Embryology PDF

# Male Urogenital System - **Urinary bladder** - **Prostate gland** - **Urethra** - **Scrotum (no fat)** - **Penis** - **Ampulla of vas** - **Ejaculatory duct** - **Seminal vesicle** - **Bulbo-uretheral gland** - **Vas deferens** - **Epididymis** - **Testis (seminiferous tubules)** # Spermatogenesi...

# Male Urogenital System - **Urinary bladder** - **Prostate gland** - **Urethra** - **Scrotum (no fat)** - **Penis** - **Ampulla of vas** - **Ejaculatory duct** - **Seminal vesicle** - **Bulbo-uretheral gland** - **Vas deferens** - **Epididymis** - **Testis (seminiferous tubules)** # Spermatogenesis A diagram describing spermatogenesis from type A spermatogonia to sperms. - **Proliferation-1** - **Type A spermatogonia (diploid no) 46** - **Mitosis** - **Type B (daughter) spermatogonia 46** - **Growth-2** - **Primary spermatocyte 46** - **Meiosis 1 (1st maturation division)** - **Secondary spermatocyte 23 (haploid no)** - **Meiosis 2 (2nd maturation division)** - **Spermatids 23** - **Transformation-4 (spermiogenesis)** - **Sperms 23** # Semen - **(sperms + gland's secretions)** - **c.c. / ejaculation 5–3** - **.millions / c.c 100.** - **motile % 70.** - **abnormal forms < 10%.** # Normal and Abormal Sperms A diagram showing the different types of sperm cells: - **Normal** - **Giant** - **Dwarf** - **Joined** # Female Reproductive System - **Ovary** - **Myometrium** - **Uterus** - **Body** - **Fundus** - **Fallopian tube** - **Medial end** - **Lateral end** - **Fimbria** - **Endometrium** - **Cervix** - **Vagina** - **Oogonia + follicular cells** # Oogenesis A diagram describing the process of oogenesis before and after birth. - **Prenatal** - **Before birth** - **Oogonium 44XX** - **Mitosis** - **Daughter oogonium** - **Growth** - **Primary oocyte (ovary inactive)** - **Birth** - **Each month from puberty to menopause** - **Postnatal** - **Meiosis I is done by one primary oocyte each month** - **First polar body** - **Meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur)** - **Polar bodies (all polar bodies degenerate)** - **Second polar body** - **Follicle Development in Ovary** - **Follicle cells** - **Primordial follicle** - **Primary follicle** - **Growing follicle** - **Vesicular (Graafian) follicle** - **Ovulated secondary oocyte** # Follicle Development in Ovary A diagram describing different stages of follicular development in the ovary. - **Before birth** - **Oogonium 44XX** - **Mitosis** - **Daughter oogonium** - **Growth** - **Primary oocyte (ovary inactive)** - **Childhood** - **Each month from puberty to menopause** - **Primary oocyte** - **Meiosis I is done by one primary oocyte each month** - **First polar body** - **Meiosis II of polar body (may or may not occur)** - **Polar bodies (all polar bodies degenerate)** - **Second polar body** # Follicle Development in Ovary A diagram describing different stages of follicular development in the ovary. - **Follicle cells** - **Primordial follicle** - **Growing follicle** - **Vesicular (Graafian) follicle** - **Ovulation** - **Meiosis II completed (only if sperm penetration occurs)** - **Corpus luteum** - **Ovulated secondary oocyte** # Ovary Stages A diagram describing different stages of ovary development. - **Primordial follicle containing primary oocyte** - **Prenatal** - **Postnatal** - **Primary follicle containing primary oocyte** - **Growing follicle containing primary oocyte** - **Mature follicle (Graafian) containing secondary oocyte** - **Secondary oocyte** - **Ovulation** - **Ruptured follicle** - **Corpus luteum** - **Corpus albicans** - **Oogonium** # Graafian Follicle A diagram describing the internal structure of a Graafian follicle. - **Stratum granulosum** - **Cumulus oophorous** - **Vitelline membrane** - **Theca externa** - **Theca interna** - **Antrum** - **Zona pellucida** - **2ry oocyte** - **Corona radiata** - **Contraceptives** - **Parlodel** # Fertilization A diagram showing the normal site of fertilization. - **Normal site of fertilization** - **24 h** - **1/3** # Twins A diagram showing the difference between uniovular and binovular twins. | Type | Percentage | Sperm | Ovum | Sex | Shapes | Placenta | Amnion | Umbilical Cords | |---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---| | **Uniovular (monozygotic)** | **30%** | 1 | 1 | Same | Identical | 1 | 1 | 2 | | **Binovular (dizygotic)** | **70%** | 2 | 2 | Different or same | Different | 2 | 2 | 2 | # Conjoined Twins - **Thoracopagus** - **Pygopagus** - **Craniopagus** # Blastocyst Formation A diagram showing the different stages from 2-cell stage to blastocyst. - **Day 3** - **Morula** - **Zona pellucida** - **12-16 cells or blastomeres** - **Blastocyst** - **36 h** - **2-cell stage** - **4- cell stage** - **8-cell stage** # Implantation of Blastocyst A diagram showing the implantation of a blastocyst in the endometrium. - **Day 3 ** - **Morula** - **Blastocyst** - **36 h** - **2-cell stage** - **4- cell stage** - **8-cell stage** - **Day 6** - **Implantation** - **Endometrium** - **Day 9** - **Decidua** # Sites of Implantation A diagram showing the normal and abnormal sites of implantation. - **Normal site of implantation** - **Abnormal site of implantation** - **Tubal pregnancy** - **Ovarian pregnancy ** - **Placenta previa** - **Abdominal pregnancy** # Cleavage A diagram showing the different stages of cleavage. - **Second polar body** - **Egg pronucleus** - **Sperm pronucleus** - **Fertilization (0 hours)** - **Sperm cells** - **Zygote** - **Cleavage** - **2-celled stage (30 hours)** - **4-celled stage** - **8-celled stage** - **Morula (72 hours)** - **Blastocyst** - **Ovary** - **Maturing follicle** - **Corpus luteum** - **Uterus** - **Ovulation** - **Secondary oocyte** - **First polar body** - **Implanted blastocyst (6 days)** # In Vitro Fertilization A diagram of in-vitro fertilization, labeling the different steps. - **Tubal obstruction** - **Egg production stimulated by hormone therapy (gonadotropins)** - **Eggs retrieved from ovary** - **Sperm sample provided** - **Eggs and sperm combined to allow fertilization** - **Fertilized eggs introduced into uterus** - **8-cell stage (4-5 embryos)** # Implantation A diagram showing the implantation of a blastocyst. - **Myometrium** - **Decidua parietalis** - **Trophoblast** - **Inner cell mass** - **Blastocoele** - **Decidua basalis** - **Decidua capsularis** - **Uterine cavity** - **Maternal blood vessels** # Early Embryo Development A diagram showing different stages of early embryo development. - **Amnion** - **Amniogenic cells** - **Epiblast** - **Hypoblast** - **Primary yolk sac (exocoelomic cavity)** # Embryo Development A diagram showing different layers of the developing embryo. - **Maternal blood blood vessels** - **Amnion** - **Ectoderm** - **Decidua** - **Endoderm** - **2ry yolk sac** - **Syncytiotrophoblast** - **Cytotrophoblast** - **Extraembryonic (primary) mesoderm** # Chorionic Villi Formation A diagram showing the chorionic villi and their formation. - **Chorionic villi** - **Chorion** - **Chorionic vesicle** - **Extraembryonic coelom** - **Body (connecting) stalk** - **Inner (splanchnic) layer** - **Outer (somatic) layer** - **Y.S.** - **A** # Chorionic Villi Formation A diagram describing the formation of the chorionic villi. - **Beginning of a chorionic villus** - **Decidua basalis** - **Ectoderm** - **Endoderm** - **Splanchnic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm** - **Somatic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm** - **Decidua capsularis** - **Maternal blood blood vessels** - **Amnion** - **Body (connecting) stalk** - **Syncytiotrophoblast** - **Cytotrophoblast** - **Extraembryonic coelom** - **2ry yolk sac** # Chorionic Villi Formation A diagram describing different stages of chorionic villi formation. - **Lacunae of maternal blood in the intervillous space** - **Primary chorionic villus** - **Secondary chorionic villus** - **Tertiary chorionic villus** - **Placental barrier** - **To embryo** # Placental Barrier A diagram showing the layers of the placental barrier. - **Cytotrophoblastic shell** - **Lacunae of maternal blood in the intervillous space** - **Tertiary chorionic villus** - **Placental barrier** - **To embryo** # Placental Barrier A diagram showing the placental barrier. - **Maternal blood blood vessels** - **Decidua** - **Lacunae of maternal blood in the intervillous space** - **Somatic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm** - **Cytotrophoblast** - **Syncytiotrophoblast** - **Primary chorionic villus** # Placental Barrier A diagram showing the placental barrier. - **Maternal blood blood vessels** - **Cytotrophoblastic shell** - **Lacunae of maternal blood in the intervillous space** - **Somatic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm** - **Decidua** - **Cytotrophoblast** - **Syncytiotrophoblast** - **Secondary chorionic villus** # Placental Barrier A diagram showing the placental barrier. - **Maternal blood blood vessels** - **Cytotrophoblastic shell** - **Lacunae of maternal blood** - **Syncytiotrophoblast** - **Somatic layer of extraembryonic mesoderm** - **Cytotrophoblast** - **Decidua** - **Tertiary chorionic villus** - **Blood vessels** - **Placental barrier** - **Fetal arteries** # Placental Barrier A diagram showing the placental barrier. - **Cytotrophoblastic shell** - **Lacunae of maternal blood in the intervillous space** - **To embryo** - **Tertiary chorionic villus** - **Placental barrier** # Chorionic Villi Formation A diagram describing the different parts of a chorionic villus. - **D. basalis** - **D. parietalis** - **Tertiary chorionic villus** - **Somatic layer** - **Splanchnic layer** - **Amnion** - **2ry yolk sac** - **D. capsularis** - **Extraembryonic coelom** - **Ectoderm** - **Body stalk** - **Endoderm** # Chorion A diagram showing the difference between chorion frondosum and chorion laeve. - **Chorion frondosum** - **Tertiary chorionic villi** - **Chorion laeve** # Bilaminar Embryonic Disc A diagram showing the bilaminar embryonic disc. - **Amnion** - **Ectoderm** - **Cranially** - **Primary mesoderm** - **Yolk sac** - **Caudallly** - **Body stalk** - **Endoderm** - **Bilaminar embryonic disc** # Gastrulation A diagram showing the notochord formation and gastrulation. - **Amnion** - **Cranial** - **Ectoderm** - **Endoderm** - **Primary mesoderm** - **Yolk sac** - **Notochoral canal** - **Primitive node** - **Primitive streak** - **Secreted 2ry mesoderm** # Gastrulation A diagram showing the formation of the bucco-pharyngeal membrane. - **Amnion** - **Ectoderm** - **Primitive node** - **Bucco-pharyngeal membrane** - **Endoderm** - **Notochord** - **Secondary mesoderm** - **Yolk sac** - **Primitive streak** - **Primary mesoderm** - **Cloacal membrane** # Gastrulation A diagram showing different structures in gastrulation, like the cardiogenic plate. - **Pericardial sac** - **Cardiogenic plate** - **Septum transversum** # Gastrulation A diagram showing the different parts of a gastrula. - **Gastrulation** - **Gastrula** - **Cardiogenic plate** - **Pericardial sac** - ** Septum transversum** - **Yolk sac** - **Bucco-pharyngeal membrane** - **Endoderm** - **Notochord** - **Amnion** - **Ectoderm** - **Body stalk** - **1ry mesoderm** - **Allantois** - **Cloacal membrane** # Neurulation A diagram showing the formation of the neural plate. - **Amnion** - **Primary mesoderm** - **Yolk sac** - **Endoderm** - **Neural plate** - **Ectoderm** - **2ry mesoderm** - **Notochord** <start_of_image> Diagrams showing different stages of neurulation - **Ectoderm** - **Neural groove** - **2ry mesoderm** - **1ry mesoderm** - **Notochord** - **Yolk sac** - **Neural fold containing neural crest** - **Endoderm** # Neurulation A diagram showing the neurulation process. - **Day 25** - **Anterior neuropore** - **Neural groove** - **Neural folds** - **Day 27** - **Posterior neuropore** - **Neurulation** - **Fused neural folds forming neural tube** # Mesoderm Development A diagram showing different parts of the developing mesoderm. - **Paraxial mesoderm** - **Intermediate cell mass (nephrogenic cord)** - **Urogenital system** - **Adrenal cortex** - **Lateral plate mesoderm** - **Notochord** # Coelom Formation A diagram showing coelom formation. - **Pleura** - **Pericardium** - **Peritoneum** - **Some ms. of limbs** - **Parietal layer** - **Pericardial sac** - **Pleural sacs** - **Peritoneal sac** - **Intraembryonic coelom** - **Notochord** - **Ms. of viscera** - **Visceral layer** # Somite Formation A diagram showing different parts of a somite. - **Sclerotome** - **42-44 somites** - **4 occipital** - **8 C** - **12 T** - **5 L** - **5 S** - **8-10 COC** - **With the notochord they form vertebrae** - **Ms. of trunk + some ms. of limbs** - **Myotome** - **Dermomyotome** - **Dermatome** - **Dermis of skin** - **Notochord** # Gut Tube Formation A diagram showing the different parts of the forming gut tube. - **Gut tube** - **Definitive yolk sac** - **Vitello-intestinal duct** # Gut Tube Formation A diagram showing the formation of the forebrain. - **Forebrain** - **Neural tube** - **Gut tube** # Embryonic Development A diagram showing the developing embryo. - **1- Ectoderm covers the outside - skin** - **2- Amnion surrounds the foetus** - **3- Yolk sac** - **Gut tube** - **Definitive Y.S.** - **Vitello-intestinal duct** - **4- Endoderm - lines gut tube** - **5- Ventral aspect shows:** - **Buccopharyngeal m.** - **Cloacal m.** - **Allantois** - **Body stalk (umbilical cord)** - ** Septum transversum** - **Pericardial sac** - **Cardiogenic plate** - **6- Most cranial part - forebrain** # Midgut A diagram showing the midgut. - **Ectoderm** - **Septum transversum** - **Midgut lined by endoderm** - **Amnion** - **Cardiogenic plate inside pericardial sac** - **Foregut** - **Buccopharyngeal membrane** - **Notochord surrounded by 2ry mesoderm** - **Hind gut** - **Cloacal membrane** - **Umbilical cord** - **Forebrain** - **Vitello-intestinal duct** - **Definitive yolk sac** - **Allantois** # Placenta A diagram showing the parts of the placenta. - **Myometrium** - **Extra-embryonic coelom** - **Inner layer of primary mesoderm** - **Decidua basalis** - **Chorion frondosum** - **Umbilical cord** - **Decidua capsularis** - **Chorion laeve** - **Uterine cavity** - **Amnion** - **Decidua parietalis** # Placenta A diagram showing the parts of the placenta. - **Myometrium** - **Uterine cavity** - **Decidua parietalis** - **Decidua capsularis** - **Chorion laeve** - **Extra-embryonic coelom** - **Inner layer of primary mesoderm** - **Decidua basalis** - **Chorion frondosum** - **Umbilical cord** - **Cervical canal** - **Amnion** # Placenta A diagram showing the parts of the placenta. - **Myometrium** - **Chorion laeve** - **Amnion** - **Disappeatance of uterine cavity by fusion of decudua capsularis and decidua parietalis** - **Cervix containing cervical canal** - **Umbilical cord** - **Decidua basalis** - **Placenta** - **Chorion frondosum** # Placenta A diagram showing the parts of the placenta. - **Myometrium** - **Placenta** - **Fused chorion laeve + decidua capsularis + decidua parietalis** - **Umbilical cord** - **Amnion** - **Cervix** # Functions of Amnion A diagram showing the embryo inside the amniotic sac and its functions. - **Protecrion:** - **Trauma** - **Uterine contractions** - **Antibodies** - **Disribution of even temprature** - **No adhesions** - ** Medium for movements** - **Nutrition** - **Excretion** - **Labour** - **Functions of amnion** # Functions of Amnion A diagram showing the bag of forewaters and its functions. - **Bag of forewaters** - **Protecrion:** - **Trauma** - **Uterine contractions** - **Antibodies** - **Disribution of even temprature** - **No adhesions** - ** Medium for movements** - **Nutrition** - **Excretion** - **Labour** - **Cervix dilatation** - **Wash birth canal** - **Lubricant** # Amniocentesis A diagram showing amniocentesis. - **Amniotic fluid** - **Placenta** - **Fetus** - **Uterus** - **Amniocentesis** - **Cervix** # Umbilical Cord A diagram showing the different parts of the umbilical cord. - **2 umbilical a (Rt + Lt)** - **Lt umbilical v** - **Allantois** - **Vitello-intestinal duct + defenitive yolk sac** - **Wharton's jelly** - **Amniotic cover** # Umbilical Cord A diagram showing the different parts of the umbilical cord. - **2 umbilical arteries** - **Allantois** - **Vitello-intestinal duct** - **Left umbilical vein** - **Amniotic covering** - **Wharton's jelly** # Umbilical Cord Structures A diagram showing the remnants of the umbilical cord structures. - **Ligamentum teres** - **V** - **Vitellointestinal duct** - **Disappears** - **Urinary bladder** - **Medial umbilical ligaments** - **2 A** - **Median umbilical ligament** - **Allantois** # Umbilical Cord A diagram showing the different types of knots in the umbilical cord. - **50 cm x 0.5 cm** - **Too short < 20 cm** - **Too long > 120 cm** - **Knots** - **False** - **True** # Fetal Membranes A diagram showing the fetal membranes. - **Fetal membranes** - **Chorion** - **Umbilical cord** - **Amnion** - **Zygote** # Placenta Functions A list of the function of the placenta. - **1- Respiration** - **2- Nutrition** - **3- Excretion** - **4- Barrier** - **Organisms : G. measles, AIDS, Syphilis** - **Drugs : e.g. Thalidomide** - **Chemicals : nicotine, alcohol, insecticides** - **Rh. Factor** - **5- Endocrine function:** - **Progesterone, estrogen** - **Lactogen ** - **Relaxin** - ** Chorionic gonadotrophin** # Placenta A diagram showing different parts of the placenta. - **Cotyledons** - **Umbilical cord** - **Maternal surface of the placenta** - **Foetal surface of the placenta** # Placenta Previa A diagram showing different types of placenta previa: - **Placenta praevia** - **Lateralis** - **Marginalis** - **Centralis** # Placenta Conditions A diagram showing different types of placental conditions: - **Accessory placenta** - **Velamentous insertion of the cord** - **Battledore p.** - **Bilobed placenta** - **Placenta percreta** - **Placenta increta ** - ** Placenta accreta** - **Chorion epithelioma: cancer placenta** # Life Span A diagram showing the different stages of human development. - **Life span ** - **Prenatal:** - **1st week - pre-embryonic period** - **2nd - 8th week - embryo** - **3rd month – birth - fetus** - **Postnatal:** - **Birth - 2nd week - neonatal period** - **3rd week – 1st year - infancy** - **2nd year – puberty - childhood** - **Puberty + 6 years - adolescence** - **20 – 60 years - adult** - **After 60 years - old age** # Chromosomal Abnormalities A diagram showing different types of chromosomal abnormalities. - **99% - fatal** - **44 + X - 1% - Turner's syndrome** - **44 + XXX - Triple X syndrome** - **44 + XXY - Kleinfelter' syndrome** - **44 + XYY - Supermale** - **45 + XY - Down’s syndrome** - **45 + XX - Down’s syndrome** - **N.B absence of autosome or X chromosome is fatal** # Female Cycle A diagram showing the different phases of the ovarian and menstrual cycle. - **Ovulation** - **Pituitary** - **FSH** - **FSH + LH** - **LH** - **Atresia** - **2ry oocyte** - **Corpus albicans** - **Ovarian cycle** - **Primary follicles** - **Follicular phase** - **Luteal phase** - **Graafian follicle** - **Corpus luteum** - **Days** - **1** - **4** - **7** - **14** - **28** - **Hormones** - **Estrogen** - **Oestrogen + progesterone.** - **Superficial functional layer** - **Menstrual cycle ** - **Menstrual phase** - **Repaire phase** - **Proliferative phase** - **Secretory phase** - **Deep basal layer** - **ADULT FEMALE CYCLES**