FM-AA-CIA-15-CC-101-STUDY-GUIDE-3-FINAL.pdf

FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 3 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING MOD...

FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 STUDY GUIDE FOR MODULE NO. 3 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTING MODULE OVERVIEW The digital computer has had, and keeps having, a profound impression not only on the enterprises and in the field of technologies but also to the society in general. History studies are very beneficial in assessing that impression and having knowledge on the development of transformation that results in even more progressive technologies. Computer variety in length and functionality and may also be categorized through their speed computing power. Generation in computer machine terminology is an alternate in generation a computer is being used. At first, generation term became used to differentiate among various hardware technologies. Nowadays, era is composed of every hardware and software, which together make up a whole computer system. This module aims to understand the evolution of computing when it comes to generations and classifications. MODULE LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of this, students are expected to: 1. Explain and describe the technological development of computing from historical perspective. 2. Identify the classification of computers. LEARNING CONTENTS (COMPUTER GENERATIONS) EARLIEST COMPUTING DEVICES The earliest data processing equipment were all manual-mechanical devices due to the absence of electricity and adequate industrial technology. Among the most popular were: ABACUS The Abacus is the first guide information processing tool which become advanced in China within side the 12th Century. The tool has a body with beads strung on wires or rods and mathematics calculations are executed through manipulating the beads. NAPIER’S BONES John Napier was a famous Scottish mathematician who discovered logarithms. The use of “logs” enabled him to lessen any manipulation problem to a problem of addition. After the invention of Abacus, Napier invented the so called “Napier’s Bones” in the year 1617. The invention is a set of eleven rods that was called “Bones” because it was made of bone or ivory. Each eleven rods or the “bones” has a number marked on them so that by simply placing the rods side by side the product and quotients of large amount of numbers can be attained. OUGHTRED’S SLIDE RULE Three years after the invention of ‘Napier’s Bones’ the “Oughtred’s Slide Rule” was invented. It was invented by an English mathematician William Oughtred in the year 1620. A slide rule includes movable rulers positioned aspect with each side. Each ruler is marked off in this sort of manner that the real distances from the start of the ruler are proportional to the logarithms of the numbers. PASCAL’S CALCULATOR Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and experimental physicist who turned into one of the first modern scientists to increase and construct the calculator. In 1645, he devised a calculating device called 'Pascal's Calculator' that capable to add and subtract numbers. The device was operated through dealing a chain of wheels. Approximately the scale of a cigar box, Pascal’s invention could add and subtract numbers comprise up to 8 digits. LEIBNIZ’S CALCULATOR Like Pascal, Gotttfried Leibniz changed into a seventeenth Century scientist who identified the worth of constructing machines that would do mathematical calculations and save labor too. He turned into one of the best medical geniuses of his time. PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 1  FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 Leibniz’s Calculator applied the identical strategies for addition and subtraction as Pascal’s tool however it can also carry out multiplication and division, as properly an extract rectangular roots. BABBAGE’S ANALYTICAL ENGINE Charles Babbage, a 19th Century Englishman, is frequently considered the father of modern computer. Although he didn’t really construct the operational computer himself, his thoughts have become the premise for present computational devices. In 1822, Babbage began work on a device called “Difference Engine”, which was designed to automate a standard procedure for calculating the roots of polynomials. The device was primarily based totally at the instruction that, for positive formulas, the distinction among positive values is constant. Despite his foresight and his keen ideas, Babbage lacked the perseverance to complete the project. Instead, he isolated the Difference Engine to carry out on a more effective device. The Analytical Engine, which became comparable in idea to 20th Century virtual computer systems. The Analytical Engine became designed to apply varieties of cards – operational cards, to signify the particular capabilities to be performed, and variable cards, to specify the actual data. This concept of getting into a software, or set of instructions, on cards, followed by data cards, is one approach utilized by present day computer systems for applying the stored-software idea. It is interesting to know that Lady Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace (daughter of the poet Lord Byron), worked with Babbage. She wrote an illustration software for the Analytical Engine, prompting many to cite her as the first programmer. HOLLERITH’S PUNCHED-CARD MACHINE In the 1880s, Herman Hollerith, a statistician with America. A Bureau of the Census, accomplished a set of machine to assist developing the outcomes of the 1890 census. Using 3 by 5 inch punched playing cards to document the records, he built an electromagnetic counting device called 'Hollerith’s Punched-Card Machine' to sort the records manually and tabulate the records. COMPUTER GENERATIONS In the computer industry, the word “generation” is used as a term of universal characterization in preference to absolute distinction. There are five computer generations recognized until now. Each generation has been described in detail along with their term and characteristics. FIRST GENERATION The era of first generation technology was from 1946-1959. The computer systems of first generation used vacuum tubes as the basic element for memory storage and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing Unit). These tubes, like electric powered bulbs, produced numerous warm temperature and the installations used to fuse frequently. Therefore, they have been very costly and most effective on big companies having been capable of have the funds for it. In this era, mostly the processing operational system was used. Punch cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape became used as input and output devices. The computer systems on this era used machine code as the programming language. The main features of the first generation are −  Vacuum tube technology  Unreliable  Supported machine language only  Very costly  Generated a lot of heat  Slow input and output devices  Huge size  Need of AC  Non-portable  Consumed a lot of electricity Some computers of this generation were −  ENIAC  EDVAC  UNIVAC  IBM-701  IBM-650 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 2  FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 SECOND GENERATION The era of second generation technology was from 1959-1965. In this era, transistors have been used that have been cheaper, spent much less power, extra compact in size, extra dependable and quicker than the primary era machines manufactured from vacuum tubes. In this era, magnetic cores have been used because the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this generation, assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL have been used. The computer systems used batch processing and multiprogramming operating system. The main features of second generation are −  Use of transistors  Reliable in comparison to first generation computers  Smaller size as compared to first generation computers  Generated less heat as compared to first generation computers  Consumed less electricity as compared to first generation computers  Faster than first generation computers  Still very costly  AC required  Supported machine and assembly languages Some computers of this generation were −  IBM 1620  IBM 7094  CDC 1604  CDC 3600  UNIVAC 1108 THIRD GENERATION The era of third generation technology became from 1965-1971. The computer systems of third generation technology used Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors at the side of the related circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby.This development made computer structures smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. In this generation far-off processing, time-sharing, multiprogramming working device have been used. High-level languages were used during this generation. The main features of third generation are −  IC used  More reliable in comparison to previous two generations  Smaller size  Generated less heat  Faster  Lesser maintenance  Costly  AC required  Consumed lesser electricity  Supported high-level language Some computers of this generation were −  IBM-360 series  Honeywell-6000 series  PDP (Personal Data Processor)  IBM-370/168  TDC-316 PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 3  FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 FOURTH GENERATION The duration of fourth generation was from 1971-1980.Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits was used of this era. VLSI circuits having approximately 5000 transistors and distinct circuit factors with their associated circuits on a single chip made it feasible to have microcomputers. Fourth generation computer systems have become further powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to Personal Computer (PC) revolution. In this era, time-sharing, actual time networks, distributed operating system had been used. All the high-level languages like C, C++, DBASE etc., had been used on this era. The main features of fourth generation are −  VLSI technology used  Very cheap  Portable and reliable  Use of PCs  Very small size  Pipeline processing  No AC required  Concept of internet was introduced  Great developments in the fields of networks  Computers became easily available Some computers of this generation were −  DEC 10  STAR 1000  PDP 11  CRAY-1(Super Computer)  CRAY-X-MP(Super Computer) FIFTH GENERATION The era of fifth technology is 1980-until date. In the fifth generation, VLSI technology was converted to (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, ensuing the manufacturing of microprocessor chips having ten million digital electronic elements. This generation is primarily based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is a developing section in computer science, which translates the means and method of creating computer systems thinks like human beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java,.Net etc., are used in this technology. AI includes −  Robotics  Neural Networks  Game Playing  Development of expert systems to make decisions in real-life situations  Natural language understanding and generation The main features of fifth generation are −  ULSI technology  Development of true artificial intelligence  Development of Natural language processing  Advancement in Parallel Processing  Advancement in Superconductor technology  More user-friendly interfaces with multimedia features  Availability of very powerful and compact computers at cheaper rates PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 4  FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 LEARNING CONTENTS (CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS) Computers perhaps classified according to their purpose, in keeping with the sort of processing they do or forms of data they use, and additionally in keeping with the size of the system and the speed of its internal operations. CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTER BY PURPOSE General-Purpose Computers - It has the functionality of coping with a lot of different problems, and are capable to act in response to programs created to meet different needs. Special-Purpose Computers – the plan of this classification is to carry out one distinctive tasks. The program of instruction is constructed into, or completely saved in the machine and commonly referred as “dedicated”. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS TYPE OF DATA HANDLED Analog Computers - These are used for scientific, engineering, and process-control purposes. They work with quantities that are constantly variable and supply the simplest approximate results. It additionally gives an analog or simulation of the item or system it represents. Digital Computers – are machines that focuses in counting values which might be discrete or distinct. It is used for both data processing and scientific purposes since digital computation outcomes is more accurate. This form of computer are capable of subtracting, multiplying, dividing, comparing, and may be programmed to understand and manipulate numeric symbols which have been translated into their distinctive machine language. It is likewise able to storing data as long as needed, performing logical operations, modifying input data, and printing out outcomes at excessive speed. Hybrid Computers - Special-purpose machine. It combines the measuring abilities of analog and the logical and manage capabilities of digital computer. It comprises an efficient and economical method of working out special forms of problems in science and various areas of engineering. Space vehicle simulation, preparation of space pilots, analysis of signals received from special sensors attached to humans and animals in laboratories, and solving of variety equations for chemical reactors. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SIZE/CAPACITY MICROCOMPUTERS A digital computer system below the manipulation of a stored program that makes use of a microprocessor, a programmable read-only memory (ROM), and a random access memory (RAM). It has 4K to 64K storage locations and are able to dealing with small, single-business enterprise application including income analysis, stock and payroll. It performs data acquisition, measurement, and control in methods that significantly simplify product testing and control of manufacturing processes.. Desktop Computers Embedded Computers Portable Computers MINICOMPUTERS (SMALL MAINFRAME COMPUTERS) Smaller stand-by machine that deal with tasks that large computer systems couldn't carry out economically, affords quicker running pace and large storage capacities. It became used as general-purpose computer systems and are more effective and do nearly the whole thing the large computer systems do however more slowly and more cheaply. It has 8K to 256K memory storage location and relatively established applications’ software. PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 5  FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 MEDIUM-SIZE COMPUTERS Provide quicker operating speeds and large storage capacities than small computer systems. It can remote terminals in executive offices and can serve the needs of a large bank, insurance company or university. Memory sizes ranging 32K to 512K. It is flexible and can be expanded to meet the needs of users. LARGE COMPUTERS (MAINFRAME) It usually contains full control systems with minimal operator intervention and has storage capacities from 512K to 8192K with nanosecond internal operating speeds. Users are government agencies, large corporations, and computer service organizations. They are utilized in complicated modeling, or simulation, enterprise operations, and within the improvement of area technology. Terminals including small and minicomputers at remote locations can be connected to a central large computer complex. SUPER COMPUTERS Biggest and quickest machine which are used when millions of calculations are needed. Essential for programs starting from nuclear weapon improvement and accurate climate forecasting and serves as host processors for nearby computer and time-sharing networks. Their speed is within the 100-million-instructions-per-2d range. It normally sacrifices a certain amount of flexibility because of its size. PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 6  FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1 Self-check Questions Name:_____________________________________ Course/Year:_________ Date:________ Score:_______ IDENTIFICATION: Read the following statements. Write your answers on the blank space provided before each number. _______________ 1. It usually contains full control systems with minimal operator intervention and has storage capacities from 512K to 8192K with nanosecond internal operating speeds. _______________ 2. The first programmer and the daughter of the poet Lord Byron. _______________ 3. In this era, magnetic cores have been used because the primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. _______________ 4. Biggest and quickest machine which are used when millions of calculations are needed. _______________ 5. It was invented by an English mathematician William Oughtred in the year 1620. _______________ 6. A digital computer system below the manipulation of a stored program that makes use of a microprocessor, a programmable read-only memory (ROM), and a random access memory (RAM). _______________ 7. A French mathematician and experimental physicist who turned into one of the first modern scientists to increase and construct the calculator. _______________ 8. An electromagnetic counting device use to sort the records manually and tabulate the records. _______________ 9. Invented by Jack Kilby.This development made computer structures smaller in size, reliable, and efficient. _______________ 10. A developing section in computer science, which translates the means and method of creating computer systems thinks like human beings. _______________ 11. It has the functionality of coping with a lot of different problems, and are capable to act in response to programs created to meet different needs. _______________ 12. A Special-purpose machine that combines the measuring abilities of analog and the logical and manage capabilities of digital computer. _______________ 13. A famous Scottish mathematician who discovered logarithms. _______________ 14. The first guide information processing tool which become advanced in China within side the 12th Century. _______________ 15. It was designed to automate a standard procedure for calculating the roots of polynomials. The device was primarily based totally at the instruction that, for positive formulas, the distinction among positive values is constant. _______________ 16. It is used as a term of universal characterization in preference to absolute distinction. _______________ 17. This generation is primarily based on parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. _______________ 18. A 19th Century Englishman, is frequently considered the father of modern computer. _______________ 19. A machine that focuses in counting values which might be discrete or distinct. It is used for both data processing and scientific purposes since digital computation outcomes is more accurate. _______________ 20. In this era, time-sharing, actual time networks, distributed operating system had been used. ESSAY: Give your idea about the given statements. 1. Discuss the additional part of generations of computer.  ENIAC  EDVAC  UNIVAC 2. Identify the main technology used in each generation. 3. Identify each of the characteristics of the Generation of Computers. SUMMARY Earliest computing devices The earliest data processing equipment were all manual-mechanical devices due to the absence of electricity and adequate industrial technology. Among the most popular were:  Abacus  Napier’s Bones  Oughtred’s Slide Rule  Pascal’s Calculator  Leibniz’s Calculator  Babbage’s Analytical Engine  Hollerith’s Punched-card Machine PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 7  FM-AA-CIA-15 Rev. 0 10-July-2020 Study Guide in CC 101 - Introduction to Computing Module No. 3 Generations of Computer  First Generation The period of first generation was from 1946-1959. Vacuum tube technology  Second Generation The period of second generation was from 1959-1965. Used of Transistors.  Third Generation The period of third generation was from 1965-1971. Integrated Circuit  Fourth Generation The period of fourth generation was from 1971-1980. VLSI technology.  Fifth Generation The period of fifth generation is 1980-till date. ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology Classifications of Computer by Purpose  General-Purpose Computers  Special-Purpose Computers Classification of Computers Type of Data Handled  Analog Computers  Digital Computers  Hybrid Computers Classification According to Size/Capacity  Microcomputers  Minicomputers (small mainframe computers)  Medium-Size Computers  Large Computers (Mainframe)  Super Computers LEARNING ACTIVITY Book and E-book (2014) Computing Essentials, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. T.O’leary, L. O’leary (2005) Computing Essentials, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Juny Pilapil La Putt (2012), Introduction to Computer Concepts, National Bookstore Volante, Tam (2014), Fundamentals of Information Technology, Unlimited Books Library Services & Publishing Inc. Web-links https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_generations.htm https://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_fundamentals/computer_types.htm PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY 8