French Revolution & Napoleon + Canada PDF

Pre-Pre Revolution Study Era recap: -​ Pre Modern Era aka the Feudalism Era -​ People stay in their lane. Their status is determined at birth instead of attained -​ Communities were built off of the basis of religion -​ Loyalty system, military protection for la...

Pre-Pre Revolution Study Era recap: -​ Pre Modern Era aka the Feudalism Era -​ People stay in their lane. Their status is determined at birth instead of attained -​ Communities were built off of the basis of religion -​ Loyalty system, military protection for labour -​ The king and pope were chosen by god -​ Small communities -​ Educated minority -​ Little law enforcement -​ Dominated by males -​ Rigid social hierarchy -​ Modern Era aka the Enlightenment era -​ Reason and logic -​ Reason becomes the foundation for institutions and all aspects of life (including laws_ -​ Communication via Gutenberg -​ Flow of knowledge -​ Class becomes less important -​ Postmodern era -​ Emotion and identity -​ What we live in now French Society Understanding -​ Before the industrial revolution, the world was run through land and agriculture -​ Feudal pyramid -​ Clergy/ 1st estate -​ 0.5% pop -​ 10% land -​ Aristocracy/ 2nd estate -​ 1.5% pop -​ 25% land -​ 3rd estate/ peasants bourgeoisie -​ 98% of pop -​ 65% of land -​ The first and second estate were exempt from taxes mainly -​ The third estate was left with the heavy burden of taxes -​ Some taxes include: -​ Taille- property tax -​ corvee - labor tax -​ gabelle - salt tax -​ Vingtieme - income tax -​ Franc fief - inheritance tax -​ Communities and society as a whole were built off the foundation of religion, a feudal concept. Monarchs leading up to Louis XVI -​ Louis XIV -​ 1643-1715 -​ Spanish succession -​ Expanded the french empire -​ Fought many wars -​ Expanded France to its natural borders -​ Built versailles -​ Widely considered France’s best monarch -​ Louis XV -​ War of Austrian succession -​ Seven years war -​ Louis XVI -​ American war of independence -​ Bulk of french rev -​ Indecisive Enlightenment Speakers + concepts (main concept only) -​ Montesquieu -​ Main Concept: Separation of powers: Executive, Judicial, Legislative. Checks and balances can occur -​ Voltaire -​ Freedom of Speech: People should be able to speak and it is their responsibility to speak on injustices -​ Rousseau -​ Man is created free and is corrupted by the social organization. The third estate should be the ones to run government -​ Adam Smith -​ Laissez Faire economics: Free trade and economic freedoms. Prices should be determined by laws of supply and demand. Competition is beneficial for the economy. -​ Locke -​ Natural Rights: People have the natural right to freedom, property and life. -​ Led to the events of the glorious revolution -​ Diderot -​ Encyclopedia. Maintained the ideas of the enlightenment in physical forms. -​ Hobbes -​ Social contract Science People -​ Copernicus -​ Galileo -​ Newton -​ Their efforts began to straw people away from religion as a binding agent for society CRUCIAL EVENTS LEADING UP TO FRENCH REV -​ Collapse of the Roman Empire – 476 CE -​ Beginning of the Middle Ages – 476 CE (often marked by the fall of the Roman Empire) -​ Beginning of Islam – 610 CE -​ War with christians -​ The Black Death – 1347-1351 -​ Rise of the middle class -​ People died and survivors moved up the social ladder -​ Renaissance Begins – 14th century (around 1350) -​ Rebirth of knowledge and philosophy. Tried to mimic the real world. Realism. -​ Protestant Reformation Begins – 1517 -​ Different interpretations of the bible due to the Gutenberg press -​ Scientific Revolution Begins – 1543 -​ Modern science pushed by galileo newton and copernicus -​ Enlightenment Begins – 17th century (around 1650) -​ Intellectual and philosophical movement of human existence and reasoning -​ The Glorious Revolution – 1688 -​ Established parliament as a power in britain -​ First step to something that resembled democracy -​ Limited monarchial power -​ American Revolution – 1775-1783 -​ Revolting against British rule and put france in great debt. Democratic ideas that would spread across europe -​ The French Revolution – 1789-1799 Pre Revolution Study Rough Timeline -​ 1774- Louis XVI ascends the throne -​ 1775-1783- American Revolution -​ 1788- Assembly of Notables convenes -​ 1789 -​ Meeting of the estates genres -​ The national assembly is established -​ The tennis court oath -​ Nobles and clergy join the third estates -​ Storming of the Bastille Conditions before the revolution -​ Enlightened ideas begin to seep into Feudal France -​ Salon societies  -​ France is in insurmountable debt -​ Due to wars like the American revolution -​ People were starting to get frustrated with the lavish spendings of Marie Antoinette, Louis, and the higher estates in general -​ Louis was in charge of the nation and was an indecisive schmuck who couldn’t birth an heir to the throne nor make proper decisions. He was not a natural leader like his predecessors. Trying to solve the Economic Crisis -​ Little Addition -​ Louis XVI wanted to be liked by everyone, so when he was elected he restored the parlements that were widely regarded as the guardians of the people. \ -​ The French economy was so bad because of the debts accumulated at war and harvest failures. -​ The situation was so bad that bread stores were robbed and the finance minister was fired (turgot) -​ Finance Ministers -​ Necker -​ Well liked by the people -​ Released the compte de rendu -​ Borrowed multiple loans -​ Made many short term decisions that didn’t really help. -​ Calonne -​ Not as liked by the Aristocracy -​ Controversial figure lol -​ French credit was exhausted from the nonstop borrowing and lending from his predecessors -​ He decided that a tax reform would be the best thing for france -​ Reform the taille to be on EVERYONE -​ Removed the corvee -​ Reform of the gabelle -​ Provincial assemblies which would have equal representation -​ He needed people who would support his decision -​ The Paris Parlement refused the idea -​ He handpicked nobles that were relatives of the king hoping they would agree with him -​ They didn't -​ Calonne was ridiculed for expecting nobles to agree to a policy that would make them pay more taxes. -​ Finally he was recommended a meeting of the estates general -​ The estates general meeting would happen on may 1 of 1789 -​ Cahiers were also put in place that allowed the king and aristocracy to know what the people were thinking Structure of the Estates General  -​ Vote by order -​ Bad because 98% of the population was the third estate which only got 33% power -​ Always 2-1 vote -​ People highly recommended a vote by head -​ The Third estate was comprised of bourgeoisie Events leading to the fall of bastille -​ The third estate believed it wasn’t fair that they only got one vote -​ Louis says he will increase the vote, but he fails to specify whether it will be vote by head -​ Louis’ incompetence eventually leads the third estate to walk out of the estates general -​ They formed the National Constituent Assembly which vowed they would never disband until they got a constitution (tennis court oath) -​ Seance Royale was the King’s attempt to intimidate the people through aura and presence. -​ He also does executions -​ Leading through fear isn’t a good staple -​ Louis goes full sicko mode -​ He begins to bring more guards to Paris causing the people to fear a violent attack on the people. -​ He also had a panic attack before where he removed the cachets and abolished taxes like the corvee and gabelle. Along with promising, vote by head people are starting to get the reassurance that they are justified in their anger. -​ Demonstrations become violent and bastille happens -​ The bastille specifically was raided for its symbolic message -​ It marks an end to feudalism and the start of the french revolution French Revolution Immediate effects of the Fall of Bastille -​ The great fear -​ Revolutions started in paris but began to spread amongst the estates and across all of France. Over the course of 4-5 days people began finding different symbols of the monarchy to destory -​ The aristocracy were terrified hence the name -​ At this time people started to get divided based on if they wanted the national assembly or the king. -​ In order to reduce the violence, the august decrees were released -​ Tithes were abolished -​ Financial and tax privileges were abolished -​ Citizens would be taxed equally -​ Citizens were eligible for office  -​ No more special privileges -​ The beginning of French constitution was marked by the DoRoMaC -​ Natural rights- locke -​ Became the foundation for constitution -​ Economic reform -​ Nationalization of church land -​ Stole tithe money and land -​ Gained political popularity since they gave out land -​ Had negative effects -​ Alienated the catholic population October days -​ October days -​ Louis didn’t like or support all the new reforms, he decided that he would veto and refuse these policies -​ This refusal led to a journee (the march of the fishwoman) -​ Fishwoman who were angry at the price of bread revolted to the palace of versailles -​ Gun to his head (not really a gun) he was told to support the policies and lower the price of bread (idk if this is true) then he was dragged to the utilities in paris to constantly monitor him. Reforms of the national assembly -​ 83 departments -​ 547 districts -​ 43 360 communes -​ Voting criteria -​ Deputies to legislative assembly (taxes=45 days of labor) -​ Rich people could run for office (same now) -​ Electors had to pay 10 days of labor for taxes -​ Active citizens could vote (3 days of labor) -​ Passive citizens couldn't -​ The following decisions were disliked -​ Universal land tax -​ Nationalization of church land -​ Corporate taxes in france -​ Legal code and criminal court in each department -​ Metric system -​ Free trade on grain -​ Civil constitution of the clergy -​ Asked to take an oath of loyalty to the civil constitution of the clergy STANDALONE EVENT: CONSTITUTION CREATED IN 1791  -​ The National assembly dissolves and a new, larger body of power is created: the legislative assembly Legislative Assembly -​ Constitutional Monarchy -​ People from the national assembly refused to go for the legislative assembly (self-denying ordinance) -​ Kind of where robespierre started. He was the big guy pushing the legislative assembly. -​ Right and left conservative vs liberal began here -​ Liberal government = rule of law -​ Republican government= rule of reaction -​ HOWEVER, the legislative assembly was bound to fail because of these two events that happened before constitution -​ Kings Flight to Varennes -​ King gets caught with his pants down -​ Tries leaving France but gets caught at the border -​ Champs de mars massacre -​ Champs de mars massacre led by lafayette -​ Kills a bunch of innocent protestors -​ Brunswick manifesto National symbols Further Decline of the Legislative Assembly -​ The French military is down because of emigration and mutinies. Additionally, refractory priests were deported -​ Louis continues to veto laws, just another reason we should get rid of him right -​ Rioting continued and the legislative assembly declared a state of emergency because of war. -​ Robespierre re-entered the political scene during the period of war. He called for removal of the constitution, the overthrow of government, and establishing a new government. -​ Brunswick manifesto- Austria and prussia said they wouldn’t loot paris if the king and queen remained untouched -​ Only caused more anger The Attack on the Tuileries (copy pasted) -​ On August 3, 1792 the mayor of paris (from the paris commune) went before the Legislative Assembly to have them abolish the monarchy; the assembly refused. The result became the bloodiest journee of the revolution, the overthrow by force of the Paris commune with a new revolutionary commune and the attack of the tuileries. Orchestrated by the revolutionary commune and ended with 1000 dead. Louis is a prisoner and the legislative assembly has no more power. -​ This is the end of the legislative assembly and France is now a republic. Most of the members of the legislative assembly who supported a constitutional monarchy, stayed away from the assembly (about 66%). The Constitution was ripped up. -​ Replaced with the national convention met for the first time in sep 20 1792, the monarchy was abolished and French was officially a republic.  -​ Louis was captured and sent to jail until the national convention voted on what to do with him Structure of the National Convention -​ Republic -​ Unicameral legislature -​ Universal male suffrage -​ Elections were public and heavily influenced and pressured -​ 4 parties (some are eliminated during the reign of terror) -​ Jacobins -​ Radical republic supporters -​ Centralized power -​ Kill the king -​ Cordeliers -​ Girondins -​ More conservative version of the jacobins -​ Still preferred a republic -​ Didn’t want to kill the king -​ Feuillants -​ Loyalists/ wanted constitutional monarchy -​ Soon eliminated -​ President as executive -​ Short term just a figurehead Reign of Terror Reign of Terror began with the attack on the Tuileries and ended with the execution of Robespierre. Events of the Reign of Terror -​ Vote for Louis -​ Pushed by Marat -​ Had wrote a newspaper and notoriously killed any adversaries publicly -​ Violence was his solution and became a theme of the reign of terror -​ Proposed that the vote should be public -​ Implies that anyone who disagrees with him will be killed publicly -​ Nobody determined him innocent -​ 387 called for death penalty while 288 voted for imprisonment -​ Louis was killed on Jan 21 1793 -​ War against Austrian and Prussian forces  -​ Led to Robespierre declaring martial law -​ Led to the levee en masse -​ Led the way for Napoleon to attain such status that he did -​ September Massacres -​ People became paranoid that they were keeping counter-revolutionaries in prison -​ Out of fear that they would rebel against the revolutionaries they massacred thousands of prisoners -​ Vendee rebellion -​ The vendee, which was a more rural province, didn’t agree with the decisions of the national convention -​ They revolted against the new government -​ It’s clear that France is divided -​ Execution of the Girondins -​ Removed the conservative republicans and Robespierre’s mob had full control -​ Attempts at the republic of virtue -​ Creation of the committee of public safety -​ 12 man dictatorship -​ Eliminated any and all opposition -​ Creation of the revolutionary tribunal -​ Killed danton and his following who thought robespierre was getting a bit mental -​ Cult of the supreme being -​ These attempts alienated Robespierre and he was executed -​ The thermidorians would take over government Jacobin+ Committee of Public Safety Rise and Fall -​ Led by Maximilien Robespierre -​ Well educated good speaker -​ Led by Marat -​ Crazy guy -​ Protestant background rejected him of opportunities -​ Resented this -​ Bedridden and member of the committee of public safety -​ Assassinated by girondin sympathizer -​ Extremely radical and violent; ate up any sign of counter-revolutionary (counter-jacobin) until they eventually ate up the jacobin party itself -​ Catholic church, the king, the king's supporters, other countries, regions of france, other republicans, Jacobins -​ Ideas enforced -​ Us vs them -​ Violence is necessary -​ Counter-revolutionary accusation= death -​ The sans-culottes is a force to be reckoned and should be supported even if they are excessively violent -​ Elimination of the opposition is a necessary evil  -​ EVENTS -​ Passed laws in favour of SC. Execution for hoarding food -​ Girondin Execution Thermidorian Reaction -​ The thermidorians were the ones who helped overthrow robespierre and the jacobins. They dismantled the key elements of the terror. -​ The Sans-culottes no longer had the grip they had on French society during the reign of terror. -​ Royalists Sympathies started to rise -​ White Terror -​ Verona Declaration -​ Louis XVIII (louis’bro) promised to restore the old regime and punish all regicides -​ Vendemaire uprising -​ Dissolved by Napoleon -​ New government was created: the directory Structure of the Directory (1985 -1799) -​ Bicameral legislation -​ An effort to restore checks and balances (avoid corruption) -​ A decree from the national convention passed over called the ⅔ decree. -​ ⅔ of the national convention will carry over to new legislature -​ Are ⅔ of the population from the national convention transferred or just enough to fill ⅔ of the council of 500 and of the council of elders. -​ ANSWER: ⅔ of the NC would be transferred, ⅔ of each branch would reelected -​ American parallel is when ⅓ of the senators are reelected Council of 500 (500 ppl) Council of Elders (250 ppl) -​ Initiates the laws -​ Says yes or no to bills (similar to our -​ Over 30 senate) -​ Sends a list of names -​ Over 40 -​ Choose one name from the list of names People picked from the names made up the 5 directors. People voted → electors voted → Deputies -​ Check and balance chain. -​ Electors in the new system must pay taxes (1\75 days of labour) Napoleon’s Rule The directory failed to maintain order in the face of severe economic distress. Continuous military and political pressure. Assignats were going under spiraling inflation and harvest failures made the situation worse. The groundwork for a military coup was beginning. Talents at youth that would provide conditions for an effective dictator -​ Good speaker -​ Leadership roles early on -​ Reading the news understanding social terms and conditions -​ Speech and debate -​ Etc Important countries to mention -​ France -​ Spain -​ Great Britain -​ Russia -​ Ottoman Empire which is now turkey -​ The empire split because of different cultures and the force of nationalism -​ The most homogenous cultures conformed into countries like Germany and Italy Napoleon Background -​ A product of the French revolution -​ Napoleon is extremely lucky to be born when he was and where -​ Born as nobility in corsica, a small italian island that was annexed years previous to his birth -​ His status as nobility allows him to become a military leader -​ Status is still important in french society -​ Napoleon’s merit comes from being a good administrator rather than a killer -​ Administrators were paid well which meant they would be more likely to do their job effectively -​ Administrators would do their jon in the better interest of the people -​ Personality of Napoleon -​ Egotistical -​ Interested in knowledge and expanding known knowledge -​ Concepts of humanism -​ Supported Art -​ Supported academic art -​ Loves power like an artist loves his/her art. -​ How Napoleon came to a position of power -​ Studious fellow at his youth  -​ Graduated at the age of sixteen as a sublieutenant of the military -​ Knows his physics via artillery -​ Joined the patriotic club of corsica and gained many connections -​ Most notably Saliceti (elected deputy from Corsica in the national convention) Military techniques of napoleon Feudal military strategy was like chess, rigid and bound by rules. Napoleon was a rule breaker and broke the rules. Napoleon only wanted to win and didn’t care about things like shame. The Grand Armee was divided into corps of 25K men which were divided into divisions: infantry cavalry and artillery mixed together, this mixture allowed for a great deal of flexibility. In addition to these divisions there were reserved artillery and elite regiments. Mixed line (--) and column (|) formation On the march, the army was well spread out. This contributed to mobility, speed, and surprise. Rather than taking on states in decline, Napoleon fought strong countries. By demonstrating dominance over the strong, the weaker would fall in line. Used punishing indemnities to finance his military conquest. Indemnities or war reparations have been used as punishment, as a payment towards the war effort, as part of post-war peace and reconstruction and as reparations to civilian victims. Spent lots of time planning his battles, yet recognized that chance played a huge role and opportunities needed to be recognized. If this involved scrapping the OG plan, so be it. This was not the feudal mentality, the ability to work on the fly. Used his bulletins and orders of the day to build a special bond with his troops. Used patriotism and national glory to great effect. He tried to be big daddy to his troops. This goes against feudal beliefs since aristocrats and plebs didn't mix at all. Consolidation of Power for Napoleon (not finished continue adding on) -​ Siege of Toulon Via Silaceti -​ Marries josephine -​ Creation of directory -​ 2 years later - Vendemaire uprising -​ One year later - First Italian campaign -​ Given the position of commander of orient -​ Battle of Pyramids in 1798 two years after -​ Goes to egypt -​ Big success -​ Same year Battle of Aboukir  -​ Entire fleet gets destroyed -​ Returns to France in ~1799 -​ Doesn’t know if people will still like him -​ Calls him the conqueror of egypt or smth (they def like him) -​ Coup of Brumaire in 1799 -​ Declares himself first consul -​ Consulate (deeper dive down below) -​ Church stuff -​ Secret police -​ Public works -​ Dictatorship in disguise -​ Continental system -​ 1800 - Second Italian Campaign in Marengo -​ Declares himself first consul for life -​ 1804 declares himself emperor -​ FROM HERE ON SERIES OF WARS TO BUILD THE FRENCH EMPIRE -​ 1805 Battle of Australites @ trafalgar -​ Devastating loss -​ French lose all naval control to the british -​ 1806- Battle of Jenna vs prussia -​ Battle of Friedland Russia -​ Imprisonment of Pope in 1808 -​ Peninsular War vs Spain 1808 -​ Moscow Campaign 1812 -​ Loses since they are pinched from both Spain and Russia -​ 1813- Leipzig -​ Lost so bad he was banished to elba -​ Elba Island -​ 1st treaty of paris -​ The conditions for his stay at elba -​ Napoleon's hundred days to reach power again -​ Battle at waterloo -​ Loses again -​ Deported to St.Helena -​ 2nd treaty of paris -​ Harsher conditions more desolate -​ Dies in 1821 at st helena Structure of the Consulate -​ First Consul -​ Napoleon -​ Senate -​ 60 distinguished men appointed for life (40+ age) -​ Council State  -​ 40 members under the first consul -​ Largely administrative -​ Tribunate -​ Equivalent to the council of 500 -​ Discussed but couldn't vote -​ Cut down to 50 people after they criticized the civil code -​ Legislature -​ Equivalent to the directors ancient -​ Said yes or no -​ Never rejected a bill after 1802 -​ Dictatorship -​ National List -​ Hand-picked by Napoleon Reforms made by the consul -​ Concordat -​ Public works -​ Sewer system -​ Secret police -​ Continental system -​ Trade restrictions -​ People get frustrated -​ Doesn’t accomplish what he wants of stunting British Economy -​ You will notice many of the changes were administrative decisions -​