Forms & Routes of Drug Administration PDF

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology Forms of drug  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology Forms of drug Classify according to physical form to.... 1. Solid ( Tablets- Capsules- Supp...

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology Forms of drug  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology Forms of drug Classify according to physical form to.... 1. Solid ( Tablets- Capsules- Suppositories- Pessaries) 2. Semisolid (Ointment — Oculentum) 3. liquid (Solution- Syrup- Decoction- Infusion-Emulsion -Liniment) 4. Gaseous ( Gas- Aerosols -Spray —Inhalant) A- Solid form 1-Tablet: is a hard, compressed medication in round, oval, square or some other shape may be coated or uncoated 2-Capsule is a medication in a gelatin container. The two main types of capsules are: A- hard-shelled capsules, which are normally used for dry, powdered ingredients, B- soft-shelled capsules, primarily used for oils and for active ingredients that are dissolved or suspended in oil. 3- Suppositories: used for rectal application containing cacao butter as vehicle. 4- Pessaries: used for vaginal application containing gelatin or theobromine oil as a vehicle.  B- Semisolid form 1-Ointment: a semisolid preparation contain Vaseline as vehicle to be applied on the skin 2.Oculentum (eye ointment): contains lanolin to be applied on eye -  c- liquid form l- Solutions: clear Liquid preparations for oral use containing one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable vehicle. 2- Syrup: It is a concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, usually sucrose 3-Decoction: prepared by boiling the dried plant in water for 10 minutes. 4-Infusion: prepared by soaking dried plant in water 5- Emulsion: A mixture of two immiscible liquids using an emulsifying agent as gum acacia 6-Liniment: a liquid or viscid preparation rubbed on the skin for anodyne effects as camphor 7- Collyrium (eye lotion): A weak watery solution of drug used as antiseptic wash for the eyes e.g. boric acid 4%. 8-Enema: applied per rectum for treatment of constipation. 9-Tincture: consists of nonvolatile substance dissolved in alcohol as iodine tincture.  D- Gaseous form l- Gas: as oxygen 2- Aerosol: is a spray that contains very fine liquid or solid drug particles in a gas.  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology Routes of drug administration  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology Factors affecting the choice of route of admins.: 1)-Form of drug 2)-Physical & chemical prop. of drug. 3)-Rapidity of response 4)-Nature and location of the disease  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology Routs of Drug Administration A)Body orifices B)Parental C)Topical (local) 1)- Oral 2)- Nasal 1)- I/V6)- Intracardiac 3)- Respiratory 7)- Intra-articular 4)- Rectal 2)- I/M8)- Epidural 5)- Vaginal 3)- S/C 6)- Urethral 4)- I/d 5)- I/P  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology A)BODY ORIFICES:- - Oral Rout (by mouth=Per Os): ug wh given orally should be: palatable non-irritant stable at intest.& gastric pH unaffected by digestive juice adequately absorbed  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology Advantages disadvantages 1-Convenient 1-Difficult handling 2-Economic &cheap 2-Can’t use in unconscious 3-Variety (forms) 3-can’t use in emergency 4-Safe 4-Unsuitable in GIT disturbance 5-Some drugs irritant 6-Some drugs destroyed by gastric acidity 7-Some drugs destroyed by gastric enzyme  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology 2)- Nasal m.m: al drops nasal m.m local effect Anti-inflammatory drops ttt rhinitis Nasal decongestant drops vasoconstriction 3)- Respiratory m.m Drug is given (inhalation): in the inspired air Forms: gas (No), volatile liquid (ether), aerosol (isoprenaline spray) Used: local effect: bronchodilator for ttt asthma  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology 4)- Rectal Route (Per rectum): Drug forms: suppositories or Enema Uses: Local effect: purgative, evacuate intest. &ttt enteritis. Systemic effect: suppositories of antibiotics N.B: usually absorp. is slow from rectal mucosa so 5)- Vaginal it used when the oral route unsatisfactory ug forms: pessaries & Uterine tablets route: es: Local ttt: vaginal &uterine affections  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology 6)- Urethral route: rug given by: catheter s: Local ttt: urethra, prostate &U.B affections  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology B)Parental (By Pharmacology– 3th Level Students Injection): Injection: introducing the drug into the body by means of syringes into the required site Injection used in the following conditions( Advantages): 1- drug is non effective orally Destruction by gastric acidity-- penecilin or by enzyme---insulin failure of intest. Absorp.---streptomycin 2- drug has irritant action---- nausea and vomiting 3- in GIT disturbance 4- in unconscious A 5- in Emergency  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology 1) Intravenous (I/V) 2) Intramuscular (I/M) Inject in superficial Vein Gluteal Vertically deep in SkeletalUpper Mm thigh  N.B: most rapid onset &short duration of action I/V inject. Must be very slowly N.B: slower absorption and longer inject.--- To avoid toxic & allergic effect duration of action than I/V Uses: Moderate irritant ---- Mm less sensitive to pain Uses: Emergency Irritant drug to tissue (diluting effect of blood) Large dose (I/V infusion)  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology 3) Subcutaneous 4) Intradermal (I/d) (hypodermic) (S/C) Under skin Into Skin Uses: Diagnostic testes as N.B: slower absorption and slightly tuberculin test for T.B longer duration of action than I/M diagnosis) Uses: non irritant drug(avoid local Allergic test as penicillin tissue non hyper-osmotic (edema)  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology 5) Intraperitoneal (I/P): Inject drug into abdominal cavity N.B: used for very rapid absorp.of drug when I/V and other routs are not available (used esp. in lab.animal) 6) Intra-cardiac: Inject drug through chest wall into heart Uses: Emergency ( cardiac arrest)  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology 7) Intra-articular: Inject drug directly into synovial fluid (joint capsule) under highly sterilize environment. Uses: joint inflammation 8) Epidural: Inject local anesthetic agent in the epidural space inside the spinal canal outside dura matter Uses: for regional anesthesia  Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Department of pharmacology c) Topical (local): Drug placed on the skin or m.m Uses: local effect: counter irritant, anti- inflammatory, antiseptic Systemic effect: after absorp. Through skin (rarely) N.B: drugs are absorped more slowly through skin than other body membrane but the rate of absorp. Can increase by placing drug in vehicle