Fluids, Electrolytes, ABGs Past Paper PDF

Fluids, Electrolytes, ABGs  BODY FLUIDS Body fluids are composed of water and solutes Body fluids exist in two major compartments – Extracellular – ECF; outside the cells; in 2 forms Interstitial (ISF) Intravascular (Plasma) – Intracellular...

Fluids, Electrolytes, ABGs  BODY FLUIDS Body fluids are composed of water and solutes Body fluids exist in two major compartments – Extracellular – ECF; outside the cells; in 2 forms Interstitial (ISF) Intravascular (Plasma) – Intracellular – ICF; inside the cells  ICF ECF 25 L 12 L 3L Interstitial Blood 40 liters total body fluid  BODY FLUIDS INTAKE = OUTPUT Regulation of balance of body fluids is by hormones – From Renal, Cardiovascular and Endocrine Purpose of body fluids: – Help regulate body temperatures – Transport nutrients around the body – Transports wastes to excretion sites – Preserve cell shape  FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES In an adult weighing 155 lbs (70kg), about 60% of the total body weight is fluid In an infant, fluids account for about 80% of total body weight  REGULATION of FLUID and ELECTROLYTES Hormones and Organs that balance fluids in the body – Brain – Adrenal – Kidneys – Natriuretic peptides Left kidney Right kidney  HYPOTHALAMUS in the BRAIN Decreased volume of Hypothalamus ECF or Increased osmolarity of ECF Decreased saliva Thirsty Increase ECF Drink Fluid ADRENAL GLANDS HYPOTHALAMUS AND KIDNEYS  NATRIURETIC PEPTIDES Hormone like substances that act opposite to the kidneys role in balance of fluids – Atrial natriuretic peptide – Brain natriuretic peptide – C-type natriuretic peptide Are released in response to overstretching of the atrial and ventricular walls – Reduces blood volume by inhibiting the release of the hormones: renin, aldosterone and ADH  WATER Water is important to our bodies; it makes up 60% of our bodies. What it does: – Acts as a solvent – Transportation – Heat Regulation – Chemical Reactions  ELECTROLYTES Major component of body fluids is electrolytes Electrolytes are associated with electricity These substances are chemical compounds that when split in solution change into electrically charged particles called ions There are 2 categories: – Cations – are positive – Anions – are negative  ELECTROLYTES These are the MAJOR electrolytes – Intracellular (ICF): Phosphorus – P- Potassium – K+ Magnesium – Mg++ – Extracellular: Sodium - Na+ Chloride – Cl- Calcium – Ca++ – Bicarbonate – ICF,ECF  ELECTROLYTES Functions - Helps regulate water and acid-base balance - Contributes to enzyme reactions - Essential to neuromuscular activity Electrolyte imbalances occur when – There is a deficit or excess of electrolytes – Or translocation of electrolytes to another fluid compartment  FLUID IMBALANCES Hypovolemia – fluid volume deficit – Low volume of extracellular fluid – Electrolytes also depleted – At risk patients Depressed, lethargic patients Have fever, difficulty swallowing, or diarrhea Eat poorly, can’t make their needs known On certain medications – Dehydration results when both extracellular and intracellular fluid is depleted (prolonged vomiting, diarrhea)  FLUID IMBALANCES Hypervolemia – fluid volume excess – High volume of water in intravascular fluid compartment – Fluid intake exceeds fluid loss – At risk patients Inadequate fluid elimination (kidney disease) Fluid retention from excess sodium intake Adrenal gland dysfunction – Can lead to circulatory overload  FLUID IMBALANCES SYMPTOMS Hypovolemia Hypervolemia Mental status changes Weight gain Weakness / fatigue Peripheral edema Dry mucus membranes Elevated blood pressure Postural hypotension Bounding pulse Rapid weak pulse Shortness of breath Decreased salivation Crackles & wheezes