FIRST-QUARTER-REVIEWER-EARTH-SCIE.docx

ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE BIG BANG (George Lemaitre) - Infinitely dense point not governed by our physical laws or time. Supporting Evidences of Big Bang - Edwin Hubble\'s -galaxies were generally receding from us. Red shift - as light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an in...

ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE BIG BANG (George Lemaitre) - Infinitely dense point not governed by our physical laws or time. Supporting Evidences of Big Bang - Edwin Hubble\'s -galaxies were generally receding from us. Red shift - as light from distant galaxies approach earth there is an increase of space between earth and the galaxy, which leads to wavelengths being stretched. - The cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation- is the remnant heat leftover from the Big Bang. In 1964, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, discovered a noise of extraterrestrial origin that came from all directions at once - radiation left over from the Big Bang CREATIONIST THEORY A theory or belief that an intelligent being, a deity, created life. STEADY STATE THEORY (Isaac Newton) The universe is a static, steady-sate, infinite universe. Matter is uniformly distributed and the universe is gravitationally balance. OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY - Alexander Friedmann The universe goes through endless cycles of epochs, starting from a big bang event and ending with a pseudo crunch before another big bang event. SOLAR SYSTEM- located at the Milky Way Galaxy specifically in its Orion arm. Consists of 8 Planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and other interstellar objects. SOLAR NEBULAR THEORY (Immanuel Kant-Pierre Laplace) -Solar nebular a rotating cloud of gas and dust from which the sun and planets formed. 1 A region within the cloud of gas and dust condenses into a core and forms a protostellar (planetesimal) 2 Protostellar further contracts forming a central protostar and a rotating disk of gas and dust called accretion disk. 3. The protostar begins nuclear fusion and ignites into the Sun, blasting lighter materials further away from it. 4 Heavier materials in the accretion disk accumulate into the terrestrial planets closer to the Sun. Gas giants accumulate further away. The asteroid belt never accumulates into a planet because of Jupiter\'s gravity. HISTORY IN THE MOTION OF PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM - CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY- Proposed geocentric where earth is the center of the solar system - NICOLAUS COPERNICUS- Proposed heliocentric where sun is the center of the solar system but he wasn't able to give enough evidences to support his claim. - GALILEO GALILEI- A mathematician who supported heliocentric theory. He was able to observed the 4 moons revolving around jupiter and thus claimed that Heliocentric is true. - JOHANNES KEPLER- Proposed the 3 Laws of Planetary motion to support heliocentrism. Kepler\'s First Law: each planet\'s orbit about the Sun is an ellipse. 2nd: Planets do not move with constant speed along their orbits. 3rd: the period for a planet to orbit the Sun increases rapidly with the radius of its orbit. SUN- Surface Temperature: 5,500°C, G-type main-sequence star (yellow dwarf star) TERRESTIAL PLANETS - - - - ASTEROID BELT- The majority of known asteroids orbit within the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, generally with not very elongated orbits. JOVIAN PLANETS - - - - KUIPER BELT- a doughnut-shaped region of icy bodies extending far beyond the orbit of Neptune. OORT CLOUD- A giant spherical shell surrounding our solar system where longer comets come from. EARTH AS HABITABLE PLANET EARTH IS LOCATED AT THE Goldilocks Zone or the Habitable zone The range of distance with the right temperatures for water to remain liquid FACTORS WHICH MAKES IT HABITABLE - Influences how quickly atoms and molecules move. Allows liquid water to exist on Earth's surface which is favorable to life. Right temp: -15 oC to 115 oC for water to exist. - - - - - THE INTERCONNECTED SUBSYSTEMS OF EARTH - - - Water on earth are saltwater and Freshwater. Saltwater is the combination of water and salt found in oceans and seas. While Freshwater is the usable and drinkable form of water found in glaciers, ice sheets, permaforst, surface water, underground water. - Their interaction can visibly see during biogeochemical processes such as nitrogen cycle, carbon cycle, and water cycle. MINERALS AND ROCKS ROCKs are assemblages of specific elements and compounds called MINERALS JAMES D. DANA- gave the first standardized classification system of minerals in 1850s. International mineralogical association (IMA)- developed a list of criteria for mineral status based from James Dana's definition. MINERALS are: - - - - - Examples of Minerals - - - Physical Properties Color- Color can be used for mineral identification but only those few minerals that always have their own characteristic color, such as malachite which is always green. The mineral azurite is always blue. Not reliable for mineral identification since colors can alter. Streak- A mineral\'s streak is the color it has when ground to a powder. Hardness- measure of resistance to scratching Minerals according to hardness according to Friedrich Mohs 10. Diamond 9. Corundum cannot hardly scratch by masonry drill bit 8. Topaz (**can be scratch by masonry drill bit)** 7. Quartz (**can be scratch by steel nail**) 6. Orthoclase (cannot be hardly scratch by knife/glass but can be scratch by steel nail) 5-Apatite **(can be scratch by knife/glass)** 4-Fluorite **(can be scratch by copper but not with fingernail)** 3-Calcite (cannot be hardly scratch by fingernail but can be scratch by copper) 2-Gypsum **(can be scratch by fingernail)** 1. Talc (can be scratch by fingernail) Cleavage- tendency of a mineral to break along definite crystallographic structural planes. Diaphaneity- degree of transparency or ability of light to pass through.Opaque, translucent, transparent) Luster- luster refers to the quantity and quality of the light which is reflected from a mineral\'s exterior surfaces. (pearly, dull, silky, glassy, metallic) Rock- Rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals TYPES OF ROCKS Igneous rock- form through rapid cooling of magma/lava (solidification) Intrusive- rapid cooling of magma, much bigger in size Extrusive- rapid cooling of lava Example: basalt, pumice, granite, diorite Uses: Pumice- exfoliate your skin/ construction material Diorite/granite- statue, construction material Sedimentary Rock- form through compaction and cementation of weathered and eroded sediments (lithification) 1. Clastic sedimentary rocks form from the accumulation of fragments of other rocks and minerals. 2. Chemical sedimentary rocks form from mineral precipitates from solution. Cave formations, such as Carlsbad Caverns, typically contain chemical sedimentary rocks. 3. Organic sedimentary rocks, also called biologic sedimentary rocks, form from the accumulation of plant or animal debris. Uses:\ Used in making glass such as sandstone Used as construction of building Valuable source of fuel from coal Example: Shale, coal, chalk, limestone Metamorphic rock- form when minerals in an existing rock are changed by heat and pressure below the surface. (metamorphism) Metamorphism- transformation of existing rock into another type of rock. Regional-increase in temperature due to plate tectonics and formation of mountains. Tend to form foliated metamorphic rocks. Ex. Gneiss, schist, slate (foliated) Contact- occurs when magma comes into contact with an existing rock body. Tend to form non-foliated metamorphic rock. Ex. Shale to hornfels, quartz to quartzite, limestone to marble (non-foliated) Uses: slate- chalkboard Quartzite/Marble- construction material ROCK CYCLE: The rock cycle is a slow but continuous cyclic transformation of rocks. This cycle is driven by Earth's internal heat and sun's energy. MINING Mining- a process of extracting mineral resources from the surface of the Earth Ore-Naturally occurring materials that can be profitably mined. It can be mineral or rock whether metallic or nonmetallic depending on the economic requirement. Ore are not pure valuable materials they are usually mixed with gangue (unwanted unprofitable material. Ore compost of minerals, metals, valuable rocks, soil, dirt. STEPS in Mining 1. Exploration- The process of searching for areas that contain mineral resources viable for mining. - Prospecting Interviews and history of the terrain. Evaluate of the **land's geology** including the hazards and ground water (environmental) Analyzing chemical properties of **soil and water** for traces of minerals. Commission **airborne** and ground physical surveys (electrical current and magnetic waves) - Core Drilling (sample)-The use of diamond drill to collect samples from the area to examine the type and grade of the minerals in the ground. - Modeling of ore deposit- The use of data from evaluation to create a map of the ore deposit. 2. Development and Design-setting a scope of mining area. If they can proceed in extraction of mineral. Choosing the type of mining. Surface Mining- Scoop ore off surface of earth. Open pit mining: Funnel shaped hole in ground, with ramp spiraling down along sides, allows moderately deep ore to be reached. Strip-mining: Blast, scoop off rock overburden, and then scoop out ore material. Fairly shallow. Underground Mining: Use of shafts to reach deeply buried ores. used to extract ore from below the surface of the earth safely, economically and with as little waste as possible. 3. Construction- Involves building roads, processing facilities, environmental management systems, employee housing and other facilities. 4. Production- The stage where actual mining and processing of minerals happen. 5. Milling / Crushing-The ore is crushed and concentrated; waste materials are released. 6. Ore Extraction- separation of minerals, metals, valuable rocks to soil and dirt. High grade ores are separated from the rest of the deposits. It can be gravity separation, flotation cells or thru chemical separation (cyanide leaching for gold, and roaster). 7. Refining-Cleaning the mineral or metals by means of smelting and dredging. 8. Closure and Reclamation- The process of closing the mine and returning the land in its original state. Usually neglected due to financial cost. Energy Resources Turbine Generator Load Renewable Energy resources-can be replenished or regenerated on a human time scale. Geothermal- heat derived within the surface of the earth. In putting up a geothermal power plant, it is required to drill 1 to 2 miles deep to pump steam or hot water into the surface to attain 300 degrees Fahrenheit to 700 degrees Farenheit Area to drill must be near a volcano, hot spring, fumarole, and geyser to ensure that the required geothermal heat is met. Geothermal Power Plant 1. Wells are drilled deep into the earth to pump steam or hot water to the surface.​ 2. When the water reaches the surface, the drop-in temperature/pressure causes the water to turn into steam. 3. The steam spins a turbine creating kinetic/mechanical energy which is connected to a generator that produces electricity 4. Cooling tower cools the steam which it condenses back to water. 5\. The cooled water is pumped back into the earth to begin the process again. -Dry Steam Power Plant- uses hot steam -Flash Steam Power Plant- uses water heated by earth's geothermal heat -Binary Cycle Power Plant- uses heat exchangers. One pipe has isobutane, a liquid with low boiling point. Geothermal Heat pump- uses geothermal heat such as steam with temperature around 50-70 degrees Farenheit. Impacts of Geothermal Energy - It is clean and safe for the surrounding environment. - It is renewable because hot water can be used - It is extremely cost effective in suitable areas - It use has very low emissions of greenhouse gases to about three percent of the carbon dioxide emissions of a fossil power station - It doesn\'t depend on the sun, wind and huge water resources like other renewable energy resources Hydroelectric Electricity produced from hydropower. The hydropower plants capture the energy of falling water to generate electricity. 1. A turbine converts kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. 2. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy. Impoundment Facility- uses dam Pumped Storage Facilities- uses two water reservoir in different elevation. Run-of-River Facilities- uses the flow of water Impacts of Hydroelectric Power Plant - Adverse environmental impact - Expensive up-front - Lack of available water reservoirs (other countries) - inexpensive in the long run - Reduce the dependence to fossil fuels thus, cutting down global greenhouse gas emission - relies only on water - capable of storing water (water banks) BIOMASS- It is the renewable energy because it can be replenished and it is defined as biological material derived from living or recently deceased organisms which may be include both plant life, including fuel, wood, animal dung and agricultural waste. 1. Organic waste material will be use to create fuel. 2. This fuel will be heated to create steam. 3. Steam will run the turbine creating mechanical energy. 4. Turbine is connected with generator that will transform mechanical energy to electrical energy. Other renewable energy resources: wind energy and solar energy, Non-renewable energy resources- cannot be replenished or regenerated on a human time scale. Examples are nuclear and fossil fuels. Nuclear Energy is the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion especially when used to generate electricity. This generates heat to produce steam, which is used by a turbine generator to generate electricity. Because nuclear power plants do not burn fuel they do not produce greenhouse gas emissions. Radioactive element used such as uranium and thorium cannot be replenished within human time scale. Fossil Fuels- Formed from the remains of plants and animals from millions of years ago. They are primarily composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms, fossil fuels are classified as hydrocarbons. Combustion- the process of burning a fossil fuel to release energy --------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- Fossil Fuel Origin Uses Extraction Coal Fossilized plant Burned to generate heat, light, and electricity Surface or underground mining Petroleum/Oil Fossilized marine animals, sea plants (algae) Converted to petrol / diesel, LPG, aspalt Drilling the ocean basin Natural Gas Used for cooking, heating, and generating electricity --------------- ----------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------- Types of Coal Increasing carbon content and decreasing moisture content: Peat, Lignite, Subbituminous coal, Bituminous coal, Anthracite Malampaya natural gas field located at Palawan is the only natural gas resource of the Philippines. Water Resources Saltwater- 97% of water on earth. Found in oceans and seas. Freshwater- 3% of water on earth. Water that contains a little to 0 salt. Distributed into: Surface water- rivers, wetlands, lakes, ponds, stream, estuary Groundwater- aquifiers and spring Glaciers- including permafrost and ice sheet. Importance of water -Water is used to grow our food, manufacture our favorite goods, and keep our body healthy. -It plays a key role in many of our body\'s functions, including bringing nutrients to cells, getting rid of wastes, protecting joints and organs, and maintaining body temperature. -Water regulates the Earth\'s temperature. -Plants need water to create their own food. Human activities Urban and industrial development, farming, pollution, sedimentation, mining, combustion of fossil fuels, stream-channel alteration, animal-feeding operations, and other human activities can change the water quality. Contaminated water and poor sanitation are linked to transmission of diseases such as cholera, and diarrhea.