Fish 204 Lecture 1: History of Aquaculture PDF

FISH 204: 1 INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE Lecture 1: History of Aquaculture Sam Addo Collins Prah Duodu Dept. of Marine and Fisheries Sciences University of Ghana  2 Hist...

FISH 204: 1 INTRODUCTION TO AQUACULTURE Lecture 1: History of Aquaculture Sam Addo Collins Prah Duodu Dept. of Marine and Fisheries Sciences University of Ghana  2 History of aquaculture  In the historical past, o aquaculture remained multi-locational and isolated, o each location evolved its own pattern/culture practice.  In recent times, o due to faster means of communication and travels in a short time, o species are being cultured adopting a measure of standardised practices at locations where they are most suited.  3 Milestones in Aquaculture Development  The ‘Art’ of aquaculture is very old.  There is evidence that o Egyptians were probably the first in the world to culture fish (2500 B.C.) o from pictorial engravings of an ancient Egyptian tomb showing tilapia being fished out from an artificial pond.  4 Milestones in Aquaculture Development  The Romans are believed to have reared fish in circular ponds divided into breeding areas.  Culture of Chinese carps was spread in China in 2000 B.C.  Some historical documents compiled in 1127 A.D. describe methods of fattening fish in ponds in India.  5 Milestones in Aquaculture Development  The Chinese carried with them their traditional knowledge of carp culture to the countries they emigrated like Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam etc.  In the Philippines, fish culture has been done in brackish water ponds for centuries.  Eel culture in Japan is also very old.  6 Africa  There were earlier attempts from Europe to spread aquaculture in Africa.  The nomadic nature of most African communities at the time, made the establishment of aquaculture difficult.  The presence of extensive flood plains provided environment for growth and reproduction of indigenous species.  This stimulated the early beginnings of aquaculture in Africa.  7 Africa  At the present time, many initiatives for aquaculture development have been started in several countries in Africa.  Tilapia, common carp and catfish are the selected species for culture.  8 Other Countries Latin America  No local tradition of aquaculture in this region  But widespread development and initiatives are gaining interest and support Australia and New Zealand  Aquaculture development in these countries is just gaining momentum.  Trout and other cold water species and mollusc culture, mussels and oysters, are being developed.  9 Middle East and Israel  Although many rivers exist in this region, early historical records did not mention any early aquaculture activities.  Religious tradition in this area, however, indicated heavy utilization of fish for food.  Present development: much progress in aquaculture especially in Israel.  Carp and tilapia culture have attained advanced state.  10 Japan and Korea  Aquaculture developed in these two countries during very early period.  Perhaps China had some influences in this development such as in the use of goldfish and carp for culture.  Aquaculture continued to flourish especially in the culture of a wide variety of species in Japan.  11 Japan and Korea  Aquatic species of high economic value are cultured: o finfishes, crustaceans, molluscs and many kinds of marine invertebrates and o aquatic plants that are valuable for international trade.  Development of efficient and high culture technology is also a characteristic of Japanese and Korean aquaculture.  12 1700–1900 – Period of Expansion  This period witnessed worldwide expansion in operation and breakthroughs in seed production. o Easy means of communications and o widespread exchange of information through national and international agencies.  The urgent need for seeds to fill the expanded aquaculture industry resulted in technology breakthroughs.  13 1700–1900 – Period of Expansion  Breakthrough in research, resulted in induced spawning of cultivable species, o the seeds or fry of which were formerly obtained from wild waters.  The cultivated Asiatic carps and the Indian major carps were induced to spawn under controlled conditions.  The Penaeid shrimps and the giant freshwater prawns used in culture were also hatched under control in hatcheries. 14  15 Scientific names 1 Common carp Cyprinus carpio 2 Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus 3 Silver carp Hypophthalmicthys molitrix 4 Bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis 5 Black carp Mylopharyngodon piseus 6 Mud carp Cirrhina molitorella 16 17 18  19 1970-near future  Continued expansion and selective culture of high value and exportable species.  The industry continues to expand both o in area and o in quantity of production and o number of species  A new trend to select most profitable species – adopted by operators in the industry.  20 1970-near future  Penaeid shrimps, high value finfishes (seabass/groupers), seaweeds and related species became important aquaculture items.  As demand and market value rise, high technology and intensification of operations became the norm of the industry.  There is competition for major markets (e.g. in Europe and USA): o maintenance of product quality became a major concern.  21 Aquaculture in Ghana  Ghana is a fish consuming nation  Animal protein constitutes about 60% of protein intake  Per capita fish consumption approx 25 kg/capita/yr (FAO, 2018).  Early 70s was about 40 kg/capita/yr  22 Historical Background MODEST BEGINNING ❖ Started in Ghana, then Gold Coast in 1953 ❖ In 1970, government established o first hatchery and introduced the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from Egypt o to boost fish production in ponds.  23 False Promotion ❖ Highly promoted in the early 1980s ❖ “Mad rush” without adequate technical knowledge, finance, logistical and extension support, etc. ❖ Many enterprises failed, banks lost substantial amounts and enthusiasm waned.  24 Subsistence Approach ❖ Few farms which survived operated on small-scale using low technology from late 1980s to early 1990s ❖ Polyculture was the order of the day. Catfish was introduced to control over-population in tilapia ponds. ❖ Supplementary feeds, e.g. wheat and rice bran, were mainly used.  25 Stabilization Phase ❖ Technology of fingerlings production improved significantly between 1990 and 2004. ❖ The Department of Fisheries introduced induced breeding of African catfish to improve fingerlings availability to farmers. ❖ Fish feed was produced at farm level using local ingredients.  26 The Breakthrough ❖ In 2000, Tropo Farms introduced commercial pond culture using good quality fingerlings, floating feed with aeration. ❖ In 2001, Crystal Lake ventured into all-male tilapia cage farming on the Volta Lake. ❖ In 2005, the Ministry of Fisheries was set up to pay more attention to aquaculture development  27 End of Lecture [email protected]