Fine Structure of Cell - Ain Shams University Botany Department Lecture Notes PDF

Ain Shams University ‫جامعة عين شمس‬ Faculty of Women ‫كلية البـنــات‬ for Arts, Science & Education ‫لآلداب و العلوم و التربية‬ Botany...

Ain Shams University ‫جامعة عين شمس‬ Faculty of Women ‫كلية البـنــات‬ for Arts, Science & Education ‫لآلداب و العلوم و التربية‬ Botany Department ‫قسم النــبــات‬ By Fine structure of cell Associate Prof/ Shaimaa Selmi Sobieh For Second level Chemistry & Botany Microbiology & Chemistry  Cell o Cell is the basic membrane-bound unit that contains the fundamental molecules of life and of which all living things are composed o Cells are very small so size is measured in small units o The standard unit is the micrometre 1 m = 10-3 mm A typical bacterium is 10 m long A typical animal cell is 40 m in diameter. A typical plant cell is 100 m long HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/IMGRES?IMGURL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FMEDIA.SCIENCEPHOTO.COM%2FC0%2F43%2F76%2F60%2FC0437660- 400PX-WM.JPG&IMGREFURL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.SCIENCEPHOTO.COM%2FMEDIA%2F1003530%2FVIEW%2FESCHERICHIA-COLI- SEM&TBNID=RJJ9IQCXQA1EJM&VET=12AHUKEWIL1K_Z08LSAHUCRBOKHSQZCRGQMYGFEGUIARCUAQ..I&DOCID=MGW4I_LEBNHV6M&W=40 0&H=345&Q=BACTERIAL%20CELL%2B%20SEM&VED=2AHUKEWIL1K_Z08LSAHUCRBOKHSQZCRGQMYGFEGUIARCUAQ BIOLOGY , 2000  PRIMARY CELL STRUCTURE That which can be seen using the light microscope HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/IMGRES?IMGURL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.INDS.CO.UK%2FWP-CONTENT%2FUPLOADS%2F2015%2F09%2FMSAS0111_TN.JPG&IMGREFURL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.INDS.CO.UK %2FPRODUCT%2FEPIDERMAL-CELLS-OF-ALLIUM-CEPA-ONION-FLAT-MOUNT-SHOWS-TYPICAL-PLANT-CELLS-WITH-NUCLEI-CYTOPLASM-AND-CELL-WALLS%2F&TBNID=QMZ- _VV0XTVSEM&VET=12AHUKEWI8RYQD1MLSAHVA_IUKHYJBB-8QMYGLEGUIARDTAQ..I&DOCID=U0C9TVMNZTGZ4M&W=200&H=133&ITG=1&Q=ALLIUM%20PLANT%20CELLS%2B %20MICROSCOPE&VED=2AHUKEWI8RYQD1MLSAHVA_IUKHYJBB-8QMYGLEGUIARDTAQ  Brightfield Brightfield (stained) Phase-contrast Differential interference contrast Fluorescence Confocal HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/IMGRES?IMGURL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.INDS.CO.UK%2FWP-CONTENT%2FUPLOADS %2F2015%2F09%2FMSAS0111_TN.JPG&IMGREFURL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.INDS.CO.UK%2FPRODUCT%2FEPIDERMAL-CELLS-OF-ALLIUM-CEPA-ONION-FLAT- MOUNT-SHOWS-TYPICAL-PLANT-CELLS-WITH-NUCLEI-CYTOPLASM-AND-CELL-WALLS%2F&TBNID=QMZ- _VV0XTVSEM&VET=12AHUKEWI8RYQD1MLSAHVA_IUKHYJBB-8QMYGLEGUIARDTAQ..I&DOCID=U0C9TVMNZTGZ4M&W=200&H=133&ITG=1&Q=ALLIUM%20PLANT %20CELLS%2B%20MICROSCOPE&VED=2AHUKEWI8RYQD1MLSAHVA_IUKHYJBB-8QMYGLEGUIARDTAQ BIOLOGY, 2000  ULTRASTRUCTURE That which can be observed under the electron microscope Types of electron microscopy: Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?SA=I&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.POLYU.EDU.HK%2FUMF%2FFACILITY%2FCEM %2F&PSIG=AOVVAW1BS0PL0E9PKWEOGJN_WUUE&UST=1603265975848000&SOURCE=IMAGES&CD=VFE&VED=0CAIQJRXQFWOTCIIX7RTVWUWCFQAAAAADAA AAABAQ BIOLOGY,20000 TYPES OF CELL Two types of cell can be recognised on the basis of their structure. Prokaryotic cells Eukaryotic cells Found in bacteria and Found in all other organisms cyanobacteria in the Kingdoms in the Kingdom Protoctista Prokaryotae Fungi Plantae Animalia STRUCTURE OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS 3-D impression to show structure of a eukaryotic cell HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?SA=I&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FBIOLOGY4ISC.WEEBLY.COM%2FA-CELL--UNIT-OF- FUNCTION.HTML&PSIG=AOVVAW28Q3BUIIJ_HNYUSRBXJW0Q&UST=1603266428868000&SOURCE=IMAGES&CD=VFE&VED=0CAIQJRXQF WOTCJIF_YRXWUWCFQAAAAADAAAAABAD HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?SA=I&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FBETRAINED.IN%2FPS-VERMA-AND-VK-AGARWAL%2F9-BIOLOGY%2FTHE- FUNDAMENTAL-UNIT-OF-LIFE-CELL- SOLUTION&PSIG=AOVVAW3GNWNLOHW8ADQOWUY_WEVC&UST=1603266522054000&SOURCE=IMAGES&CD=VFE&VED=0CAIQJRXQFWOTCLIDIRTXWU WCFQAAAAADAAAAABAK  CYTOPLASM The fluid matrix which fills the cell Site of metabolism (all chemical reactions associated with the life processes) Actually has a very complex and dynamic ultrastructure containing organelles, internal membrane systems and a variety of other structures The genetic materials are housed in the nucelus and carried out by the ribosomes NUCLEUS NUCLEUS Large, usually spherical , bounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with many pores (called nuclear pores) About 5 µm in diameter Usually one per cell Contains DNA and proteins which form the chromosomes Has one or more nucleoli HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?SA=I&URL=HTTPS%3A%2F%2FWWW.PINTEREST.COM%2FPIN %2F763078730594870275%2F&PSIG=AOVVAW0FEG- LQXB4M7MK0KKBOJJG&UST=1603267774646000&SOURCE=IMAGES&CD=VFE&VED=0CAIQJRXQFWOTCPJW_OFCWUWCFQAA AAADAAAAABAJ  Nucleus The nuclear envelope is double membrane , each a lipid bilayer with associated protein. The two layers is separated by a space 20-40 nm. The envelope pores are about 100nm in diameter. At the lip of each the inner and outer membranes are continuous. 5 Protein complex lines each pore and µm regulate the entry and exit of particles. HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?SA=I&URL=HTTP%3A%2F%2FWWW.BIOZOOMER.COM%2F2016%2F12%2FCELL-NUCLEUS-STRUCTURE-FUNCTION.HTML&PSIG=AOVVAW2Y- BA2LD0FW_1XPTY1JHC3&UST=1603267988212000&SOURCE=IMAGES&CD=VFE&VED=0CAIQJRXQFWOTCJDF6VDCWUWCFQAAAAADAAAAABAE Nucleus The nuclear side of the membrane is lined by the nuclear lamina. Nuclear lamina is a network of protein filaments that maintain of the shape of the nucleus. Nuclear matrix.  Nucleus Chromosomes are made up of chromatin, a complex of DNA and basic proteins (histone). Chromosomes appears as diffuse mass in resting cells. Chromosomes contain the genes which control the cell’s activities by controlling the synthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm. Each species has a characteristic number of chromosome. HTTPS://WWW.GOOGLE.COM/URL?SA=I&URL=HTTP%3A%2F%2FWWW.ANATOMYBOX.COM%2FTAG%2FSRY %2F&PSIG=AOVVAW2PJWKFGT28KGTHFWUAHP3J&UST=1603268206286000&SOURCE=IMAGES&CD=VFE&VED=0CAIQJRXQFWOTCOCFK_FDWUWCFQAAAAADA AAAABAJ NUCLEOLUS Densely staining granules in the nucleus present in the nondividing cells. One or more per nucleus Site of production of ribosomes