First_Aid_and_CPR__1_.pptx (1).pptx

FIRST AID AND CPR BASIC PREPAREDNESS There are many types of medical emergencies, but the initial steps of first aid apply to most emergencies. Step One: Determine if you can safely assist the victim. If not call 911 immediately. If you can the stay call and do these 3 things: 1. Check the victim’...

FIRST AID AND CPR BASIC PREPAREDNESS There are many types of medical emergencies, but the initial steps of first aid apply to most emergencies. Step One: Determine if you can safely assist the victim. If not call 911 immediately. If you can the stay call and do these 3 things: 1. Check the victim’s condition (are they bleeding? Breathing? In Conscious? 2. Call 911 3. Give First Aid shock? BASIC PREPAREDNESS – FIRST AID KITS First aid kits should contain the supplies you need to treat most types of injuries and emergencies. You can buy one or make your own. What you need: Use a waterproof bag or box, small enough to store in a car, backpack or cabinet. Items to include: band aids, gauze pads, adhesive tape, cotton balls, scissors, antibiotic ointment, hand sanitizer, latex gloves, elastic wrap, instant cold pack, tweezers, eyewash, pain relievers, hydrocortisone cream BASIC PREPAREDNESS – EMERGENCIES Be prepared for natural disasters and other emergencies: - waterproof flashlight and batteries - candles and matches - blankets or sleeping bags - waterproof tarp for shelter - rope, pocket knife, hand-crank radio - nonperishable food, bottled water, water purification tablets - personal hygiene items such as toilet paper BASIC PREPAREDNESS – MAKING A PLAN Talk to your family and make an emergency plan: - Where will you take shelter during this emergency? - How will you communicate with your family? - How and where will you meet if you are separated? - How will you learn when the danger has passed? FIRST AID - BURNS • Burns range from mild to life threatening, be treated at home, while emergency medical care. some can others need • First-degree burns are considered mild compared to other burns. They result in pain and reddening of the epidermis (outer layer of the skin). • Second-degree burns (partial thickness burns) affect the epidermis and the dermis (lower layer of skin). They cause pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. • Third-degree burns (full thickness burns) go through the dermis and affect deeper tissues. They result in white or blackened, charred skin that may be numb. 1st Degree Burn Symptoms ● ● ● ● ● Redness Dry skin Skin that is painful to touch Pain usually lasts 48-72 hours and then subsides Peeling skin 1st Degree Burn Causes ● Mild sunburn ● Flash burn: A sudden, brief burst of heat 1st Degree Burn Treatment ● Cool the burn. Immediately immerse the burn in cool tap water or appy cold, wet compresses. Do this for about 10 minutes or until the pain subsides. ● Apply petroleum jelly 2-3 times daily. Do no apply ointments, toothpaste or butter to the burn, as these may cause an infection. Do not apply topical antibiotics. ● Cover the burn with a nonstick, sterile bandage. If blisters form, let them heal on their own while keeping the area covered. Do not pop the blisters ● Consider taking over-the-counter pain medications. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen can help relieve the pain and reduce inflammation. ● Protect the area from the sun. Once the burn heals, protect the area from the sun by seeking shade, wearing protective clothing or applying a broad-spectrum, water-resistant sunscreen with an SPF of 30 or higher. This will help minimize scarring. 2nd Degree Burn Symptoms ● ● ● ● ● Blisters Deep redness Burned area may appear wet and shiny Skin that is painful to the touch Burn may be white or discolored in an irregular pattern 2nd Degree Burn Causes ● Scald injuries ● Flames ● Skin that briefly comes in contact with a hot object 2nd Degree Burn Treatment ● Rinse the burn. Rinse burned skin with cool water until the pain stops. Rinsing will usually stop the pain in 15-30 minutes. Apply cool compresses to burns on the face or body. DO NOT USE ICE OR WATER. Take off any jewelry, rings, or clothing that could be in the way or that would become too tight if the skin. ● Clean the burn. Wash your hands before cleaning a burn. Do not touch the burn with your hands or anything dirty. DO NOT BREAK THE BLISTERS. Gently wash the burn area every day with a mild soap and water. Some of the burned skin might come off with washing. Do not put pain-relief skin sprays on burns. ● Apply ointment to keep the burn moist. You may want to use a petroleum jelly or an antibiotic cream or ointment. Using antibiotic cream or ointment for longer than a week may cause a rash. ● Bandage the burn. Use gauze or tape to keep the dressing in place. Wrap the burn loosely to avoid putting pressure on the burned skin. Do not tape a bandage so that it circles a hand, arm or leg. Apply a clean bandage 3rd Degree Burn Symptoms ● ● ● ● ● ● ● Leathery skin Dry skin Skin discoloration that’s white, black or bright red Swelling Blisters Shiny, moist skin Skin discoloration from a deep red to dark brown 3rd Degree Burn Treatment ● ● ● ● ● Call 911 or go immediately to the nearest hospital Do not remove clothing stuck to the skin Do not soak the burned area in water Cover the burn with a cool clean cloth or bandage Keep the burn raised above the level of the heart FIRST AID - BURNS • Get Emergency Medical Care if: – The burned area is large – The burns came from a fire, an electrical wire or socket, or chemicals. – The burn is on the face, hands, feet, joints, or genitals. – The burn looks infected while it is healing. Signs of infection include swelling, pus, or increasing redness or red streaking of the skin near the burn area. • Think Prevention! – Be careful when using candles, space heaters, and curling irons. – Check smoke alarm batteries at least once a month. – Keep a fire extinguisher in the kitchen. – Don't play in the kitchen while someone is cooking. Burn Percentage ● When a person experiences a second-degree burn or worse, the protective layer of skin is destroyed. As a result, they’ll lose a significant amount of body water. This makes providing fluids vital to helping a person maintain their total body water. ● Burns that are greater than 20-25 percent of total body surface area require significant IV fluids. ● Burns that exceed 30% of a person’s body can be potentially fatal. ● If a person has burns on 10% of their body surface area or greater, a specialized burn center should treat their wounds. Wallace Rule-of-Nines * FIRST AID - FROSTBITE • Exposure to below-freezing temperatures can cause frostbite, a rare but serious condition that needs emergency medical care. • Frostbite can affect any area of the skin, and in extreme cold can develop within minutes. Signs and Symptoms - aching pain or numbness, most often on hands, feet, face, and ears - skin that feels hard and waxy, with a white or grayish yellow color FIRST AID - FROSTBITE • What to Do: – Call the 911 right away. Then: – Bring indoors immediately. Do not try to thaw frostbite unless you're in a warm place (warming and then re-exposing frozen skin to cold can cause permanent damage). – Remove wet clothing. – Don't rub frostbitten areas — treat them gently. – Don't use dry heat — such as a fireplace, oven, or heating pad — to thaw frostbite. – Don't break any blisters. – Warm the frostbitten parts in warm (not hot) water for about 30 minutes. – Place clean cotton balls between frostbitten fingers and toes after they've been warmed. – Loosely wrap warmed areas with clean bandages to prevent refreezing. – Give acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain. First Aid - Types of Bleeding ● Life-threatening bleeding includes: ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ Spurting/steady bleeding Blood is pooling Blood is soaking through overlying clothes Blood is soaking through bandages Amputation ● Arterial Bleeding ○ Blood coming from an artery; will spurt ● Venous Bleeding ○ Blood coming from a vein; will flow ● Capillary bleeding ○ Blood coming from capillaries; will ooze FIRST AID – CUTS/ABRASIONS • What to Do: – If the cut is severe and you can't get to a hospital right away or must wait for an ambulance, begin this treatment: • Rinse the cut or wound with water and apply pressure with sterile gauze, a bandage, or a clean cloth. • If blood soaks through the bandage, place another bandage on top of the first and keep applying pressure. • Raise the injured body part to slow bleeding. • When bleeding stops, cover the wound with a new, clean bandage. • Apply a tourniquet Tourniquets ● If you cannot stop the bleeding by applying direct pressure and EMS is delayed, a tourniquet may be a viable option to save a person from bleeding to death. ○ Step 1: Place as HIGH and TIGHT as possible on the injured limb - closest to the torso (You can place it over clothing) ○ Step 2: Pull the strap through the buckle ○ Step 3: Twist the rod tightly until bleeding stops/slows significantly (may be painful) ○ Step 4: Secure the rod ○ Step 5: If bleeding does not stop, place a second tourniquet ○ Step 6: Leave in place until EMS takes over care FIRST AID – CUTS/ABRASIONS * • Get Medical Care if: – the cut is deep or its edges are widely separated – the cut continues to ooze and bleed even after applying pressure – the injury was caused by an animal or human bite, burn, electrical injury, or puncture wound (such as a nail) • Call 911 Right Away if: – a body part, such as a fingertip, that is cut off. Put the part that was cut off in a sealed plastic bag right away. Put the bag in a container with ice water. – a cut and the blood is spurting out and hard to control – bleeding so much that bandages are becoming soaked with blood FIRST AID – SPRAINS AND STRAINS • Strains are injuries to muscles or tendons (which connect muscle to bone) due to overstretching. • Sprains involve a stretch or a partial tear of ligaments (which connect two bones). • Signs and Symptoms – pain in the joint or muscle – swelling and bruising – warmth and redness of injured area – trouble moving the injured part FIRST AID – SPRAINS AND STRAINS • What to Do – Stop activity right away – Think R.I.C.E. for the first 48 hours after the injury: • Rest: Rest the injured part until it's less painful. • Ice: Wrap an ice pack or cold compress in a towel and place over the injured part immediately. Continue for no more than 20 minutes at a time, four to eight times a day. • Compression: Support the injured part with an elastic compression bandage for at least 2 days. • Elevation: Raise the injured part above heart level to decrease swelling. – Ibuprofen or acetaminophen for pain and swelling FIRST AID – SPRAINS AND STRAINS • Get Emergency Medical Care if: – severe pain when the injured part is touched or moved – continued trouble bearing weight – more bruising – numbness or a feeling of "pins and needles" in the injured area – a limb that looks "bent" or misshapen – signs of infection (increased warmth, redness, streaks, swelling, and pain) – a strain or sprain that doesn't seem to be improving after 5 to 7 days • Think Prevention! – Warm up properly and to stretch before and after exercising or participating in any sport, and make sure you always wear appropriate protective equipment. FIRST AID – BROKEN BONES/FRACTURES • Signs & Symptoms of a Broken Bone: – a "snap" or a grinding noise during an injury – – swelling, bruising, or tenderness the injured part is difficult to move or hurts when being touched, or bearing weight moving, • Types – Transverse - The break is in a straight line across the bone. – Spiral - The break spirals around the bone; common in a twisting injury. – Compression - The bone is crushed, causing the broken bone to be wider or flatter in appearance. – Comminuted - The break is in three or more pieces and fragments are present at the fracture site. – Segmental - The same bone is fractured in two places, so there is a "floating" segment of bone. FIRST AID – BROKEN BONES/FRACTURES • What to Do – Take clothing off the injured area. – Apply an ice pack wrapped in cloth. – Keep the injured limb in the position you find it. – Put a simple splint on the broken area if you have one. A splint holds the bone still. This protects it until it is seen by the doctor. To make a splint, you can use a small board, cardboard, or folded up newspapers. Wrap it with an elastic bandage or tape. – Get medical care. • Do Not Move and Call 911 Right Away If: – You suspect a serious injury to the head, neck, or back. – A broken bone comes through the skin. While waiting for help: • Keep the person lying down. • Do not wash the wound or push in any part that's sticking out. FIRST AID – HEAD INJURIES/CONCUSSIONS • Physical symptoms – Blacking out, even if briefly – Seeing “stars” or lights in front of the eyes – Blurred or double vision – Nausea or vomiting – Headaches – Light sensitivity – Lack of motor coordination or difficulty balancing – Tinnitus – Uneven pupil sizes – Unusually large pupils – Bleeding at the scalp • Cognitive symptoms – Feeling or appearing dazed – Memory problems – Disorientation and confusion – Trouble focusing – Post-traumatic amnesia – Slurred or incoherent speech – Mood changes – Restlessness – Lethargy – Irritability FIRST AID – HEAD INJURIES/CONCUSSIONS * • What to do: – Call 911 – Immobilize the head – Apply ice to reduce swelling – Keep checking cognitive abilities – For the first 24 hours after a concussion the person should not be alone. Let them sleep, but wake them up once every 15 minutes for the first two hours, then once every 30 minutes for the next two hours; then once an hour. FIRST AID – CHOKING • Signs and Symptoms of choking: – Suddenly begins gasping or wheezing – can't talk, cry, or make noise – begins to turn blue in the face – grabs at his or her throat or waves arms – appears panicked • What to Do – Call 911 right away or have someone else call. If you are trained to do abdominal thrusts (also known as the Heimlich maneuver), do so immediately. If not done correctly it can cause damage. – Do not reach into the mouth to grab the object unless you can see it and pull on it or pat the person on the back. Either could push the object farther down the airway and make the situation worse. FIRST AID – CHOKING – 5 AND 5 METHOD – Ask someone to call 911 – Perform five back blows: (hit the choking person’s back between the shoulder blades using the heel of the hand) – Perform five abdominal thrusts: • stand behind the person, wrap your arms around their waist, and clasp your hands together at the front. • Bend the person forward slightly. • Form a fist with one hand and press it against the abdomen. • Hold your fist with your other hand. • Push hard, in and up against the abdomen. FIRST AID – CHOKING • Keep the following in mind: – If a person is gagging and coughing but can breathe and talk, the airway is not completely blocked and it's best to do nothing. They will likely be fine after the coughing spell. – If the person was choking and is now unconscious and no longer breathing, send someone to call 911. Immediately perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if you've been trained. – Seek medical care after any serious choking episode, especially if there is a lasting cough or wheezing.