FIRE SAFETY LAB MANUAL PDF

# FIRE SAFETY LAB MANUAL ## TABLE OF CONTENTS | S.No. | NAME OF PRACTICAL | Page No. | |---|---|---| | 1. | To study and performance test on portable Water type fire extinguisher | | | 2. | To study and performance test on portable Foam type fire extinguisher | | | 3. | To study and performance...

# FIRE SAFETY LAB MANUAL ## TABLE OF CONTENTS | S.No. | NAME OF PRACTICAL | Page No. | |---|---|---| | 1. | To study and performance test on portable Water type fire extinguisher | | | 2. | To study and performance test on portable Foam type fire extinguisher | | | 3. | To study and performance test on portable CO2 type fire extinguisher | | | 4. | To study and performance test on portable DCP type fire extinguisher| | | 5. | To study and learn about the usage and methods of Active and Passive fire protection systems | | | 6. | To study respiratory devices Self containing breathing apparatus | | | 7. | To determine the pH value of given sample of AFFF solution | | | 8. | To study various types search and rescue tools used in fire fighting training | | | 9. | To study and perform a three-man hydrant drill | | | 10. | To study and perform a mock drill using various search and rescue techniques | | | 11. | To study introduction of Firefighting techniques | | ## EXPERIMENT NO. 1 ### STUDY OF WATER TYPE EXTINGUISHERS ### AIM: To study the water types Extinguishers. ### INTRODUCTION: Portable extinguishers are first-aid devices provided for immediate use on fires in their incipiency and are effective only at that stage. They are the first line of defense and it is of great importance that they be immediately accessible and promptly used. The Indian Standards Institution has classified fires according to the nature of materials on fire (IS:2190-1979). The type of extinguisher to be used has been accordingly listed and this is shown in the table overleaf. Other considerations in the selection of an extinguisher are: - **EASE IN HANDLING** Where elderly or otherwise physically weaker persons are involved, smaller sized and lighter extinguisher should be installed. - **METHOD OF OPERATION** All extinguishers installed in one premise should preferably be operated by the same method. For example, an upright extinguisher should not be installed near turnover the extinguisher at it can lead to confusion. - **OPERATING ANGLE OF JET** Extinguishers may be required to fight fires in places which cannot be easily reached such as under floor- boards, into fume hoods, etc. in such instances, extinguishers fitted with hose are required. - **EFFECTIVE RANGE** Where approach to a fire may be restricted as in an overhead fire in a high- ceilinged room, extinguishers of the appropriate range must be chosen. ### THEORY: ### TYPE OF EXTINGUISHERS In many industries the hazards of various types of materials catching fire may be present in such places, it is advisable to have CO2 or dry chemical powder extinguishers which can safely by used on all classes of fire. ### WATER TYPE EXTINGUISHER: Water expelling fire extinguishers have water as an extinguishing agent which is released in the form of a jet by means of gas pressure in the upper part of the container. The gas pressure may be induced by chemical reaction of by mechanical means. Water expelling fire extinguishers are used mainly in class 'A' fires (IS: 2190-1979) involving ordinary combustible materials like wood, paper, textiles, etc. which are put out by the cooling action of water. Besides, water when applied to burning material converted to steam which reduces the percentage of available oxygen. Water expelling type extinguishers should not be used on fires involving electrical equipment without de-energizing them. The various types of water-expelling extinguishers are-- 1. Soda acid type IS: 934-1976 2. Gas Pressure actuated type IS: 9.40-1976 and 3. Stored Pressure type IS: 6234-1976. The soda acid type is the most commonly used. We shall discuss about it in detail and briefly touch- upon the constructional and operational part of the other two types. ### 1. SODA ACID TYPE EXTINGUISHER: #### Construction: The various parts and contents of a soda acid extinguisher are shown in the figure. The total liquid capacity of the body (or the solution) when filled to the specified level should be 9Liters. During manufacture, the body is required to be tested in an internal hydraulic pressure of 25 kgf/cm2 for minutes. #### Method of operation: Before actuating the extinguisher, the operational instructions given on the body of the extinguisher should be read carefully. At this stage, it would be advisable to know whether soda acid extinguishers are of up-right type or turn-over type depending on their method of working. One must know the type of the extinguisher provided at a given place. To operate the extinguisher, remove the guard cap and strike the plunger against a hard surface like the floor. Direct the jet emerging from the nozzle on the base of fire. #### Principle of working: When the plunger is struck, it breaks the acid phial (bottle) resulting into the sulphuric acid and Bicarbonate solution reacting together to release carbonadoed (CO2). The CO2 generated creates pressure which presses the water out of the extinguisher. Note: The CO2 acts only as propel ant and one water extinguishers the fire by cooling effect. #### Care and Maintenance: For efficient performance of the extinguisher one following maintenance schedule should be adhered: a) At least one a week, polish the painted colorless was and the brass chromium parts with brass/silver polish. Check the nozzle outlet and vent holes on the threaded portions of the cap of clogging. Check that the plunger is in the fully extended position and that it clean and free. b) Once a quarter, dismantle me components check for any damage, clean and grease them as required, stir, the solution in the extinguisher body and top up with water if the level has gone below the solution level mark. Polish all part. c) Annually operate 50% of the extinguishers and observed to performance. There must be a at less to minimum 60 seconds clean through and subject rusty of coded extinguishers to pressured test. Recharge the extinguisher. Tests should be arranged in such a manner that each extinguisher is discharged once in 2 years. d) Carry out pressure tests once every 2 years on each extinguisher by means of a hydraulic test. ### 2. GAS PRESSURE TYPE EXTINGUISHER The gas pressure type essentially has an outer' container similar to that of the soda acid type. There is a gas cartridge filled with CO2 under pressure which forms the inner compartment. When the cartridge is pierced open, CO2 under pressure is released into the body of extinguisher driving water out through the discharge tube. ### 3. STORED PRESSURE TYPE EXTINGUISHER The stored pressure, extinguisher is filled with water and dry air is introduced through air lines till the desired pressure is built up. When air lines are removed, the container is hermetically sealed. While actuating, safety pin is withdrawn and valve lever is depressed resulting in a jet of water through the hose. ## EXPERIMENT NO. 2 ### STUDY OF FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS ### AIM: To study foam types of Extinguishers. ### INTRODUCTION: Portable extinguishers are first-aid devices provided for immediate use on fires in their incipiency and are effective only at that stage. They are the first line of defense and it is of great importance that they be immediately accessible and promptly used. The Indian Standards Institution has classified fires according to the nature of materials on fire (IS:2190-1979). The type of extinguisher to be used has been accordingly listed and this is shown in the table overleaf. Other considerations in the selection of an extinguisher are: - **EASE IN HANDLING** Where elderly or otherwise physically weaker persons are involved, smaller sized and lighter extinguisher should be installed. - **METHOD OF OPERATION** All extinguishers installed in one premise should be operate by the same method preferable. For example, an upright extinguisher should not be installed near turnover extinguisher as it can lead to confusion. - **OPERATING ANGLE OF JET** Extinguishers may be required to fight fires in places which cannot be easily reached such as under floor- boards, into fume hoods, etc. in such instances, extinguishers fitted with hose are required. - **EFFECTIVE RANGE** Where approach to a fire may be restricted as in an overhead fire in a high- ceilinged room, extinguishers of the appropriate range must be chosen. ### THEORY: ### TYPE OF EXTINGUISHERS In many industries the hazards of various types of materials catching fire may be present in such places, it is advisable to have CO2 or dry chemical powder extinguishers which can safely by used on all classes of fire. ### FOAM TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS: Portable extinguishers expelling foam are best suited to put out class B fires involving flammable liquids like oils, solvents, petroleum- products varnishes, paints, etc. The foam expelled by actuating the extinguisher forms a blanket over the surface of the liquid on fire and cuts out the contract of the burning liquid with air thus extinguishing the fire. There are two types of foam expelling extinguishers: 1. Chemical foam type IS: 933-1976 2. Mechanical foam-type IS: 10204-1982 The most common type of the portable chemical foam extinguisher is discussed here. #### CONSTRUCTION - The extinguisher shown in Figure 1 alongside consists essentially of two containers, the inner and the outer: - These containers when filled to the Specified level, contain 9 liters liquid. - The outer container holds a solution of Sodium bicarbonate to which a foam stabilizer is added. The inner container (a long brass/plastic tube) contains solution of aluminum sulphate. When operated, the solution inter-mixes producing foam that is expelled from the extinguisher. #### METHOD OF OPERATION 1. Remove the extinguisher from the socket. 2. Pull the plunger, rest in on notch and turn the extinguisher over shaking well, to ensure the mixing of the two liquids. 3. Where a liquid on fire is in a contains, direct the jet at the far inside edge of the container, as shown in Fig. 2 or at an adjoining vertical surface above the level of the burning liquid. This breaks the jet and allows the foam to could up and flow across the surface of the liquid. 4. Do not direct the jet directly into the liquid because it may splash burning liquid on to the surroundings of spread. 5. Foam solutions are electrically conductive and therefore, are not recommended for use on electrical fires. If foam is used as spray, it is less conductive than a straight stream. However, because foam is cohesive, and contains materials that allow water to conduct electricity, a spray foam stream is more conductive than a water fog. #### CARE AND MAINTENANCE 1. At least once a week, polish the painted portions with a little colorless wax polish and the brass/ chromium parts with brass/silver polish. Check the nozzle outlet and vent holes on the threaded portions of the cap for clogging. Check that the plunger can be raised to the fully extended position and that it is clean. Return it to its normal position. 2. Once in curter, dismantle the components check for any damage, clean and grease them as required, stir the solution in the inner and outer containers with separate clean and dry sticks. 3. Top up with clean and fresh water as necessary. Do not use the same stick for starring both solutions and do not pour the solutions into any receptacle for stirring. 4. Annually, operate 50% of the extinguishers and check that it projects a jet to a distance of not less than 6 m for a minimum period of 30 seconds. Clean the extinguishers thoroughly and examine their inside for rust and corrosion. Subject rusty of corroded extinguishers to pressure test even if they are not due for it and their performance is otherwise satisfactory. Recharge the tested extinguishers. 5. Carry out pressure tests once every 2 years on each extinguisher by means of a hydraulic test pump. The test-pressure is 17.5 kgf/cm2 and is applied for 2 ½ minutes. ## EXPERIMENT NO. 3 ### STUDY OF DRY CHEMICAL TYPE EXTINGUISHERS ### AIM: To study D.C.P types of Extinguishers. ### INTRODUCTION: Portable extinguishers are first-aid devices provided for immediate use on fires in their incipiency and are effective only at that stage. They are the first line of defense and it is of great importance that they be immediately accessible and promptly used. The Indian Standards Institution has classified fires according to the nature of materials on fire (IS:2190-1979). The type of extinguisher to be used has been accordingly listed and this is shown in the table overleaf. Other considerations in the selection of an extinguisher are: - **EASE IN HANDLING** Where elderly or otherwise physically weaker persons are involved, smaller sized and lighter extinguisher should be installed. - **METHOD OF OPERATION** All extinguishers installed in one premise should preferably operate by the same method. For example, an upright extinguisher should not be installed near turnover e extinguisher as it can lead to confusion. - **OPERATING ANGLE OF JET** Extinguishers may be required to fight fires in places which cannot be easily reached such as under floor- boards, into fume hoods, etc. in such instances, extinguishers fitted with hose are required. - **EFFECTIVE RANGE** Where approach to a fire may be restricted as in an overhead fire in a high- ceilinged room, extinguishers of the appropriate range must be chosen. ### THEORY: ### TYPE OF EXTINGUISHERS In many industries the hazards of various types of materials catching fire may be present in such places, it is advisable to have CO2 or dry chemical powder extinguishers which can safely by used on all classes of fire. ### DRY POWDER TYPE: Dry powder type fire extinguishers are suitable for tacking petroleum fire, gas, fire in electrical equipment and for controlling surface fires in textile fibers. These extinguishers are noted for the speed with which they put out fire. The dry powder used should confirm to IS: 4308- 1982 specification. The chemical powders employed are usually sodium based and when applied to a fire, undergo chemical reaction. The Free radicals which are response for sustaining any fire are put out of action by the dry chemical powders and because of this the fire dies out very fast. Special dry powders containing mixture of sodium, potassium and barium component have been found useful in extinguishing fire metals such as sodium and magnesium dry powders used should conform to IS 1984 specifications. #### GAS CARTRIDGE TYPE: There are two types of ordinary dry powders extinguishers available (1) Gas Cartridge type and (2) Stored Pressure type being the most common will be. These extinguishers are 10 kg in capacities. #### CONSTRUCTION: The construction of this type of fire extinguishers is shown in the figure. The chemical powder is contained in the main shell of the extinguisher and CO2 gas is held under high powders in a sealed cartridge. When the extinguisher is operated, the cartridge seal is broken allowing the CO2 gas to escape to the shall and push out the powder in the form fog. #### METHOD OF OPERATION Carry the extinguishers to the place of the fire and keep it upright. Remove the safety clip and strike the knob located in the cap to actuate the piercing mechanism which in turn breaks the sealing disc of the cartridge. Direct the source of escaping powder at the base of the flame for effective result, stand about 5 to 6 feet away and direct the stream near the seat of the fire. Progress forward while moving the nozzle rapidly with a side to side sweeping motion. When on outdoor fires a ways operate the extinguisher from the upwind side of the fire to extend the effective range of the spray. #### CARE AND MAINTENANCE Following maintenance schedules are recommended for effective performance of the extinguisher: (1) Once a week- a) Clean the exterior of the extinguishers polish the painted portion with a little colorless wax polish, polish the brass and chromium plated parts. b) Check the nozzle outlet and vent holes in the thread portion of the cap for clogging. c) Check that the plunger is clean and is in fully extended position. (2) Once in a quarter- a) A show the gas cartridge and check if the sealing disc is intact. Weight the cartridge and compare its weight with that stamped on its body. If a loss of 10% or more of that of a fully is noted, replace it with a fully charged one. b) Check the piercing mechanism for its proper functioning. c) Remove the inner shell and clean port holes if necessary. Also check the port holes in the cartridge holder and clean them if necessary. d) Check the powder for granulation and caking. If caking/granulation is observed remove and replace with fresh charge. (3) Once in a year- One third of the total number of extinguishers of this type should be put into operation for evaluating their satisfactory performance. In the event of poor performance of any one of them, the balance will also have to be tested. (4) Once in 3 years- Every extinguisher should be discharged at least once in 3 years. It should be hydraulically pressure tested at 17.5 kgf/cm2. However, if there is any indication of mechanical damage or corrosion to the extinguisher shell it should be pressure tested immediately. Before recharging, the extinguisher should be bone dry. ## EXPERIMENT NO. 4 ### STUDY OF CARBON DIOXIDE TYPEFIRE EXTINGUISHERS ### AIM: To study the Carbon dioxide (CO2) types of fire Extinguishers. ### INTRODUCTION: Portable extinguishers are first-aid devices provided for immediate use on fires in their incipiency and are effective only at that stage. They are the first line of defense and it is of great importance that they be immediately accessible and promptly used. The Indian Standards Institution has classified fires according to the nature of materials on fire (IS:2190-1979). The type of extinguisher to be used has been accordingly listed and this is shown in the table overleaf. Other considerations in the selection of an extinguisher are: ### METHOD OF OPERATION All extinguishers installed in one premise should preferable operate by the same method. For example, an upright extinguisher should not be installed near turnover e extinguisher at it can lead to confusion. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used for putting out fires in oils, petroleum products. Gaseous substances under pressure, and also on sophisticated electrical and electronic apparatus - **OPERATING ANGLE OF JET** Extinguishers may be required to fight fires in places which cannot be easily reached such as under floor- boards, into fume hoods, etc. in such instances, extinguishers fitted with hose are required. - **EFFECTIVE RANGE** Where approach to a fire may be restricted as in an overhead fire in a high- ceilinged room, extinguishers of the appropriate range must be chosen. ### THEORY: ### TYPE OF EXTINGUISHERS In many industries the hazards of various types of materials catching fire may be present in such places, it is advisable to have CO2 or dry chemical powder extinguishers which can safely by used on all classes of fire. ### CARBON DIOXIDE TYPE: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is effective as an extinguishing agent primarily because it reduces the oxygen content of air to a point where combustion cannot continue, CO2 is non combustible and does not react with most substances. Being a gas it can penetrate and spread to all areas affected by fire. Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers are used for putting out fires in oils, petroleum products, gaseous substances under pressure, and also on sophisticated electrical and electronic apparatus. Carbon dioxide extinguishers are not to be used in- a) Fires involving chemicals that contain their own oxygen supply (such as cellulose nitrate). b) Fires involving reactive metals such as sodium, potassium and magnesium. The common type of portable carbon dioxide extinguisher covered by IS: 2878-1986 is discussed here. #### CONSTRUCTION The principal parts of the extinguishers are, shown in Fig. Carbon dioxide' is retained in the cylinder as liquid under pressure. The cylinder is filled with the charge about two thirds by weight of its total water capacity. #### METHOD OF OPERATION a) Carry the extinguisher to the place of fire. Remove the safety pin and operate the discharge device of unscrew the valve depending on the design. Carbon dioxide is delivered by means of discharge horn through a high pressure flexible hose. b) Direct the jet at the base of the fire, starting at one edge and sweeping across the surface of the burning material of when used in open air, the should stand on the up-wind side c) Apply the gas in down was direction as close as possible to the fire. On fires in electrical equipment first switch off the current. The direct the jet or horn straight at the fire. d) The gas at the time of discharge makes considerable noise. The user therefore be well should with its operation to prevent the at from being misdirected during the fire. #### HOW DOES CARBON DIOXIDE EXTINGUISH FIRE? When the extinguisher is actuated carbon dioxide from the cylinder comes out from the cone forming a layer of gas which is about one and half times heaving than air. The vapor blanket puts out fire by displacing the air around the fire and reducing the oxygen supply needed to continue combustion. #### CARE AND MAINTENANCE - At least once a week, polish the painted portion with a little colorless was polish. The brass chromium parts are to be polished with brass/silver polish. Check that the nozzle outlet is free from clogging. - Once a month weight the extinguisher and if a we difference of 10% or more (of the of a fully charged extinguisher) is observed it should be sent out for recharging. Every time the extinguisher is sent for recharging, the cylinder should be pressure tested at 210 kgf/cm2 before recharging. ## EXPERIMENT NO. 5 ### ACTIVE AND PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSYTEMS ### AIM: To Study the Active and Passive fire protection facilities in UPES Dehradun. ### INTRODUCTION: The lists of Active fire protection facility which are available in campus are: 1. Fire Hydrant system 2. Sprinkler system Hydrant system ### FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM The primary objective is to make sure that water supply available all the time under pressure of strategic point in a building both inside and outside so that in case fire. It can be used for extinguishing the fire automatically by sprinkler whenever they exit staff. The same system can be used to make water available as first aid firefighting installation like which are primarily meant for use by the occupants at the building even though they may not be fully trained in firefighting. The hydrant system mainly consists of: 1. Reliable water supply source 2. Firefighting hydrant with storage tank - **Types of Hydrants:** - Dry riser - Wet riser - Wet cum dry riser - **Location:** Energy block, Main block, Block 8,7,9,6 Both the food court & Library IT block. ### SPRINKLER SYSTEM Efficient means of protecting building and many danger of risk against extensively damage resulting from fire. - **Functions & Types:** - Wet pipe - Dry pipe - Deluge - Pre action - **Components:** - Sprinkler Head-Upright - Pendant - Side wall - Recessed heads - Fragile bulb head - **Control Valves:** - Post indicative valve assembly - Post indicative valve - Operating valves - Outside screw and yoke valve - Water flow alarms ### Result: <br> A thorough study has been conducted. ## EXPERIMENT NO. 6 ### SELF CONTAINING BREATHING APPARATUS ### AIM: To study respiratory devices namely, self containing breathing apparatus. ### Introduction: The primary method for the protection of laboratory personnel from airborne contaminants is to minimize the amount of such materials entering the laboratory air. When effective engineering controls are not possible, we use suitable respiratory protection after proper training. Respiratory protection may be needed in carrying out an experimental procedure, in dispensing or handling hazardous chemicals, in responding to a chemical spill or release in cleanup decontamination, or in hazardous waste handling. Respirators must fit snugly on the face to be effective. Conduct tests for a proper fit prior to selection of a respirator and verify before the user enters the area of contamination. Failure to achieve a good face-to-face piece seal (e.g.. because of glasses or facial hair) can permit contaminated air to bypass the filter and create a dangerous situation for the user. For individuals with facial hair, do not use respirators requiring a face-to-face piece seal. In such cases, powered, air-purifying, or supplied-air respirators may be appropriate. ### Types of Respirators: Several types of non-emergency respirators are available for protection in atmospheres that are not immediately dangerous to life or health but that could be detrimental after prolonged or repeated exposure. Other types of respirators are available for emergency or rescue work in hazardous atmospheres from which the wearer needs protection. Additional protection may be required if the airborne contaminant could be absorbed through or irritate the skin. For example, the possibility of eye or skin irritation may require the use of a full-body suit and a full-face mask rather than a half- face mask. For some chemicals the dose from skin absorption can exceed the dose from inhalation. The choice of the appropriate respirator in a given situation depends on the type of contaminant and its estimated or measured concentration, known exposure limits, and hazardous properties. The degree of protection afforded by the respirator varies with the type. Six main types of respirators are currently available: 1. Chemical cartridge respirators are only for protection against particular individual (or classes of) vapors or gases as specified by the respirator manufacturer and cannot be used at concentrations of contaminants above that specified on the cartridge. Also, these respirators cannot be used if the oxygen content of the air is less than 19.5%, in atmospheres immediately dangerous to life, or for rescue or emergency work. These respirators function by trapping vapors and gases in a cartridge or canister that contains a sorbent material, with activated charcoal being the most common adsorbent. Because significant breakthrough can occur at a fraction of the canister capacity, knowledge of the potential workplace exposure and length of time the respirator will be worn is important. Replacing the cartridge after each use ensures the maximum available exposure time for each new use. Difficulty in breathing or the detection of odors indicates plugged or exhausted filters or cartridges or concentrations of contaminants higher than the absorbing capacity of the cartridge, and the user should immediately leave the area of contamination. Check and clean chemical cartridge respirators on a regular basis. Do not store new and used cartridges near chemicals because they are constantly filtering the air. Store them in sealed containers to prevent chemical contamination. 2. Organic vapor cartridges cannot be used for vapors that are not readily detectable by their odor or other irritating effects or for vapors that will generate substantial heat on reaction with the sorbent materials in the cartridge. 3. Dust, fumes, and mist respirators are used only for protection against particular, or certain 'classes of, dusts. fumes. and mists as specified by the manufacturer. The useful life of the filter depends on the concentration of contaminant encountered. Such particulate-removing respirators usually trap the particles in a filter composed of fibers; they are not 100% efficient. Respirators of this type are generally disposable. Examples are surgical masks and toxic-dust and nuisance-dust masks. Some masks are NIOSH-approved for more specific purposes such as protection against simple or benign dust and fibrogenic dusts and asbestos. Particulate- removing respirators afford no protection against gases or vapors and may give the user a false sense of security. They are also subject to the limitations of fit. 4. Supplied-air respirators deliver fresh air to the face piece of the respirator at a pressure high enough to cause a slight buildup relative to atmospheric pressure. As a result, the supplied air flows outward from the mask, and contaminated air from the work environment cannot readily enter the mask. This characteristic renders face-to-face piece fit less important than with other types of respirators. Fit testing is, however, required before selection and use. 5. Supplied-air respirators are effective protection against a wide range of air contaminants (gases, vapors, and particulates) and are used in oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Where concentrations of air contaminants could be immediately dangerous to life, such respirators can be used provided (a) the protection factor of the respirator is not exceeded and (b) the provisions of OSHA's Respiratory Protection Standard (which indicates the need for a safety harness and an escape system in case of compressor failure) are not violated. The air supply of this type of respirator must be kept free of contaminants (e.g., by use of oil filters and carbon monoxide absorbers). Most laboratory air is not suitable for use with these units because these units usually require the user to drag lengths of hose connected to the air supply and they have a limited range. 6. SCBA is the only type of respiratory protective equipment suitable for emergency or rescue work. Untrained personnel should not attempt to use one.[image description: This is the image of a respirator. The respirator is comprised of a face mask attached to a cylinder with numerous straps and hoses. The cylinder and other parts of the respirator are labelled] ### PROCEDURES AND TRAINING Each area where respirators are used should have written information available that shows the limitations, fitting methods, and inspection and cleaning procedures for each type of respirator available. Personnel who may have occasion to use respirators in their work must be thoroughly trained before initial use and annually thereafter in the fit testing, use, limitations, and care of such equipment. Training includes demonstrations and practice in wearing, adjusting, and properly fitting the equipment. ### INSPECTIONS Respirators for routine use should be inspected before each use by the user and periodically by the laboratory supervisor. Self-contained breathing apparatus should be inspected at least once a month and cleaned after each use. ## EXPERIMENT NO.-8 ### SEARCH & RESCUE TOOLS ### AIM: To study hand and power tools. ### INTRODUCTION: No work is finally possible without hand-held or hand operated tools. Such tools are of many types, having many purposes and operated by hand only or by some energy e.g. electric, pneumatic, hydraulic etc. ### I) Types and Safe Use of Hand Tools: Main types of hand tools are as under - ### A. Metal Cutting Tools: These are chisels, stamping and marking tools, tap and die work, hacksaws, files, hand snips and cutters. - **Factors of selection and safe use are :** Materials to be cut, size and shape of the tool, depth of cut, sponge rubber shield or combination of rubber hand grips and shields on hammer struck tools, use of chisel holder or tong, safety goggles, vice, wrench, right type of file with smooth handle, lubrication on cutters etc. - **Stamping and marking tools should be held by tool holder to keep fingers away from the tool being struck.** - **Hack saws should be properly tightened in the frame to prevent buckling and breaking. Select proper blade (teeth per inch) for the proper metal (hard or soft) to be cut. Pressure should be applied on forward stroke only. Cutting speed of 40 to 60 strokes per minute is proper.** ### B. Wood Cutting Tools : These are wood chisels, saws, axes, adzes and hatches. - **Factors of safe use are:** Proper method of holding and using the tool, splinters free handles, nail detection, sheath or metal guard on axe blade, use of safety goggles, sharp and proper cutting angle. Do not drop the tools. The wood to be cut should be free of nails to avoid damage to the cutting edge. A wood chisel should not be used as a pry or wedge, otherwise the hard steel may break. Proper saw (crosscut or ripping) should be selected. When not in use, saws should be wiped off with an oily rag and kept in racks or hang by handle. Nails should, be cut by metal cutting saws. Axes and hatches are designed to cut, trim or prune trees and soft wood. Their cutting edges should not strike against metal, stone or concrete. A narrow bladed axe is used for hard wood and a wide axe for soft wood. Safety shoes, goggles and thick pants should be worn while using an axe. ### C. Material Handling Tools : These are crow bars, jacks, hooks, shovels and rakes. - **Factors of safe use are:** - Proper size and type of the tool and its handle, solid footing and' lubricating of jack, shielded point of the hook, trimmed edges and polished handles of shovels, - A crowbar has a point toe to grip the object to be moved and a heel to act as a pivot or fulcrum. Sometimes a wooden block may be placed -under the heel to prevent the crowbar from slipping and injuring hand. - Hooks should be sharp so that they should not slip when applied. Handles should be strong and properly shaped and attached. ### D. Hand feed tools : To protect hand and fingers while working with power presses, rolling mills, press brakes, banding machines and other machineries and also working with hot metals, hand feed tools are used. They are shown in fig below.[image description: This image shows different hand feed tools like pliers, twizzers, tongs, etc. They're labelled with their specific names.] ### E. Torsion Tools: These are adjustable wrenches (spanners), pipe wrenches, pipe tongs, machine wrench, torque wrenches, socket wrenches, open end or box wrenches, pliers, tongs, special cutters, nail band crimpers and screw drivers. - **Factors of safe use are:** Sharp jaws of wrenches, inspection of adjusting nut of the wrench, correct size of the wrench and not to change its dimension, insulated handles of electricians' pliers and screw drivers and screw driver not using for other purposes. ### F. Shock Tools: These are hammers, sledge hammers, riveting hammers, carpenter's or claw hammers. The handles should be smooth and of proper size. ### G. Non-Sparking Tools for Hazardous area : Such tools of non-ferrous (Beryllium, copper alloy, brass, copper, lead, plastic, rubber) materials are used where flammable gases, volatile liquids and explosive substances are stored or used. They should be kept free of picked up foreign particles to avoid friction sparks. ### Causes of Tool Failure: Overheating or under heating of the forging of steel when it was hardened, cracks from improper forging, improper tampering, failure to relieve stresses in forging, improper quenching, incorrect angle of cutting edge or steel of poor quality. Defects of these types will be found in tools of inferior construction, which, because of breakage and inefficiency, are more expensive in the long run than are tools of the best quality obtainable. ## PORTABLE POWER TOOLS ### Types, Hazards and Safe Use: Portable power tools are divided into five primary groups according to the power source: a) ELECTRIC b) PNEUMATIC c) HYDRAULIC d) GASOLINE e) EXPLOSIVE (powder actuated) Several types of tools such as saws, sanders, drills, and grinders are common to the first three groups; whereas explosive tools are used exclusively for penetration work, compression and cutting. Pneumatic grinders, impact tools and flexible shafts tools are also in use. Hydraulic tools, are used mainly for compression work. **a. Electric Tools:** Electric shock is the chief hazard from electrically powered tools. Types of injuries are electric flesh burns, minor shock that may cause falls and shock resulting in death. Main safety points for electric power tools are: - Flexible cable (cord) should be protected from misuse, abuse and damage to insulation resulting in broken or exposed live conductor. - Plug-socket connection should be tight and safe. No bare conductors should be inserted in plug. Three pin top should be used. - Metal casing should be effectively earthed. Earth .core of the flexible cable should be properly connected to the metalwork to be handled. Flexible conduit is not suitable for this purpose. **b. Pneumatic or Air-powered tools:** These are less hazardous than electric power tools. Grinders and impact tools have air hoses (pipes) which pose tripping or stumbling hazard. Self storing recoiling air hoses are safe. Speed regulator or governor is necessary to avoid over- speeding the tool. Pneumatic tools are of two types - Percussive - Rotary In rotary tool either piston and cylinder or rotor vanes are used. Speed regulator is necessary. Pneumatic tools are started and stopped by means of shut off valves and rotary valves. Rotary valves are equipped with a spring returning the rotary handle to its 'stop' position as soon as the handle is released. Maximum operating pressure is 6 bar. Additional handle is provided to control back twisting torque when the cutting tool (e.g. drill, reamer) gets jammed. **c. Hydraulic power tools:** These are hydraulic chain saws and compression devices. A small leak can impose high oil pressure on finger. Therefore, proper pressure hose should be selected. Safety pins are provided to shear at pre- set pressure. Pins should be secured by retainers. Poor quality shear pins, improper design or use of sockets can cause sudden failure and result in flying missiles. ## EXPERIMENT NO. 9 ### THREE MAN HYDRANT DRILL ### AIM: To study the three man hydrant drill ### INTRODUCTION: The practical firefighting part starts with basics of fire safety, carry out first aid firefighting, recognize and operate firefighting systems, maintain and test tools and equipment, respond to fire and other hazards, carry out rescue and first aid, able to do risk assessment and maintain safety of self and others. ### EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED: [image description: The image shows a hydrant post, standard/short branch, and three hoses.] ### WORD OF COMMANDS: - "Crew fall in" - "Crew Number" - "No.1 crew