FOCM1.docx

LESSON 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING 1. DEFINITION Fundamentals - Foundation -- a central or primary rule or principle on which something is based Calculate - To make a calculation, using a computer Computer - "compute" -- to calculate - is derived from "compute" - is a device...

LESSON 1: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING 1. DEFINITION Fundamentals - Foundation -- a central or primary rule or principle on which something is based Calculate - To make a calculation, using a computer Computer - "compute" -- to calculate - is derived from "compute" - is a device or machine that performs pre-definied or programmed computations that are in numerical or logical terms at high speed and great accuracy - used to store, transfer, and transform information Fundamentals of computing - students of **computer science** through **creativity** and **innovation**, students will use **critical thinking** and **problem-solving skills** - **systematic study of algorithmic processes** - **Process** of using **technology** to complete a given **goal-oriented task**. Computing may encompass the design and development of software and hardware systems. (Technopedia Inc) - any **goal-oriented** activity **using computer** (ACM, IEEE, and AIS) - systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information (ACM) - any activity that uses computers. Development of both hardware and software. Computing has become critical, integral component of modern technology (Wikipedia). Computer - an **electronic device** that can perform times faster than humans - **follow** generalized **sets of operations** called **programs**. That enable computers to perform an extensive range of tasks - only devices that are designed and built by humans - mechanical device that facilitates the **last two stages** of the "Dr. John Hubbard computing process" Dr. John R. Hubbard - **computing** is a human process Computing process 1. Recognizing and clarifying a problem 2. Devising a method for solving a problem 3. Executing a solution 4. Correcting and revising the solution Algorithm - a step-by-step procedure that can be carried out automatically by a computer - it is everywhere - named after Persian mathematician Al-Khwarizmi HISTORY Key concepts - **first computing device** is our **fingers** - initially, calculations were computed by humans - human computers were typically engaged in the measure of a mathematical expression - **1613** -- first use of word computer **DEVICES IN COMPUTING** 1. [Tally Sticks] - an **ancient memory aid** device to **record** and **document** numbers 2. [Abacus] - a **mechanical device** used to aid an individual in **performing mathematical calculations.** - Invented in **Babylonia** in **2400 BC** - **first used in China** around **500 BC** - an **oriental device** that allows rapid **addition** and **subtraction** by sliding beads along parallel wires held in a frame 3. [Mechanical Calculator ] - Invented by **Wilhelm Schickard (1592 -- 1635)** in **1623** - a **mechanical calculator** that was capable of doing the **four fundamental operations** 4. [Napier's Bones] - Invented by **John Napier** in **1614** - can calculate **products** and **quotients, square** and **cube roots** by moving the rods around and placing them in specially constructed boards 5. [Slide Rule] - invented by **William Oughtred** in **1622** - based on Napier's ideas about **logarithms,** used primarily for -- **multi, div, roots, log, trigo.** (Not add and sub) 6. [Pascaline] - invented by French math **Blaise Pascal** in **1642** - a calculator that is capable of solving **sums** and **differences** 7. [Leibniz Wheel] - invented by German matj **Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz** in **1673** - the machine can **add, sub, multi, and divide automatically.** 8. [Jacquard Loom] - invented by **Joseph-Marie Jacquard** in **1881** - it an automatic loom controlled by **punched cards** 9. [Arithmometer] - invented by **Thomas de Colmar** in **1820** - the first reliable, useful, and commercially successful **calculating machine** - the **first mass-produced** calculating machine 10. [Difference Engine] - invented by English math **Charles Babbage** in **1822** - **automatic mechanical calculator** designed to tabulate **polynomial functions** 11. [Analytical Engine] - invented by English math **Charles Babbage** in **1834** - was a proposed **digital mechanical general-purpose computer** and considered as the **first mechanical computer** **[Augusta Ada Byron]** - **first computer programmer** in **1840** - suggested to Babbage that she use the **binary system** - she writes programs for the **Analytical Engine** 12. [Scheutzian Calculation Engine] - invented by **Per Georg Scheutz** in **1843** - it is based on Charles Babbage's **difference engine** - the first **printing calculator** 13. [Tabulating Machine] - invented by **Hermen Hollerith,** and American engineer, in **1890** - took up the idea of using **punch cards** to **summarize information and accounting** - in **1889,** he contracted with the **US Census Bureau** to process the **1890 census data automatically** - he established the **Tabulating Machine Company** in **1896,** which later evolved into the **International Business Machine (IBM)** 14. [Mark 1] - invented by **Howard H. Aiken** in **1943** - the next significant achievement in the history of computing occurred in **1939** at **Harvard University** when **he persuaded IBM** to support a project to build a **modernized version** of **Babbage's Analytical Engine** - it was able to perform **automatically scientific computations** with far greater speed and accuracy; stored its programs on **punched tapes** - considered as the **first electromechanical computer** in **1944** 15. [Atanasoff-Berry Computer] - invented by **Professor John Atanasoff** and graduate student **Clifford Berry** at **Iowa State University** between **1939** and **1942**. - The **first electronic digital computing device**. - **Mass**: 700 lbs (320 kg) - **Memory**: 3000 bits - **CPU**: More than 300 vacuum tubes @ 60 Hz - **Display**: Decimal, via a front panel display 16. [ENIAC] - **Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer** - Designed and built by **John W. Mauchly** and **J. Presper Eckert** designed and built the ENIAC, in the nearly the end of the Second World War - The **first electronic digital computer**. - After the war, Mauchly and Eckert formed a **private company** that built and marketed the first **Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC),** commercial computer designed for both business and scientific applications. - **The US Census Bureau bought the first one in 1951**. 17. [EDVAC] - **Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer** - The **first stored-program computer**; making this the basis for the design of **all modern computers**. - **John von Neumann** is a Hungarian -- American mathematician who thought of **storing programs in the computer\'s memory itself**, the same way that data is stored. - He suggested this idea in **1945** and incorporated it into the **design of the IAS (Institute for Advanced Study) computer** 18. [Osborne 1] - Released by the **Osborne Computer Company** in **1981**. - The **first portable computer**. 19. [Electric Controls Company] - The **first computer company** that was **founded in 1949** by **John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly** **Personal Computers (1970-1979)** - The development of personal computer began in **1970**. - The **PC explosion** started with the **introduction** of **Altair 8800, Scelbi-8H,** and **Apple computers.** - The two programmers **Bill Gates** and **Paul Allen** translated program instructions in **BASIC (Beginner\'s All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)**, which was introduced to the market by **Microsoft Corporation**. - In **1972**, **Steve Jobs** and **Steve Wozniak** founded the **Apple Computer** that became the major entrance into the **microcomputer industry** - By the end of 1977, the dominant machines were the Apple II, Atari, Commodore, and TRS-80 model from the radio shack Division of Tandy Corporation. - These leading machines were being used everywhere in homes, schools, and workplaces. **Business Computers (1980-1987)** - **IBM Microcomputers** started to expand its market by introducing other personal computers suited for business applications. - **Manufacturers** had come up with more **advanced electronic digital microcomputer** supporting **business applications** and **graphics environment.** **Modern Computers (1988 -- Present)** - **Smaller sized computer** with a **greater storage capacity.** - Developments include the era of the laptop, computer notebook, programmable calculators, modems, E-mail (electronic mail), networking, information highways, internet, optical disk, multimedia, fiber optics, etc. **LESSON 1 PART 2: COMPUTER STORAGES AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER** **I. BASIC CONCEPTS OF COMPUTER** **Computer** - a **programmable machine** that receives input, stores and manipulates data, and provides output in a useful format. Common Use of Computer 1. Communication 2. Recreation and Entertainment 3. Geographical and Astronomical Research 4. Education 5. Health and Medicine 6. Governmental Use 7. Science 8. Business **FIVE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF COMPUTER** **1) [Central Processing Unit]** - it **controls** nearly all the **computer's activities** - the CPU resides on a single computer chip called a **microprocessor** - portion of a computer system that **carries out a computer program's instructions** and is the primary element **carrying out the computer's functions** a. **Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)** b. **Control Unit (CU** **2) [Main Memory]** - It is the storage place for the data that is directly accessed by the CPU. - It typically consists of a set of single **in-line memory modules (SIMMS)** mounted on the computer\'s motherboard **close to the CPU.** 1. Random Access Memory (RAM) - is a memory used by the computer to store the information temporarily. 2. Read-Only Memory (ROM) - is the computer memory on which data has been prerecorded **3) Storage (Hard Disk)** - It pertains to the **rigid circular disk** located inside a computer hard disk drive. - The term **hard disk** is often used as an abbreviation to the **hard disk drive**. - It is the **computer\'s primary storage media device.** **4) Input Devices** - **enable the user** to **enter commands** and **data into the computer.** - It refers to a **piece of hardware** that **sends data to a computer**. - keyboard - mouse - joystick - light pen - touchpad - webcam - microphone - scanner - trackball **5) Output Devices** - A piece of computer hardware that **receives data** from a computer and then **translates** that data into **another form**. Common output devices - Monitor - Printer - Headphone - Earphone - Speaker - Projector Headphone and earphone can be an I/O device**.** **Types of computer monitor** - Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor - Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) monitor - Light Emitting Diode (LED) monitor - Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED) monitor - Plasma Screen monitor - Inkjet printer - Laser printer **Computer Storages** - It is a technology consisting of **computer components** and **recording media** that are used to **retain digital data**. - It is a **core function** and a fundamental part of computers (Wikipedia). **Hierarchy of Storage** **Storage Devices** 1. **Primary Storage** - This is presently known as **memory**, is the only one **directly accessible** to the CPU. - The CPU continuously reads **instructions** stored in the primary storage and executes 2. **Secondary Storage** - It is also known as **storage**, differs from primary storage in that it is **not directly accessible by the CPU.** - The computer usually uses its **input/output channels** to **access secondary storage** and transfers the desired data using an intermediate area in primary storage. - **Hard disks** are generally used as secondary storage. 3. **Tertiary Storage** - It is also known as **tertiary memory**, typically involves a **robotic mechanism** that will **mount (insert) and dismount** **removable mass storage** media into a storage device according to the system\'s demands; this data is often copied to secondary storage before use. 4. **Offline Storage** - It is also known as **disconnected storages**, are computer data storages on a medium or a device that is **not under the control of a processing unit.** - The medium is usually **recorded** in a **secondary or tertiary storage device**, and then physically removed or disconnected. How Computer stores information 1\. The computer stores information as a string of zeros (0) and ones (1) - The standard string length is eight 0\'s or 1\'s in a row - This standard length is called a byte - A byte equals one character - A character is a letter, number, or symbol. It is about anything that can be typed on a keyboard - There are 256 standard characters used by almost all computers 2\. Information size measurements - Kilobyte (KB) - One kilobyte equals about 1024 bytes - 1KB is about 140 words, about a half page of typed double- spaced text (words only) - Megabyte (MB) - One megabyte equals about 1000 KB - One megabyte equals about 1,000,000 bytes - One megabyte equals about 500 pages of text, or one large book - Gigabyte (GB) - One gigabyte equals about 1000 MB - One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000 KB One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000,000 bytes - One gigabyte equals over 1,000 books of text - Terabytes, Petabytes, Exabytes, and Zettabyte **Characteristics of Storage** **Volatility** - Non-volatile memory - Volatile memory **Differentiation** - Dynamic memory - Static memory **Mutability** - Read/write storage or mutable storage - Read only storage - slow write, fast read storage **Accessibility** - Random Access - Sequential access **Capacity** - Raw capacity - Density **STORAGE DEVICES** 1. **Disk/Disc Storage** - It is a general category of storage mechanisms. - Data are **digitally recorded** by various **electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical methods** on a surface layer deposited of one or more **planar, round, and rotating platters.** 2. **Floppy Disk** - It is a **thin**, **flexible medium of magnetic storage** that is encased in a **square plastic shell**. - It is read and written by a floppy disk drive. - IBM invented this small storage device in **1969**. It comes in three sizes: 8-inch, 51/4- inch, and 31/2-inch. (the mid-1970s to the late 1990s.) 3. **Compact Disk** - It is more commonly referred to as a **CD**, is an **optical disk** used to store digital data. - After its introduction in the market in **1982**, the technology was followed with the launch of CD- ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, VCD, SVCD, and Enhanced CD. CD-ROM and CD-R are widely used in the field of computers. - A standard CD having a diameter of 120 mm can hold up to **700 MB data**. By the year 2007, an estimated 200 billion CDs were sold all over the world. 4. **Digital Versatile Disk** - A digital versatile disk (or known as DVD) is an **optical storage device** used for **data storage in computer technology.** - Although they share the same dimensions as the CDs, DVDs can store six times more data than the compact disks. - The two types are **DVD-video and DVD- audio**. High-definition DVDs were discontinued after the Blu-ray optical disk was introduced into the market. 5. **Blu-ray Disc** - The Blu-ray Disc often referred to as BD, are **optical disks** manufactured by **Sony** for the storage of **digital data**. - It is most commonly used in **gaming**, **high definition video storing**, etc. - Though it is of the same size as a CD or DVD, it can store up to **50 GB** of data. This technology uses a blue-violet laser to read the data, and hence is referred to as a blu-ray disk. - These optical disks have overshadowed other optical storage devices due to their high storage capacity 6. **Flash Memory** - It is a **non-volatile memory** in computer technology which can be **electrically programmed or erased.** - Flash memory devices commonly used today include USB flash drives and memory cards. 7. **USB Flash Drive** - It is a type of memory storage device that is integrated with the **Universal Serial Bus** (USB) interface. - Although they are smaller than a floppy disk, their storage capacity ranges from **64 MB to 128 GB.** - Some USB drives allow as many as 1 million erases and write cycles, while some have a 10-year data retention capacity. 8. **Punch Cards** - These are pieces of **stiff paper** used to contain **digital information** coming from the **perforated holes.** - The presence or absence of holes in predetermined **positions** **defines the data.**