Forensic Toxicology: Phosphorus - Sign & Symptoms

 Subscribe to our channel by clicking the link given below https://youtube.com/c/SavvyForensics SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  For evaluation of your NET EXAM(Forensic Science) preparation. Kindly visit our website. Here y...

 Subscribe to our channel by clicking the link given below https://youtube.com/c/SavvyForensics SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  For evaluation of your NET EXAM(Forensic Science) preparation. Kindly visit our website. Here you will get topic-wise MCQ’s of Forensic Science & Paper-1(Teaching & Research Aptitude). (SavvyforensicsQuiz) SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  FACEBOOK PAGE https://www.facebook.com/savvyforensics/ TELEGRAM CHANNEL https://t.me/savvyforensics BLOGGER www.savvyforensicsquiz.blogspot.com SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  Subscribe to our channel by clicking the link given below https://youtube.com/c/SavvyForensics SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  For evaluation of your NET EXAM(Forensic Science) preparation. Kindly visit our website. Here you will get topic-wise MCQ’s of Forensic Science & Paper-1(Teaching & Research Aptitude). (SavvyforensicsQuiz) SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  FACEBOOK PAGE https://www.facebook.com/savvyforensics/ TELEGRAM CHANNEL https://t.me/savvyforensics BLOGGER www.savvyforensicsquiz.blogspot.com SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics 36  Subscribe to our channel by clicking the link given below https://youtube.com/c/SavvyForensics SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  For evaluation of your NET EXAM(Forensic Science) preparation. Kindly visit our website. Here you will get topic-wise MCQ’s of Forensic Science & Paper-1(Teaching & Research Aptitude). (SavvyforensicsQuiz) SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  FACEBOOK PAGE https://www.facebook.com/savvyforensics/ TELEGRAM CHANNEL https://t.me/savvyforensics BLOGGER www.savvyforensicsquiz.blogspot.com SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics 38 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY PHOSPHORUS(Important facts)  PHOSPHORUS ◾ Phosphorus is a non- metallic inorganic irritant poison. ◾ exists in two major forms, white/yellow phosphorus(luminous with garlicky smell) and red phosphorus(amorphous solid). ◾ White phosphorus emits a faint glow due to its oxidation(chemiluminescence) hence the name, taken from Greek mythology, meaning " light- bearer" (Latin Lucifer ), refers " Morning Star", the planet Venus. ◾ It is highly reactive that's why never found as a free element on Earth. t.me/Savvyforensics [email protected] SavvyForensics  PHOSPHORUS ◾ Elemental phosphorus was first isolated as white phosphorus in 1669 from human urine, and bone ash was an important early phosphate source. ◾ phosphorus generally occurs as phosphate. ◾ Phosphates are a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids, complex compounds fundamental to cells. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  PHOSPHORUS Atomic number 15 Group group 15 (pnictogens) Block p-block Density white: 1.823 g/cm3 ; red: ≈2.2–2.34 g/cm3 violet: 2.36 g/cm3 ; black: 2.69 g/cm3 o Together with nitrogen, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, phosphorus is classified as a pnictogen. o It is a protoplasmic poison which interfere with cellular oxidation & the metabolism is diminished that results in necrobiosis of liver(hepatotoxic action phosphorus). t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  PHOSPHORUS ◾ An average adult human contains about 0.7 kg of phosphorus, about 85 – 90% in bones and teeth in the form of apatite{ Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually referring to hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ions, respectively, in the crystal} & the remainder in soft tissues and extracellular fluids ( ~1%). ◾ The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5 weight% in infancy to 0.65 –1.1 weight% in adults. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  PHOSPHORUS ◾ Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4 g/L, about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates. ◾ An adult with healthy diet consumes and excretes about 1–3 grams of phosphorus per day. ◾ Only about 0.1% of body phosphate circulates in the blood, paralleling the amount of phosphate available to soft tissue cells. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  PHOSPHORUS ◾ Phosphorus is the principal element in the structure of the nucleus and cytoplasm of all tissue cells. ◾ It is also a universally distributed component of skeletal, nerve, and muscle tissues. ◾ A reduced concentration of phosphate in the blood serum is a disorder known as hypophosphatemia. Symptoms may include weakness, trouble breathing, and loss of appetite. ◾ Complications may include seizures, coma, rhabdomyolysis, or softening of the bones. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  PHOSPHORUS ◾ An excess of phosphorus can also be problematic, especially in aquatic systems where eutrophication sometimes leads to algal blooms. ◾ Other applications include organophosphorus compounds in detergents, pesticides, and nerve agents. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics 39 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY PHOSPHORUS(Sign & Symptoms)  SIGN & SYMPTOMS(ACUTE POISONING) ◾Primary symptoms- ( due to local i rritant action) within 2 - 6 hrs 1. Nausea 2. Vomiting 3. Diarrhea 4. White phosphorus is toxic, causing severe l iver damage on ingestion and may cause a condition known as Smoking Stool Syndrome( severe vomiting and diarrhea) 5. Garlicky or sulphurous odour in breath 6. Intense thirst 7. Abdominal pain appears after latent period of couple of days t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  SIGN & SYMPTOMS(ACUTE POISONING) ◾ Secondary symptoms- due to absorption 1. Hepatomegaly( abnormal enlargement of the l iver) 2. Abnormal bleeding in the form of pupuric spots( blood spots or skin hemorrhages, refers to purple- colored spots ) 1. Acute yellow atrophy of l iver 2. Renal failure 3. Convulsions & delirium 4. Hepatic & renal insuf ficiency results in death 5. Abortion of pregnant women with alarming flooding. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  SIGN & SYMPTOMS(CHRONIC POISONING) ◾ Toothache ◾ Ulcerative stomatitis ◾ Loosening of teeth ◾ Necrosis of jaw bone & osteomyelitis ◾ All this results in multiple sinus formation which disc harge foul smelling pus. Thus af fected jaw is k/ a " Phossy jaw". t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  NECROBIOSIS ACUTE YELLOW [physiological death of a cell, and can be caused ATROPHY by conditions such as basophilia, [was first described by Rokitansky, erythema, or a tumor. who regarded the process as one Identified both with and without necrosis] of bilious liquefaction] Enlarged at first but shrunken later Smaller with a wrinkled capsule Uniformally yellow Dirty yellow Soft & greasy Hard & brittle Occur in early symptoms Occur in late symptoms Fatty generation with necrosis(death of body Necrosis of most cells without damage to tissue. It occurs when too little blood flows to the supporting connective tissue tissue) of some cells & purpuric spots t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  FATAL DOSE & FATAL PERIOD ◾ Fatal dose 1mg/ k g body weight( 60 -1 20mg) ◾ Fatal period Within 24 hours t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  TREATMENT ◾ Potassium permanganate acta as chemical antidote. ◾ Dilute solution of copper sulphate(0.1%) also used as antidote. ◾ 200mg of copper sulphate give until vomiting occurs. t.me/Savvyforensics [email protected] SavvyForensics  POST-MORTEM APPEARANCE ◾ Garlicky or sulphurous smell around mouth & also in stomach content ◾ Jaundice & haemorrahages both under the skin & natural orifices of body. ◾ Purpuric spots in skin ◾ Luminous content & Congestion in gastrointestinal tract ◾ Enlarged liver or acute yellow atrophy ◾ Stomach & intestine is yellowisn or grayish white coloured, softened, inflamed or even corroded. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  VISCERA PRESERVATION ◾ Don't use rectified spirit for preservation, because it loses its luminocity. ◾ Use saturated solution of NaCl(Sodium chloride) t.me/Savvyforensics [email protected] SavvyForensics 40 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY PHOSPHORUS(Examination)  EXAMINATION ◾ Test with Ammonium Molybdate  2ml. of the extract is mixed up with 2ml. Of ammonium molybdate solution in a test tube.  A few drops of concentrated Nitric acid is added and warmed.  The appearance of a canary yellow precipitate is obser ved. Due to formation of Ammonium phosphomolybdate t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  EXAMINATION ◾ Test with Ammonium Molybdate- Quinine Sulphate reagent  1ml. of extract is placed in a semi- micro test tube and 1ml of reagent ( prepared by dissolving 1gm of finely powdered ammonium molybdate in 5ml of water and adding and stirring a solution of 0.025gm of quinine sulphate in 20ml of concentrated nitric acid) is added.  It is warmed gently on a water bath. A yellow precipitate is produced with in a few minutes. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  EXAMINATION ◾ Magnesia mixture test ◾ Take solution of questioned sample in test tube. ◾ Add Magnesia mixture into it. ◾ Gives white precipitate due to formation of magnesium aluminum phosphate. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  EXAMINATION ◾ Quantitative method to determine the amount of phosphate present in samples ◾ A measured amount of boiler water is poured into a mixing tube and ammonium heptamolybdate reagent is added. ◾ The tube is then vigorously shaken. ◾ Add dilute stannous chloride reagent, which has been freshly prepared from concentrated stannous chloride reagent and distilled water, to the mixture in the tube. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  EXAMINATION ◾ This will produce a blue colour due to the formation of molybdenum blue and the depth of the blue colour indicates the amount of phosphate. ◾ For determination of quantity further colorimeter is used. ◾ Direct reading of phosphate concentration can be obtained by using a Lovibond comparator. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  MEDICOLEGAL SIGNIFICANCE ◾ Ingredient of fireworks & certain rodents & insect poisons. ◾ Phosphorus ca be detected even in putrefied body. ◾ Vermin killers contain yellow phosphorus(zinc phosphide, aluminium phosphide) used for suiccide. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  REFEEDING SYNDROME ◾ A metabolic disturbance that occurs as a result of reinstitution of nutrition in people and animals who are starved, severely malnourished, or metabolically stressed because of severe i l lness. ◾ When too much food or l iquid nutrition supplement is eaten during the initial four to seven days following a malnutrition event, the production of glycogen, fat and protein in cells may cause low serum ( blood) concentrations of potassium, magnesium and phosphorus. ◾ Cardiac, pulmonary and neurological symptoms can be signs of refeeding syndrome. ◾ It can be fatal, I f low serum minerals severe enough. t.me/Savvyforensics t.me/Savvyforensics SavvyForensics [email protected] [email protected] SavvyForensics  Subscribe to our channel by clicking the link given below https://youtube.com/c/SavvyForensics SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  For evaluation of your NET EXAM(Forensic Science) preparation. Kindly visit our website. Here you will get topic-wise MCQ’s of Forensic Science & Paper-1(Teaching & Research Aptitude). (SavvyforensicsQuiz) SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  FACEBOOK PAGE https://www.facebook.com/savvyforensics/ TELEGRAM CHANNEL https://t.me/savvyforensics BLOGGER www.savvyforensicsquiz.blogspot.com SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  Subscribe to our channel by clicking the link given below https://youtube.com/c/SavvyForensics SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  For evaluation of your NET EXAM(Forensic Science) preparation. Kindly visit our website. Here you will get topic-wise MCQ’s of Forensic Science & Paper-1(Teaching & Research Aptitude). (SavvyforensicsQuiz) SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  FACEBOOK PAGE https://www.facebook.com/savvyforensics/ TELEGRAM CHANNEL https://t.me/savvyforensics BLOGGER www.savvyforensicsquiz.blogspot.com SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  Subscribe to our channel by clicking the link given below https://youtube.com/c/SavvyForensics SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  For evaluation of your NET EXAM(Forensic Science) preparation. Kindly visit our website. Here you will get topic-wise MCQ’s of Forensic Science & Paper-1(Teaching & Research Aptitude). (SavvyforensicsQuiz) SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics  THANK YOU SavvyForensics [email protected] t.me/Savvyforensics