Maxillary canine c) **Maxillary central incisor** **41. Where is the labial height of contour located on maxillary lateral incisors?** a\) **Cervical third** b) Middle third c) Incisal third **42. True or False:** The maxillary lateral incisors have a more concave lingual fossa and more developed linguoincisal ridge than the central incisors. **Answer:** True **43. Which of the following statements is NOT true about mandibular central incisors?** a\) They are the smallest teeth in the mouth. b) They are generally symmetrical. c) **The mesial of the root is most marked.** d) Their lingual fossa is shallow. **44. Mandibular lateral incisors are:** a\) Smaller than mandibular central incisors b) **Wider mesiodistally than mandibular central incisors** c) Not as long gingivoincisally as mandibular central incisors **45. True or False:** Mandibular lateral incisors have more anatomical features on the lingual surface than mandibular central incisors. **Answer:** True **46. On which surface is the height of contour located in the gingival third on mandibular lateral incisors?** a\) **Proximal** b) Lingual c) Incisal **47. Which tooth has a distal developmental lobe that is larger and located more lingually than the mesial lobe?** a\) Maxillary central incisor b) **Mandibular lateral incisor** c) Maxillary canine **48. True or False:** Maxillary canines are larger, thicker, and wider labiolingually than maxillary central incisors. **Answer:** True **49. Which of the following is a characteristic of the lingual aspect of maxillary canines?** a\) Two lingual fossae b) Well-developed cingulum c) Lingual ridge that ends incisally at the cusp tip d) **All of the above** **50. From the incisal aspect, the cusp tip of a maxillary canine is located:** a\) Lingual to the center of the crown b) **Labial to the center of the crown** c) Directly in the center of the crown **51. True or False:** The distal marginal ridge is more developed than the mesial marginal ridge on maxillary canines. **Answer:** True **52. Mandibular canines have a \_\_\_\_\_ mesial outline than maxillary canines.** a\) More curved b) **Straighter** c) Longer **53. Where is the height of contour on the facial and lingual surfaces of mandibular canines?** a\) Middle third b) **Cervical third** c) Incisal third **54. True or False:** The incisal edge of mandibular canines slants toward the facial. **Answer:** False **55. Growth centers from which each tooth develops are called:** a\) **Developmental lobes** b) Tooth germs c) Cingula **56. The fusion of developmental lobes is called:** a\) **Coalescence** b) Calcification c) Eruption **57. True or False:** Lines on the tooth that mark the union of developmental lobes are called developmental grooves. **Answer:** True **58. Which tooth usually develops from five lobes?** a\) Maxillary central incisor b) Mandibular lateral incisor c) **Mandibular first molar** **59. The lobe of Carabelli is found on which tooth?** a\) Mandibular first molar b) **Maxillary first molar** c) Maxillary canine **60. True or False:** Permanent molars develop from the successional lamina. **Answer:** False