Flashcards_Compiled.csv

Category,Question,Answer Feminist Critiques of Liberalism,What is the feminist critique of the public-private split in liberalism?,"Liberalism treats the private sphere as outside the realm of politics, ignoring power relations like domestic violence and unpaid caregiving. These dynamics restrict wo...

Category,Question,Answer Feminist Critiques of Liberalism,What is the feminist critique of the public-private split in liberalism?,"Liberalism treats the private sphere as outside the realm of politics, ignoring power relations like domestic violence and unpaid caregiving. These dynamics restrict women's liberty and their ability to participate equally in the public sphere." Feminist Critiques of Liberalism,How is liberalism a gendered tradition?,"Early liberal thinkers framed men as rational and autonomous citizens while excluding women, who were seen as emotional and suited for domestic roles. Even progressive thinkers like John Stuart Mill emphasized women's role as guardians of societal morality rather than equals." Feminist Critiques of Liberalism,How does liberalism fail in its concept of equality?,"Liberal equality is based on masculine norms and overlooks women's unique challenges, such as sexual harassment in male-dominated fields, caregiving burdens, and workplace inequality. Example: The gender pay gap and underrepresentation of women in leadership reflect these systemic barriers." Charles Mills' Critiques of Liberalism,How does Mills critique the racial structure of liberalism?,"Liberalism historically restricted personhood and citizenship to whites through the 'racial contract.' It codified systemic racism to benefit white populations, excluding racialized groups from full legal and political recognition. Example: Segregation laws in the U.S. that denied Black Americans equal access to education and property." Charles Mills' Critiques of Liberalism,What is Mills' critique of ideal theory?,"Ideal theory assumes a fair society that ignores the historical injustices of slavery, colonialism, and systemic racism. This erases the realities of oppression from liberal frameworks. Example: Liberal ideals like 'freedom' were used to justify slavery by focusing on property rights rather than human equality." Heroic vs Dangerous Demagoguery,What is heroic demagoguery?,"Heroic demagogues use rhetoric to uplift democratic values, affirm human dignity, and solve societal problems through debate and consent. They respect civil liberties and opposition while discouraging violence. Example: Martin Luther King Jr.'s speeches advocated for nonviolent resistance and justice." Heroic vs Dangerous Demagoguery,What is dangerous demagoguery?,"Dangerous demagogues manipulate public opinion through lies, weaponized communication, and coercion. They reject accountability and distort public sentiment to consolidate power. Example: Leaders who spread disinformation to discredit opponents or manipulate elections." Demagoguery Techniques,"What is paralipsis, and how is it used by dangerous demagogues?","Paralipsis involves highlighting something by pretending not to mention it (e.g., 'I won't say my opponent is corrupt, but...'). This tactic spreads doubt while evading responsibility for the claim. Example: Politicians using innuendo to plant rumors about opponents." Demagoguery Techniques,"What is an ad hominem attack, and how do dangerous demagogues use it?","Ad hominem attacks target the character of opponents rather than their arguments, delegitimizing them and shifting focus from substantive debate. Example: Accusing an opponent of being 'unpatriotic' during an election to discredit their policies." Populism,How does populism define 'the people'?,"Populists frame 'the people' as a morally superior group aligned with the leader, excluding elites and minorities. This binary creates an 'us vs. them' dynamic. Example: Leaders like Trump often framed his supporters as 'real Americans,' marginalizing dissenters." Populism,How does populism distort majority rule?,Populists suppress opposition by claiming to act for a specific 'real' majority. They often undermine pluralism and judicial independence to entrench their power. Example: Policies targeting media or courts to weaken checks and balances. Populism,How does populism weaken intermediary institutions?,"Populists bypass political parties and media, eroding their role as checks on power and directly connecting with the 'people.' Example: Populist leaders using social media to attack traditional news outlets and political institutions." Fascism vs Populism,How does fascism differ from populism?,"Fascism destroys democracy by abolishing elections, suppressing freedoms, and using state violence to silence dissent. Populism retains elections but distorts democratic processes, often undermining pluralism."