Fluid Physiology, Electrolytes PDF 2019

Fluid Therapy CTVT & PPVT Objectives ▪ Review Cell Physiology ▪ Roll of electrolytes ▪ Vocabulary associated with Fluid Therapy ▪ Discuss Different fluid types, benefits, disadvantageous ▪ To be able to recognize the different types of IV catheters ▪ To be able to identify the different types o...

Fluid Therapy CTVT & PPVT Objectives ▪ Review Cell Physiology ▪ Roll of electrolytes ▪ Vocabulary associated with Fluid Therapy ▪ Discuss Different fluid types, benefits, disadvantageous ▪ To be able to recognize the different types of IV catheters ▪ To be able to identify the different types of fluids, benefits and disadvantages of usage in a veterinary hospital Objectives Discuss the different routes of fluid administration Equipment used in setting up an IV catheter Identify particular disease processes which fluid therapy would be used Learn how to formulate the degree of dehydration Calculate the amount of fluids a patient is to receive Identify the clinical signs of fluid overload Cell Physiology ▪ Cell membrane – Function ▪ Semi permeable membrane that restricts movement of electrons and proteins ▪ Within the membrane channel proteins and carrier proteins are responsible for electron transport Cell membrane ▪ Divide the body into different compartments ▪ The channel allow electrolytes and molecules to flow through different compartments through either passive transport or active transport – Diffusion movement of moleculues;moves the electrolytes or proteins down the concentration gradient (high to low) – Osmosis –movement of water across membrane – Active transport-moves electrolytes or proteins against the concentration gradient ▪ Sodium Potassium Pump Fluid Movement in the body Water moves freely between the ECF and ICF and requires no channels carriers or other protein to move The pumping of sodium against its concentration gradient is used for transmitting electrical signals within nerve cells Na/K Pump Generate action potentials that are responsible for heart contraction, nerve stimulation, and overall movement of muscles and limbs. Even small changes in Sodium and Potassium concentration can cause changes to bodily function, large shifts will manifest into clinical symptoms Fluid Compartments Approximately 60% of the body weight is fluids ▫ 40% Intracellular ▫ 20% Extracellular  15% is interstitial  Approx 5% Plasma  Sodium reabsorption from the DCT ▪ http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP015. htm Electrolytes Major ▫ Sodium (Na+)-extracellular ▫ Potassium (K+)-intracelluar Others ▫ Chloride (CL-)-major extracellular anion ▫ Phosphorus (H2PO4-) ▫ Magnesium (Mg++) ▫ Calcium (Ca++) ▫ Bicarbonate (HCO3-) Hyponatremia ▪ Most common electrolyte disturbance due to fluid loss – Volume loss  Diarrhea/Vomiting most common – Other causes ▪ Diuretics ▪ Renal Disease ▪ Addison’s disease – More dramatic losses- cerebral edema; neurological signs ▪ Clinical signs – Lethargy – Muscle weakness ▪ https://www.atdove.org/video/tiny-talk-hyponatremia Which of the following is not a major fluid compartment? A. Intracellular B. Pericardial C. Interstitial D. Plasma  The body is comprised of 60% fluid what are the % of the 2 major comparments? A. 15% extracellular, 45% intracellular B. 30% intracellular, 30% extracellular C. 40% intracellular, 20% extracellular D. 20% intracellular, 40% extracellular What is the major extracellular electrolyte? A. Calcium B. Potassium C. Chloride D. Sodium Which of the following best represents the major intracellular? A. Phosphate, Magnesium, Potassium B. Potassium, Chloride, Bicarbonate C. Sodium, Chloride, Bicarbonate D. Sodium, Bicarbonate, Phosphate  Some extracellular fluids can collect in various parts of the body secondary to infection, injury or compromised circulation? A. True B. False Which of the following is the largest fluid compartment of the body? A. Intracellular B. Interstitial C. Extracellular D. Plasma Potassium ▪ Main intracellular ▪ Changes in Potassium are particularly serious because of the clinical signs that can be seen ▪ Ex: – Bradycardia – Cardiac arrhythmias – Lethargy  Potassium levels ▪ Serum levels begin to drop when K+ is driven into the cells ▪ Serum potassium will decrease only after a considerable loss of total body K+ loss – serum potassium concentration < 3.5 mEq/L ▪ Clinical signs do not appear until depletion is severe – Muscle weakness – Hypoventilation & Hypotension-seen in very severe losses Abnormal Serum Concentrations K+ ▪ Occur frequently in animals with fluid disturbances ▪ Hypokalemia – Most commonly seen – Requires supplementation – Causes: Anorexia excessive fluid loss (GI/diarrhea or Urinary) https://www.atdove.org/v ideo/tiny-talk-hypokalemi a Hyperkalemia Less commonly encountered Urinary obstruction or trauma to renal system (ureter, bladder, etc) Anuric or oliguric Addison’s disease Life-threatening K+ normally excreted by the Kidneys Acidosis-K+ being driven out of the cells Hyperkalemia ▪ Bradycardia ▪ Arrythmia K+ ▪ Lethargy ▪ https://www.atdove.org/video/tiny-talk-hyperkalemia What part of the brain detects an increase in plasma concentration? A. Pituitary B. Thyroid C. Hypothalmus D. Cerebullum What test is routinely performed that indicates plasma concentration? A. Specific gravity B. BUN C. PCV D. Total protein When the blood supply to the kidneys is decreased what homeostatic mechanism is used to compensate for it? A. Aldosterone B. Reabsorption of Na+ C. Renin angiotension D. ADH  Which electrolyte would exhibit the following clinical signs: bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmia, lethargy? A. Hypernatermia B. Hyperkalemia C. Hypercalcemic D. Hyperglycemic