Foundations To Social Sciences Reviewer PDF

**FOUNDATIONS TO SOCIAL SCIENCES** **Topic 1: Introduction to Social Science** **SOCIAL SCIENCE** Social science is the study of how people interact with one another. The branches of social science include anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. **SOFT SCIENCE** a...

**FOUNDATIONS TO SOCIAL SCIENCES** **Topic 1: Introduction to Social Science** **SOCIAL SCIENCE** Social science is the study of how people interact with one another. The branches of social science include anthropology, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. **SOFT SCIENCE** apply the scientific method to such intangibles, but because of the nature of living beings, it is almost impossible to recreate a soft science experiment with exactitude. **HARD SCIENCE**\ Studies in these hard sciences involve experiments that are relatively easy to set up with [controlled variables](https://www.thoughtco.com/controlled-variable-definition-609094) and in which it is easier to make objective measurements. **SOCIOLOGY, PSYCHOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, ECONOMICS, POLITICAL SCIENCE HUMAN GEOGRAPHY** **[PURPOSE OF SOCIAL SCIENCE]** Using an inquiry-based approach, social studies helps students examine vast human experiences through the generation of questions, collection and analysis of evidence from credible sources, consideration of multiple perspectives, and the application of social studies knowledge and disciplinary skills. **[KIND OF SCIENCE ARE SOCIAL SCIENCE]** A social science is any branch of academic study or science that deals with human behaviour in its social and cultural aspects. Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. - Social Sciences face challenges in objectivity and reliability due to the subjective nature of interpreting human behavior, while Natural Sciences achieve higher objectivity and reliability through clear, measurable data. - Social Sciences are often viewed as \"soft sciences\" with a lower status compared to \"hard sciences\" like Natural Sciences, due to the subjective and less quantifiable nature of their methods. **SCOPE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES** Social Sciences include various disciplines dealing with human life, human behavior and institutions. e.g. Anthropology, History, Economics, Education, Commerce, Demography etc. Social sciences are not exact science like physical sciences. It deals with human beings. **[The Meaning and Nature of Social Sciences]** The nature of Social Science deals with the framework and the function of it.  - - ** Social Science on Humanity and Society** Social Science also deals with the individuals and how they interact within the society. - Social Science guides to properly understand the connection between the environment and society.   -  Social Science studies how culture contributes to the behavior of the people in society - ** Human Development Throughout The Time** Social Science examines the different aspects of human development in different time frames. -  Social Science imparts useful knowledge and skills for an effective way of living.   - Social Science is based from facts and empirical research. **TOPIC 2 : VALUES OR ADVANTAGES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES TEACHING** **[IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES TEACHING]** - **Encourages community participation** - **Enhances critical and creative thinking** Social Studies provides knowledge about the current and past events in which students reflect on and think critically and creatively. Social Studies helps in molding 21st century learners to be critical and creative thinkers. - **Fosters Cultural Sensitivity** Social Studies promotes cultural awareness and sensitivity in the 21st century, enhancing holistic development among students. It exposes them to the Philippines\' rich cultural heritage, traditions, and belief systems, enhancing pride in Filipinos and fostering open-minded interactions. - **Broadens Global Perspective** The subject covers topics like Asian studies, world history, economics, and current global issues, helps students to become more aware of events happening around the world.This awareness can inspire the student to take part in global movements and act as responsible global citizens. - **Promotes Values Formation** **SOCIAL VALUE** - Social studies is the study of society and social relationships. - Social studies equips students with the knowledge and skills needed for effective participation and contribution to society. **EDUCATIONAL VALUE** A well designed and well conducted course of social studies can fulfill all the main educational requirements of a field of study. It will satisfy the need of the child to understand their environment and their relations with it. **POLITICAL VALUE** The study of Social Sciences provides valuable insights into political value and advantages. In democratic nations like India, government is run by elected parliament representatives, with various political parties. Every adult citizen has equal opportunities to participate in electing a democratic government. This awareness enhances awareness of regional, national, and global political scene, and fosters political thinking among youth. **DISCIPLINARY VALUE** Social Sciences subjects help students develop mental faculties like thinking, reasoning, observation, and imagination. They address the crisis of values in democracy and provide insights into past experiences. Studying historical aspects can help solve problems and teach citizens about the downfall of society due to lack of discipline. This disciplinary value helps students navigate personal and social conduct. **INFORMATORY VALUE** - Social Sciences presents a useful integration and unification of the various Social**\\**Sciences disciplines such as History, Geography, Civics, Political Science, Economics, and Sociology. In a meaningful and unified form it presents a vast treasure of information and knowledge related to men, society and human relationships. - Through the treasure of the current events aspect, we can feel ourselves quite informative about the latest developments and current events of our region, nation, and globe. The study of social studies helps in the development of various social virtues, characteristics, desirable ideals and moral values among the students. It helps them in the development of their intellectual potential and equip them with proper thinking and reasoning powers, and enable them to take proper decision by weighing the pros and cons,or goodness and badness of a particular deed. **NATIONAL VALUE** The study of Social Sciences helps in serving national interests. It teaches citizens to exercise their rights and responsibilities properly, leading to personal and national progress. Social Sciences also encourage patriotism by fostering love and dedication to one\'s country. Through the subject, students learn about unity in diversity by studying the regions, cultures, religions, and resources of their nation. **INTERNATIONAL VALUE** People need to be educated to live as part of a global community and develop a sense of world unity. Social Sciences can help students think globally by teaching them the idea that the world is one family. It helps them understand different cultures, global trade, and the importance of resolving conflicts peacefully, promoting world solidarity and international understanding. **CULTURAL VALUE** Social Sciences teach students about their culture and history, as well as the world around them. Through geography, they learn about the environment, transport, and communication. Economics helps them understand topics like demand, supply, banking, and managing resources. This knowledge is useful in jobs like farming, banking, business, and industry. **DEMOCRATIC VALUE** Democracy is defined as the rule of the people by the people for the people. Its success depends on personal development as well as the social and political consciousness of its citizens. **PRACTICAL VALUE** - The contents related to economics teach them the practical lessons of being economic in terms of using their time, energy and resources and contribute towards the economy of their family, society and nation. - Man has also to learn his place in the complex organization called society. A person may be learned in chemistry or mathematics, a skilled technician in thermoplastics or radionics, yet shortsighted in his attitudes to his fellowmen, unsocial, perhaps ill adjusted in other ways. The art of living is a fine art to which the social studies contribute understanding. In teaching social science, analyzing artistic value through creativity, technical skill,emotional impact, cultural significance, aesthetic appeal, innovation, and interpretive depth enriches students\' understanding of historical and cultural contexts: **Creativity**: Show how innovative art reflects societal values and challenges, such as the Renaissance\'s link to intellectual and scientific shifts. **Technical** **Skill**: Connect artistic techniques to technological and educational advancements, like the development of oil painting in 17th-century Netherlands. **Emotional Impact**: Discuss how art evokes emotions related to historical events, such as Picasso's "Guernica" and its reflection on the Spanish Civil War. **Cultural Significance**: Explore how art offers insights into cultural and historical contexts, such as Indigenous art revealing pre-colonial histories. **Aesthetic Appeal**: Compare societal values of beauty over time, from ancient Greece to modern preferences. **Innovation**: Analyze how artistic movements challenge norms and reflect social changes, like modernism's break from classical forms. **Meaning and Interpretation**: Encourage interpretation of artworks to understand diverse perspectives and historical contexts, reflecting varied experiences and ideologies. **VOCATIONAL VALUE** Vocational value assesses the importance of a job based on its economic benefits, personal fulfillment, social impact, career growth opportunities, and work-life balance. It helps individuals choose careers that align with their goals and values. **TOPIC 3 : HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF** **SOCIAL SCIENCE** **Growth of Social Studies in the United States 1783 - 1800s - Post Revolutionary America** Education focused on developing patriotic and nationalistic values. Influential figures like Benjamin Franklin, saw the importance of education in promoting good citizenship. Textbooks in history and geography began having these values. **1892 -- 1911** \- Historians at the Madison conference (1892) emphasized the importance of history, government, and economics in the curriculum. \- Historians continued to dominate the social studies curriculum. Social scientists began forming professional organizations like the American Political Science Association (1903) and the American Sociological Association (1905). **1920s** \- Social Studies has been innovative and experimental, blending history, geography, and social science. \- Social Studies has become a viable and vital curricular area of education. \- The National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) was established, moving social studies leadership from historians and social scientists to education professionals. **1939** \- James A. Michener edited the most important bulletin in the history of the National Council for the Social Studies (NCSS) entitled " The Future of Social Studies". \- This collected insights on Social Studies' achievements and proposed the direction of its future. \- However, the World War ll and Cold War shifted educational priorities, interrupting the progress of Social Studies. \- Following the World War ll, Michener did not return to his prewar career and became a popular writer after the war. **Continuous Spontaneous Existence Theory** It implies that the history of social studies is irrelevant. A thorough analysis of how social studies got included into the subject areas taught in basic education was left out by many authors. **Big Bang Theory** This revolves on the notion that social studies came out of nowhere in 1916. This theory has been supported by many literature. A classic example of this idea may be found in the \"Social Studies as a discipline\" special issue of the International Journal of Social Education. **Three main theories** There are three main theories about how social studies started, but sometimes myths or false beliefs pop up in articles. For example, an article in \*Theory and Research in Social Education (TRSE)\* claimed that social studies were started by John Dewey and others to promote socialization. However, this is not true---it\'s just a misconception or myth. John Dewey did not start or endorse social studies, despite some claims. While Dewey\'s educational ideas were referenced by others, including the 1916 Committee on the Social Studies, he did not specifically support the field in his writings or consider it a separate discipline.Misconceptions linking Dewey to social studies,propagated by figures like Kieran Egan and found in both scholarly and popular publications, are incorrect. Raising Doubts: A Framework for Social Studies Foundations\* This section emphasizes that knowing the past of social studies is key to shaping its future. It introduces two important points: 1\. The term \"social studies\" was already commonly used in research before the 1916 Social Studies Committee was formed. 2\. Social studies has a unique origin that predates 1916 and differs from traditional history teaching methods. **Supporting Data** The \*Supporting Data\* section explains that the term \"social studies\" was used as early as 1883 in books and social welfare activities. Early advocates like Carroll D. Wright, the first U.S. Commissioner of Labor in 1887, promoted the idea of using social science in schools to improve society and encourage good citizenship. By the 1880s, \"social education\" became a term used to promote social welfare in public schools. In the late 1800s, educators began connecting school subjects to social issues, an approach called \"social education. \" Key figures like Conway MacMillan and Charles DeGarmo helped shape this socially centered curriculum. By the early 1900s, the focus shifted to social sciences and citizenship, leading to the development of\"social studies." - The term \"social studies\" was first used by Edmund James in 1897, and by 1916, it became an important part of the curriculum, aiming to prepare students for civic responsibility. Social studies evolved over time, rather than suddenly appearing in 1916. - Social studies as a school subject originated from sociology, not history. Key figures like Arthur William Dunn and Thomas Jesse Jones emphasized civic engagement and social service. Influenced by sociologists from the University of Chicago, Dunn created one of the first social studies curriculums around 1905, focusing on active citizenship. - Jones also believed education should help young people improve society. By the early 1900s, critics like John Dewey argued that traditional history was insufficient, leading to the creation of social studies to better prepare students for civic life. - In the early 1900s, there was a conflict between traditional history education and the emerging social studies movement. While traditionalists resisted change, critics like John Dewey advocated for an education focused on real-world social issues. Social studies developed as a modern alternative to history, which often focused on ancient topics. - The idea of combining subjects like sociology, history, and geography to address social problems began in the 1880s-1890s. By 1912, this progressive approach led to the creation of social studies, aiming to foster active citizenship and tackle contemporary societal issues. - In the early 1900s, social studies emerged as a new school subject, distinct from traditional history. Clarence Kingsley, in 1913, pushed for an education focused on social issues, leading to the introduction of social science. Thomas Jesse Jones coined the term \"social studies, \" integrating subjects like history and geography to promote active citizenship. By 1916, social studies gained prominence, supported by figures like Arthur W. Dunn and Jones, and aimed to prepare students for civic engagement, unlike traditional history-centered education. - The 1916 Social Studies program marked a major shift in education by emphasizing modern social issues and active citizenship over traditional history. Influenced by 19th-century social welfare movements and progressive thinkers, it aimed to connect students with current social realities. While it included history, the focus was on understanding the present. To enhance social studies today, it\'s crucial to explore its origins in social welfare and address common misconceptions, ensuring it remains a vital tool for teaching civic responsibility.