FPolicy4.ppt

 Realism • Key features  Anarchy and the struggle for power  Liberal • Complexity and interdependence  Marxist • Division of labor • Dominance of the core over the periphery    International system is a system of Anarchy No state views there to be a higher authority than that of the...

 Realism • Key features  Anarchy and the struggle for power  Liberal • Complexity and interdependence  Marxist • Division of labor • Dominance of the core over the periphery    International system is a system of Anarchy No state views there to be a higher authority than that of themselves Problem • War/ Pursuit of security  Problem • Global change and transformation • We live in an increasingly interdependent and complex world. • Need global solutions to our problems  Problem • Inequality in the distribution of wealth • Unit of analysis  World Capitalist Economy  Dependency Theory  Multilateralism • Actions should be taken in cooperation with other nations after consultation.  Unilateralism • Acting alone, without consulting others  Isolationism • A national foreign policy of avoiding participating in foreign affairs.  Pragmatism • The policy of taking advantage of the situation for national gain  Moralism • The policy of emphasizing morality in foreign affairs. Image of the U.S is important • Jimmy Carter  Embargo • an embargo is the prohibition of commerce and trade with a certain country, in order to isolate it and to put its government into a difficult internal situation  Tariffs • Taxes on imports used to raise government revenue and protect infant (Domestic) industry.   Monroe Doctrine- Dec. 2, 1823 “In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers…   Message to the European powers This is America’s hemisphere     Theory that the United States was divinely mandated to expand across North America Sea to Sea Wars with the Native Americans Mexican War- 1846   December, 1904 All that this country desires is to see the neighboring countries stable, orderly and prosperous… If a nation shows that it knows how to act with reasonable efficiency and decency in social and political matters, if it keeps order and pays its obligations, it need fear no interference by the United States. Chronic wrongdoing, or an impotence which results in a general loosening of the ties of civilized society may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the western hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power.   Evolution of American Foreign Policy from Monroe Doctrine to Roosevelt’s Corollary As America grows in size and power we see a stronger more controlling foreign policy within the American continent by the U.S. • More assertive    Woodrow Wilson (President) Collective Security League of Nations • Wilson’s Creation, yet America did not join because Congress rejected. Senate Republicans believed strongly in Isolationism and unilateralism.  Causes • Directly caused by WWI • Even more devastating                             Country Military Soviet Union* 8,668,000 China 1,324,000 Germany 3,250,000 Poland 850,000 Japan 1,506,000 Yugoslavia 300,000 Rumania* 520,000 France* 340,000 Hungary* Austria 380,000 Greece* Italy 330,000 Czechoslovakia Great Britain 326,000 USA 295,000 Holland 14,000 Belgium 10,000 Finland 79,000 Canada 42,000 India 36,000 Australia 29,000 Spain** 12,000 Bulgaria 19,000 New Zealand 12,000 South Africa 9,000 Norway 5,000 Denmark 4,000 Civilian 16,900,000 10,000,000 3,810,000 6,000,000 300,000 1,400,000 465,000 470,000 145,000 80,000 62,000 236,000 75,000 *** 10,000 2,000 Total 25,568,000 11,324,000 7,060,000 6,850,000 1,806,000 1,700,000 985,000 810,000 750,000 525,000 520,000 410,000 400,000 388,000 295,000 250,000 85,000 79,000 42,000 36,000 29,000 22,000 21,000 12,000 9,000 5,000 4,000   United Nations is Created Multilateralism • Organization created shortly before the end of WWII to guarantee the security of nations and to promote global economic, physical, and social well being.  Bretton Woods Agreement • International financial agreement that created the World Bank and the IMF (International Monetary Fund)   1947-1975: Containment Theory Truman Doctrine • To contain communist expansion, • Marshall Plan to Rebuild Europe economically, • NATO to defend the West Against Soviet Aggression.  Korean War- US vs. China (Two main forces)   1961-1969 Kennedy • “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to ensure the survival and the success of liberty.” • Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) • Vietnam War(1965-1973)  Severely escalated by LBJ   Lyndon B. Johnson’s Gulf of Tonkin Message “This is not a jungle war, but a struggle for freedom on every front of human activity. Our military and economic assistance to South Vietnam and Laos in particular has the purpose of helping these countries to repel aggression and strengthen their independence.”   1969-1981 Richard M. Nixon • Normalizes relations with China. First President to do so since China became a Communist Country.  Détente • The relaxation of tensions between the U.S and the Soviet Union   The belief that human beings have inalienable rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion. President Carter’s foreign policy • based upon morality and the advancement of Human Rights. • Also had disastrous handling of Iran Hostage Crisis   The Carter Presidency was distinguished by his outsider status and brining morality back to the nation. Carter’s Foreign policy stance also rhetorically spoke of morality and legitimacy of the American foreign policy. Vietnam was considered a learning lesson, and Carter tried to use the Vietnam War as an attack on the containment ideology used by his predecessors.  Vietnam was considered a learning lesson, and Carter tried to use the Vietnam War as an attack on the containment ideology used by his predecessors.   In a speech before the United Nations Carter expressed his belief in building a global community. “We have already become a global community- but only in the sense that we face common problems and we share, for good or evil, a common future. In this community, power to solve the world’s problems- particularly economic and political power- no longer lies in the hands of a few nations. Power is now widely shared among many nations with different cultures and different histories and aspirations.”  The Carter administrations view on the Soviet Union was that they were not much of a threat nor were their intentions bad. The Carter administration viewed the Soviet Union as having only a limited impact on the entire international system.    Reagan painted Carter and the Democrats as weak on foreign policy. The ‘Vietnam Syndrome’ was a phrase Reagan and his team used quit frequently when campaigning. Reagan’s rhetoric was that of a hard line anti-communist  Policy that United States would provide assistance to anti-communist groups. • Afghanistan, S. America, Angola, Mozambique.  Rhetoric was very tough with the Soviets, his action more conciliatory   “He was ideological in his rhetoric yet often chose to act the pragmatist: he denounced the Soviet Union as an ‘evil empire,’ for example, then did more to moderate the Cold War than any other president.” McPherson, James M. 2000. “To The Best of My Ability”, The American Presidents. New York: DK Publishing. Pg. 288.    The Powell Doctrine: US troops must be committed only as a last resort and if it is in the national interest. Objectives must be clearly defined and attainable. Public support must be assured, as well as the means provided to ensure victory.  Engagement • Policy implemented by the Clinton administration that the United States would remain actively involved in foreign affairs. • Somalia?  Enlargement • United States would Promote expansion of Democracy, Open Markets, and Western economic and social values.  NAFTA • North American Free Trade Agreement • Open and promote “free trade” throughout our continent • Has been very good for Canada  WTO • World Trade Organization • International governmental organization created in 1995 that manages multilateral negotiations to reduce barriers to trade and settle trade disputes.   September 11, 2001 Al-Qaeda • Terrorist organization responsible for the attacks on 9/11 • Not their first attack on American Targets • 1993- World Trade Center • 1998- U.S Kenyan Bombings • 2000- U.S.S Cole Attack   War on Terrorism Taliban • Fundamentalist Islamic Government of Afghanistan • Government held responsible for harboring terrorists • Right target • We supplied the Mujahideen to fight the U.S.S.R • Later they took over the country  Bush Doctrine • Policy of using preemptive military action against perceived U.S Threats  Creates a new Cabinet • Homeland Security • Does anyone have a problem with this?  Hard Power • Large Troop Movements • Two officially declared wars  Afghanistan/ Iraq  Soft Power • Small troop presence/ Special Forces throughout West and North Africa/ Air and Naval • Syria/ Libya  Obama Doctrine • 3 facets of American Power • Diplomacy, Military (soft power), American image and ideals • Multi-lateral Approach  Department of State• Foreign Policy  Department of Defense• Military Policy    Joint Chiefs of Staff NSA (National Security Agency) CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)• Intelligence on foreign states and events.   NSC (National Security Council) DHS (Department of Homeland Security)  1961 • The President did not downplay the threat of communism, which he said “commands our whole attention, absorbs our whole being.” • Warned the country had “to guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or not, by the militaryindustrial complex.”   The conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry held “The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power.” The task of the President was not to rouse the people to make the “emotional and transitory sacrifice,” but rather to constrain the national security state through the “proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals, so that security and liberty may prosper together.”   But perhaps the most profound issue surrounding my receipt of this prize is the fact that I am the Commander-in-Chief of a nation in the midst of two wars. One of these wars is winding down. The other is a conflict that America did not seek; one in which we are joined by forty three other countries - including Norway - in an effort to defend ourselves and all nations from further attacks. Still, we are at war, and I am responsible for the deployment of thousands of young Americans to battle in a distant land. Some will kill. Some will be killed. And so I come here with an acute sense of the cost of armed conflict - filled with difficult questions about the relationship between war and peace, and our effort to replace one with the other.  But as a head of state sworn to protect and defend my nation, I cannot be guided by their examples alone. I face the world as it is, and cannot stand idle in the face of threats to the American people. For make no mistake: evil does exist in the world. A nonviolent movement could not have halted Hitler's armies. Negotiations cannot convince al Qaeda's leaders to lay down their arms. To say that force is sometimes necessary is not a call to cynicism - it is a recognition of history; the imperfections of man and the limits of reason.   I raise this point because in many countries there is a deep ambivalence about military action today, no matter the cause. At times, this is joined by a reflexive suspicion of America, the world's sole military superpower. Yet the world must remember that it was not simply international institutions - not just treaties and declarations - that brought stability to a post-World War II world. Whatever mistakes we have made, the plain fact is this: the United States of America has helped underwrite global security for more than six decades with the blood of our citizens and the strength of our arms. The service and sacrifice of our men and women in uniform has promoted peace and prosperity from Germany to Korea, and enabled democracy to take hold in places like the Balkans. We have borne this burden not because we seek to impose our will. We have done so out of enlightened self-interest - because we seek a better future for our children and grandchildren, and we believe that their lives will be better if other peoples' children and grandchildren can live in freedom and prosperity.  Osama Bin Laden killed in Abbottabad Pakistan. • CIA- Intelligence • Navy Seal – Operation Geronimo