FM Chapter 4 PDF

**CHAPTER 4** **QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH** 1\. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of quantitative research? a\) Data can be easily summarized and utilized b\) The data generating process is standardized c\) The measurement process is standardized \*d) Provides deep understanding of the in...

**CHAPTER 4** **QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH** 1\. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of quantitative research? a\) Data can be easily summarized and utilized b\) The data generating process is standardized c\) The measurement process is standardized \*d) Provides deep understanding of the inner feelings of respondents 2\. What is a key characteristic of instruments used in quantitative research? a\) They are designed to capture subjective experiences b\) They are typically unstructured and flexible \*c) They are carefully crafted and standardized d\) They focus on exploring diverse perspectives 3\. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a questionnaire? a\) It can be summarized into frequencies b\) It can include quantitative measures c\) It can identify the location of the respondent \*d) It can be used to infer about the population 4\. What is the main advantage of using a standardized data collection procedure in survey research? a\) It ensures that all data are collected in the same way b\) It helps to eliminate bias in the data c\) It allows for more accurate analysis of the data \*d) All of the above 5\. Which of the following is NOT a good example of a ratio variable? a\) Rice yield \*b) Amount of credit c\) Household income d\) Household expenditure 6\. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ratio level of measurement? a\) It has an absolute zero point. \*b) It can be easily converted to a lower level of measurement. c\) It contains the properties of all the scales discussed above. d\) It has equal units of measurement. 7\. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the nominal level of measurement? a\) Groups are classified without any implication of graduation of distance between the groups. b\) Analysis allows for simple comparison among the groups without implication on how higher/lower one group is relative to the other groups. c\) The nominal level of measurement carries the least information among the different levels of measurements. \*d) The nominal level of measurement is based on the assumption of a common and constant unit of measurement. 8\. What is the key difference between the ordinal and interval levels of measurement? a\) The ordinal level allows for ranking of units but the interval level does not. \*b) The interval level is based on equal intervals between values, while the ordinal level does not. c\) The interval level is based on a true absolute zero point, while the ordinal level does not. d\) The ordinal level is based on an equal interval between values, while the interval level does not. 9\. Which of the following data collection methods is used to address concerns about cost, speed, accuracy, and scope of data collection? a\) Census \*b) Sample Survey c\) Family Income and Expenditure Survey d\) Annual Poverty Indicator Survey 10\. What is the difference between probability and nonprobability sampling? \*a) Probability sampling involves selecting samples based on a known probability, while nonprobability sampling does not. b\) Probability sampling is used when the population is unknown, while nonprobability sampling is used when the population is known. c\) Probability sampling is more expensive than nonprobability sampling. d\) Probability sampling is less accurate than nonprobability sampling. 11\. What is a \"frame\" in the context of sampling? \*a) A frame is a list of all units in the population. b\) A frame is a list of all possible samples. c\) A frame is a list of all sampling techniques. d\) A frame is a list of all sampling domains. 12\. Which of the following sampling strategies is an example of nonprobability sampling? a\) Simple random sampling b\) Stratified random sampling \*c) Quota sampling d\) Systematic sampling 13\. When is simple random sampling not a useful method of sampling? a\) When the population is heterogeneous. b\) When the population is homogeneous. \*c) When there is no available frame. d\) When the domain is large and geographically scattered. 14\. What is the key advantage of using stratification in sampling? a\) It ensures that the sample is representative of the population. b\) It simplifies the process of data collection. \*c) It allows for a more precise estimate of population characteristics. d\) It minimizes the potential for sampling bias. 15\. What is the primary advantage of cluster sampling compared to simple random sampling when dealing with a large population spread across different geographic areas? a\) Cluster sampling is always more cost-effective. b\) Cluster sampling reduces the risk of sampling bias. \*c) Cluster sampling simplifies data collection and analysis. d\) Cluster sampling guarantees a higher response rate. 16\. In multistage sampling, what is the main purpose of selecting first-stage units consecutively from 1 to N? a\) To ensure equal representation of all clusters. b\) To maximize the sample size within each cluster. c\) To facilitate the random selection of second-stage units. \*d) To simplify the process of numbering and identifying clusters. 17\. What is the main reason for using a strategy of identifying sample units in the same way as the sample selection procedure is planned and decided on during the planning stage of the survey? \*a) To ensure representativeness of the sample. b\) To reduce the cost of the survey. c\) To make sure that the sample size is large enough. d\) To make sure that the sample size is small enough. 18\. According to the passage, what is the relationship between sample size and precision? a\) Larger sample size results in lower precision. \*b) Larger sample size results in higher precision. c\) Sample size does not impact precision. d\) Smaller sample size results in higher precision. 19\. What does the term \"precision\" refer to in the context of sampling for a survey? \*a) The exactness of the sample mean in relation to the true population mean. b\) The degree to which the sample size influences the accuracy of the estimate. c\) The extent of heterogeneity within the population. d\) The level of confidence associated with the estimated sample mean. 20\. According to the text, under what condition does the population size cease to affect the precision of the estimate? \*a) When the sample size is large compared to the population size. b\) When the coefficient of variation is high. c\) When the margin of error is low. d\) When the confidence level is high. 21\. Which of the following best describes the concept of \"heterogeneity\" in the context of sample size calculations? \*a) The variation in characteristics within a population. b\) The similarity in characteristics within a population. c\) The distribution of population units across different categories. d\) The accuracy of the sampling method used. 22\. Which of the following is NOT a step in preparing a questionnaire design? a\) Review of related literature b\) Construction of theoretical framework c\) Focus group discussion \*d) Data analysis 23\. What is the main purpose of a focus group discussion during questionnaire development? a\) To finalize the list of questions to be included in the questionnaire \*b) To gather further insights from the eligible respondents of the survey c\) To collect demographic information about the respondents d\) To analyze data collected from the questionnaire 24\. What is the purpose of pretesting a questionnaire? \*a) To ensure that the questions are clear and can be easily comprehended by the respondents. b\) To collect data to generate more comprehensive questions. c\) To translate the questionnaire into the respondents' own dialect. d\) To ensure that the survey aptly complements the research objectives. 25\. Why is it important to translate questionnaires into the respondents' own dialect? a\) To help you prioritize those that are more comprehensive relative to the objectives of the study. \*b) To ensure that the respondents clearly understand the questions, and their responses are appropriate to the questions. c\) To collect data for excess questions on the survey. d\) To ensure that the survey aptly complements the research objectives. 26\. Which of the following is NOT a reason why a researcher should carefully construct a questionnaire to minimize errors? a\) To avoid biased responses b\) To ensure the questionnaire is relevant to the research objectives \*c) To minimize the need for pre-testing d\) To enhance the researcher\'s interviewing skills 27\. Which of the following is a reason to use a carefully crafted skipping pattern in a questionnaire? a\) To encourage respondents to provide more detailed answers b\) To increase the questionnaire\'s reliability \*c) To minimize the occurrence of response errors d\) To make the questionnaire more engaging for respondents 28\. Which of the following is NOT a vital quality of an interviewer in a study? a\) Honesty b\) Adaptability c\) Intelligence \*d) Physical Appearance 29\. What can be a possible implication if a respondent does not cooperate in a study? a\) The study will be delayed. b\) The data collected will be inaccurate. c\) The researcher will not be able to analyze the data. \*d) All of the above. 30\. Which of the following is NOT a strategy to control nonresponse errors? a\) Ensure access to sample units, e.g., dedicated transportation, high quality frame, and carefully planned logistical strategy. b\) Pay attention to the selection, training, and supervision of interviewers. c\) Convince the respondents (through interviewers) to cooperate by explaining the objectives and uses of the survey results. \*d) Carefully design the questionnaire. 31\. What is the main reason why nonresponse errors can influence the estimates of certain population characteristics? a\) The respondents might be unable to provide accurate information. b\) The questionnaire could be very lengthy, does not have logical sequencing or arrangement of questions, and exhibits a problem with the question structure, question content, or wording. \*c) Nonresponse errors may also occur when data cannot be collected from the samples, as this could induce bias in the estimates of certain population characteristics. d\) It could be that the respondents are simply in an uncooperative mood, hence, the introductory statement/covering letter that includes the motivation for the study is important. 32\. What is the main reason for including a section on the \"Purpose and significance of research\" in a survey introduction? a\) To provide a general overview of the survey. \*b) To explain why the respondent\'s participation is important. c\) To ensure confidentiality and anonymity. d\) To gather demographic information. 33\. Why is it essential to state the reason why a respondent was selected for participation in the survey introduction? a\) To ensure fairness in the selection process. b\) To explain the specific criteria used in the survey. \*c) To make the respondent feel valued and included. d\) To justify the time needed to complete the survey. 34\. What is the main purpose of field editing? \*a) To ensure that the questionnaires are correctly filled out. b\) To make sure the data is consistent and complete. c\) To check for errors in the data. d\) To make sure the data is accurate. 35\. What is central editing? a\) The process of editing questionnaires after they have been encoded. \*b) The process of checking for inconsistencies and errors in the data. c\) The process of assigning codes to data. d\) The process of ensuring that the data is complete and consistent. 36\. What is the purpose of a codebook in data analysis? \*a) To provide a standardized guide for encoding variables based on the questionnaire, reducing errors and improving efficiency. b\) To create a list of all possible answers to each question in the questionnaire. c\) To analyze the data collected from the questionnaire and draw conclusions. d\) To determine the sample size needed for a statistically significant study. 37\. What is the primary objective of statistical analysis in research? a\) To collect data from a representative sample of the population. \*b) To transform raw data into information that can be used for decision-making. c\) To develop a questionnaire that accurately measures the variables of interest. d\) To ensure that the data collected is free from errors and biases. 38\. What kind of data is collected in the variable \"Verbatim Answer\"? a\) Numerical b\) Categorical \*c) Qualitative d\) Quantitative 39\. Which of the following is NOT a reason why exploratory data analysis is important? a\) To gain initial insights about the data. b\) To assess the shape of the distribution. c\) To determine the appropriate statistical method for further analysis. \*d) To make assumptions about the population parameters. 40\. In choosing a statistical method, what is the first and foremost consideration? a\) The nature of the data. b\) The distribution of the data. \*c) The hypothesis being tested. d\) The availability of statistical software. 41\. What are the three main stages of statistical analysis as shown in diagram? \*a) Data, information, decision-making b\) Descriptive analysis, statistical inference, structural inference c\) Statistical optimality, statistical robustness, statistical inference d\) Survey sampling, experimentation, time series 42\. What is the primary goal of statistical inference? a\) To describe the characteristics of a sample. \*b) To make generalizations about a population based on sample data. c\) To analyze the relationships between variables. d\) To predict future outcomes. 43\. Which of the following is NOT a commonly used method for analyzing paired data? a\) t-test \*b) ANOVA c\) Paired t-test d\) Regression analysis 44\. In hypothesis testing, what is the null hypothesis (H0)? a\) The hypothesis that the researcher is trying to prove. \*b) The hypothesis that the researcher doubts to be true. c\) The hypothesis that the researcher believes to be true. d\) The hypothesis that is based on the sample data. 45\. What is the difference between a one-tailed and a two-tailed hypothesis test? \*a) A one-tailed test is used when the alternative hypothesis specifies a direction, while a two-tailed test does not. b\) A one-tailed test is used when the sample size is small, while a two-tailed test is used when the sample size is large. c\) A one-tailed test is used when the data is normally distributed, while a two-tailed test is used when the data is not normally distributed. d\) A one-tailed test is used when the null hypothesis is rejected, while a two-tailed test is used when the null hypothesis is not rejected. 46\. What is the implication of rejecting the null hypothesis? a\) It means that the null hypothesis is true. \*b) It means that the alternative hypothesis is true. c\) It means that the null hypothesis is false. d\) It means that the alternative hypothesis is false. 47\. What is the purpose of calculating a p-value in hypothesis testing? \*a) To determine the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true b\) To determine the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true c\) To determine the probability of accepting the null hypothesis when it is false d\) To determine the probability of finding a statistically significant result 48\. What is the purpose of statistical modeling in social sciences? a\) To simplify complex systems and make them easier to understand. b\) To predict future events and trends. c\) To identify causal relationships between social phenomena. \*d) All of the above. 49\. What are the three phases in the statistical modeling building process? a\) Planning, implementation, and evaluation. \*b) Planning, development, and verification. c\) Design, data collection, and analysis. d\) Problem definition, model development, and model evaluation. 50\. In the context of regression analysis, what is the role of independent variables? \*a) They are used to explain the behavior of the dependent variable b\) They are the primary focus of the analysis c\) They are used to measure the overall productivity of the system d\) They are used to identify potential causal relationships in the data 51\. Which of the following statements is NOT true about the error term in a regression model? a\) It accounts for the deviation of the data points from the straight line. b\) It represents the possible measurement errors not included in the model. \*c) It is assumed to be constant across all possible values of the independent variables. d\) It justifies the inclusion of information in the scatter plot that cannot be explained by the independent variables. 52\. What is the significance of the regression coefficient in regression analysis? a\) It indicates the correlation between the dependent and independent variables. b\) It indicates the strength of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. \*c) It indicates whether the independent variable is a significant predictor of the dependent variable. d\) It indicates the direction of the relationship between the dependent and independent variables. 53\. In logistic regression, what is the dependent variable? a\) A continuous variable that can take on any value \*b) A dichotomous variable that can take on two values c\) A categorical variable with more than two categories d\) A count variable that represents the number of occurrences 54\. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of big data? a\) Volume b\) Velocity c\) Variety \*d) Validity 55\. Which of the following is NOT a type of big data? a\) Social networks b\) Traditional business systems c\) Machine-generated data \*d) Experimental data 56\. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using big data for research? a\) Big data can provide insights from various features. b\) Big data can be used to explore a particular problem. \*c) Big data can be used to provide the ultimate answer to a research question. d\) Big data can provide opportunities for social science research. 57\. Which of the following is NOT a type of control used in experimental research? a\) Randomization b\) Elimination c\) Counterbalancing \*d) Correlation 58\. Which of the following is NOT a major criticism of the true experiment? a\) It is artificial. b\) It is difficult to control for extraneous variables. c\) It is difficult to generalize the findings. \*d) It is unethical to manipulate the independent variable. 59\. Which of the following is an example of a quasi-experimental design? a\) A study that randomly assigns participants to different treatment groups. b\) A study that compares the effectiveness of two different teaching methods. \*c) A study that examines the impact of a new policy on a community. d\) A study that investigates the relationship between two variables.