AHELECT Final Reviewer - Module 3, Lecture 1 - Representation in Various Media PDF

AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester...

AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ MODULE 3. LECTURE 1: REPRESENTATION IN - are dangerous as they can lead audiences to VARIOUS MEDIA generalize about people or places 06. Ideology REPRESENTATION IN VARIOUS MEDIA - are ideas and beliefs, held by media producers, which are often represented in their media texts REPRESENTATION o Newspaper: the ideology of the owner or senior editors could influence the way - are the way aspects of society, such as gender, age, certain stories are represented such as or ethnicity, are portrayed to the viewers or readers lending support to a particular political party - playing a pivotal role in shaping people’s perceptions o Documentary about Asylum Seekers: of diverse social groups and their identities the representation of their story could be - it is how media texts deal with and present gender, influenced by the ideology of the filmmaker age, ethnicity, national and regional identity, social or producer issues, and events to an audience - media texts have the power to shape an audience's HOW ARE REPRESENTATIONS CONSTRUCTED? knowledge and understanding about these important topics 01. Camera Shots and Angles - to analyze media texts to determine how they have - Low Angle Camera Shot: make someone seem represented ideas and issues, it is important to be more powerful and in control than they really are familiar with some of the key terms. - High Angle Shot: make someone seem less important or influential 01. Construction - the way a media text is put together 02. Editing o Film or Television Programme: includes - where media producers can manipulate the emotions the editing and choice of camera angles of the audience by representing certain characters or o Magazine or Newspaper: includes the situations layout and writing as well as the choice of o Documentary Style Reality Show (like images Don't Tell the Bride): many hours of film footage may have been recorded, but this 02. Mediation footage is edited down to fill a one-hour - process everything goes through before it reaches broadcast an audience - how it is edited will determine how the characters are o can be how a film script is written and re- represented and how the audience respond to them written before it makes it to production o how newspaper or magazine photographs 03. Audio Codes are cropped and captioned - representation of a person or fictional character can o how real-life events—like a protest or a be influenced through their dialogue speech by a politician—are portrayed in a o if they use slang or speak with a strong news report accent, audiences will respond to that person in a very different way than 03. Selection someone who speaks perfect English - refers to what has been selected for inclusion in a without the trace of an accent media text - music can also influence representation in a media - can be particularly important in newspaper articles, text where selecting certain facts over others can change o Film Scene: a character is walking down a the angle of a story street, a slow, somber piece of music will - what is omitted is sometimes as important as what create a very different representation to a is included cheerful, upbeat tune 04. Anchorage 04. Visual Codes - are the words that go along with images to give - iconography (the visual images or symbols that those pictures a certain meaning in a specific context appear in a scene) can influence representation - includes captions and headlines in newspapers and o e.g., iconography can have a big impact on taglines in adverts or on film posters a representation of femininity – a character carrying a briefcase and wearing a smart 05. Stereotypes suit creates a very different representation - are a simplified representation of a person, groups of of femininity than a character carrying a people or a place, through basic or obvious changing bag and pushing a buggy characteristics—which are often exaggerated - can be used to describe characters quickly, relying REPRESENTATION IN PRINT on existing audience recognition - in print-based media texts representation is constructed using: Page | 1 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ o Layout and Design more traditional masculine values (his o Language and Mode of Address strength, attractiveness and sporting skills) o Camera shots and angles in any - today, many men are faced with unrealistic and photographs aspirational representations of masculinity in the o Visual codes media o Anchorage - front cover of men's lifestyle magazines can offer an unrealistic representation of masculinity REPRESENTATION OF GENDER o often depict a 'perfect man' with great hair - the representation of gender is a powerful code in and a six pack of abs media texts o many men are now under a similar pressure to women, trying to conform to an ideal Women image - representations of women in the media have developed and changed with time to reflect the REPRESENTATION OF AGE cultural and sociological changes in society - can influence how audiences respond to a character o female stereotypes continue to appear in or real-life person in a media text some media texts - are often defined by how men see women (termed Young People the 'male gaze'), or by how society expects women - when media texts represent people, they can be to look and behave categorized according to age - representations of women concentrate on sexuality o easy to fall into stereotypical caricatures of and emotions lazy teenagers or grumpy old people - others focus on their relationships with their children - today it can be difficult to pigeon-hole people into or romantic partners age groups, as the boundaries are becoming more - magazine front covers often include stereotypical blurred representations of women o for example, video games are just as likely - there are representations of women in the media to be played by middle-aged adults as that conform to society's expectations there are also teenagers representations that aim to subvert and challenge - young people are often represented negatively in these constructions media texts, which can cause controversy and o these positive representations offer a more stimulate debate realistic and refreshing view, showing o during the London riots, British young women as active rather than passive, as people were portrayed by the print media heroes not victims as dangerous and hostile o was based on the actions of a small number Men of people and created an unfair stereotype - representations of men have changed over the past - when young people appear in positive two decades with the emergence of the 'new man' or representations in newspapers, it is often because 'metrosexual', a man in touch with his feminine side they have done something out of the ordinary, such and interested in romance, fashion, health and as a heroic act or an impressive sporting fitness achievement - the main focus is still on the traditional idea of - Vicky Pollard in Little Britain: young people are masculinity which is strong, heroic, with the ability to often shown as lacking in education and of low social outsmart life's problems and survive against all odds class o this can be seen in action-adventure o is reflected in their clothes, the way they characters such as James Bond or Indiana speak and the language they use Jones - this representation suggests that this is generally - Skyfall: we see an ageing James Bond, a more considered the dominant representation of young vulnerable hero; a more realistic representation of people in the media, enough to encourage a parody masculinity and age - positive representations of young people in the - Big Bang Theory: a group of scientists who are media are much less frequent because positive hyper-intelligent, geeky and weedy; represents how representations are not as dramatic or entertaining Leonard, one of the weedy scientists, manages to - the main media texts which offer positive win the heart of Penny – despite him not being the representation of young people are usually situations stereotypical tough, handsome guy who always gets which allow them to represent themselves, within a the girl specific context - David Beckham: combines traditional and modern o for instance, auditions on talent shows such male values as Britain's Got Talent and The X Factor or o David Beckham is a good example of celebrations of their good deeds on charity someone who combines the aspects of a programmes like Children in Need 'new man' (he is interested in fashion and is an active father to his children) with the Page | 2 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ REPRESENTATION OF ETHNIC, NATIONAL AND media and how this lack of representation REGIONAL IDENTITY perpetuates stereotypes and inequality - ethnic, national or regional identity is reinforced or MODULE 3. LECTURE 2, PART 2: THE THESIS undermined by how it is represented in the media STATEMENT AND ITS PURPOSES o United Kingdom: it is an ethnically diverse country; however, this diversity is not always reflected in the media THE THESIS STATEMENT AND ITS PURPOSES o TV/Film/Front of Glossy Magazines: - formulating an informed opinion or thesis statement non-white faces are often under- is a foundational task in crafting a well-structured represented argument or research project, - Ethnicity: is defined by culture, national customs, - it encapsulates the core argument or perspective language or beliefs that the entire work will revolve around, providing - Race: can mean physical characteristics that may be clarity and purpose to the endeavor related to skin color or other physiological features - the media’s representation of ethnicity can prove Main Idea very powerful as it could be the only experience of - provides the topic or summary of each paragraph other cultures that some audiences will encounter Thesis Statement - if all representation of ethnicity in the media were balanced this would not be a problem - is a concise and clear statement that articulates the o many representations can rely on negative main argument or point of view in an essay, research stereotypes which may adversely affect the paper, or any written work way others then perceive a particular ethnic - serves the following purposes: culture o Guide—it is like a road sign that serves as - National Identity: based on the features of a a guide that tells what the focus of the specific country - its culture, traditions, language and whole text is politics o Main Point—it tells readers about the - Regional Identity: based on geographical area but overall message of the whole text can be quite broad (someone could be from the - responsible for providing the main point of the whole North or the South of England) or more specific (they text, not just a single paragraph. could be Glaswegian or Cornish) - consider the following essential components of a - representations of national and regional identity thesis statement: often focus on certain stereotypical characteristics o Length—it has to be 1 to 2 sentences in and customs associated with the nation or region. terms of length o e.g., French – romantic, Italians - best o Location—it is embedded or found in the cooks, Irish – friendly first paragraph of the whole paper o Topic—it announces the topic, issue, or MODULE 3. LECTURE 2, PART 1: FORMING INFORMED area of concern to be tackled OPINIONS OR THESIS STATEMENTS o Argument/ side/ opinion/ claim—it contains an argument, informed opinions/ FORMING INFORMED OPINIONS OR THESIS beliefs, sides or claims about the topic STATEMENTS o Testable/ defendable—it can be proven as or defended to be true or false - the topic of under-representation of minority groups depending on evidence; it is NOT a fact that in various media, as discussed previously, is can no longer be negated (e.g., the sun can intricately connected to the act of viewing a be found at the center of the solar system, documentary about minority groups being orbited by planets) - watching such a documentary serves as a means of increasing awareness and understanding of the Example: issues related to under-representation o can provide you with valuable insights into The persistent issue of food insecurity in urban communities the experiences, challenges, and emphasizes the urgent need for comprehensive policies, perspectives of these marginalized community-driven initiatives, and equitable access to communities nutritious and affordable food sources. These measures aim - viewing a documentary about minority groups can be for the reduction of dependency on food aid programs and a pivotal step in forming informed opinions and promotion of long-term food sovereignty. thesis statements o it equips you with the knowledge and Topic: It clearly identifies the topic, which is "the persistent context necessary to analyze and reflect on issue of food insecurity in urban communities." the issues presented in the documentary Arguments/sides/opinions/claims: It presents three o it encourages you to critically examine the arguments or claims, including: under-representation of these groups in Page | 3 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ 1. Comprehensive policies, community-driven 04. Brief History initiatives, and equitable access to nutritious and - comes in the form of including details about past affordable food sources: This argument emphasizes the events need for multi-pronged solutions to address food insecurity. It is arguable because different stakeholders may have varying 05. Quotation opinions on the most effective strategies to achieve food - comes in the form of using statements coming from security. The discussion can center around which policies and other sources initiatives are most suitable and effective. 06. Shocking Statement 2. Reduction of dependency on food aid programs: This - comes in the form of identifying unusual, argument raises questions about the effectiveness of existing unexpected, or unknown pieces of information food aid programs and whether they are contributing to long- term solutions or perpetuating dependency. It's arguable as 07. Current Events opinions may differ on how best to transition away from - comes in the form of including recent events or reliance on aid programs. trends that are happening at the time of writing 3. Promotion of long-term food sovereignty: The idea of 08. Statistics food sovereignty is a subject of ongoing debate in the field of - comes in the form of presenting and interpreting food policy. Some argue that it empowers communities, while numerical or mathematical data others may have reservations about its feasibility and impact. This argument is arguable because it involves differing THE BODY perspectives on what long-term food sovereignty entails and - at this part of an academic paper, the following how it can be achieved. functions must be served: o to explain MODULE 3. LECTURE 2, PART 3: PARAGRAPH o to provide examples DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND PARTS OF A o elaborate on reasons/ explore ideas SELECTED REFERENCE TO SUPPORT THEM - must explore an idea, elaborate on a chosen topic, and support the thesis statement PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES AND PARTS OF A SELECTED REFERENCE TO SUPPORT VARIOUS PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT TECHNIQUES THEM (THE BODY): - an informed opinion or thesis statement may be 01. Narrative further supported to become a complete academic - shows how events take place and in what sequence paper serving various purposes - these techniques of supporting and developing the 02. Definition thesis statement are as follows: - provides readers with meanings, descriptions, or INTRODUCTION examples of a given concept or topic - these are the first few paragraphs in any academic 03. Classification paper - groups things or individuals together based on a - serves two purposes: certain standard or rule and by specifying their o identify what the topic and the thesis shared characteristics statement/s are; and o prove the importance of the topic and 04. Process validity of the author’s thesis statement - presents a series of actions that lead to a result. In related to the topic addition, it may provide explanations about how VARIOUS TECHNIQUES IN PARAGRAPH concepts function or work DEVELOPMENT (INTRODUCTION): 05. Description 01. Factual Information - simply describes what is given (e.g., a table, an illustration, a person, an experience, etc.) by - this technique comes in the form of including details identifying its contents or appearance and telling that have already been proven and tested to be what they mean true or deemed to be logical - it does not involve personal interpretation 02. Anecdote 06. Comparison and Contrast - comes in the form of including retellings of relevant - focuses on similarities and differences between and personal experiences or experiences by other among identified groups people 07. Cause and Effect 03. Definition - specifies reasons or sources and results, telling how - comes in the form of giving meaning to, providing an event takes place and why examples of, or describing of relevant concept/s Page | 4 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ All of the previously identified paragraph development techniques/ methods fall under what is called expository writing, a form of writing aimed at explaining ideas and educating or informing readers about them. As opposed to other forms of writing, expository writing is informational and backed with facts and is technical. THE CONCLUSION - must serve the following functions: o to summarize/ restate the main point/ thesis statement; or o challenge readers to do certain action/s related to the thesis statement Page | 5 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ MODULE 4-A. LECTURE 1: ON PLAGIARISM TYPES OF TEXT PLAGIARISM 01. Text Recycling, Self-Plagiarism Or Duplicate PLAGIARISM Submission (Usta & Koçak, 2021) - is expressing an idea, a text, or any work of someone else without acknowledging the original source - a writer or researcher uses his/her own previous (Usta and Koçak, 2021) work to produce another or when an author reuses o classified plagiarism into text plagiarism and his own work to write for a client (Kramer, 2022) idea plagiarism - can discredit one’s professional and moral TEXT PLAGIARISM IDEA PLAGIARISM reputation. Self-plagiarism is also called recycle - include copying of - is quoting idea which is plagiarism (Henson, 2023) graphics, images, figures, hardest to detect 02. Translational Self-Plagiarism photos, tables, graphic captions, and others - the author(s) translate some part(s) or entire own article from another language without - to plagiarize is “to steal the ideas of another person; acknowledgment or proper citation (Usta & Koçak, using another person’s work and misrepresenting the 2021) work and source is unethical and breaks both the author and the publication’s rights (Merriman, 03. Complete And Direct Plagiarism (Kramer, 2022) 2010) - Complete Plagiarism: a writer or researcher - Usta and Koçak identified other Reasons for the copies the entire work Increase in Plagiarism, Types of Text Plagiarism, o e.g., text, graphs, figures, tables and Examples of Similarity Detection Tools and Their captions of an earliest work (complete Web Addresses, and Sources for Ethical Training on plagiarism) Plagiarism o is also called Copy entire text by Usta and REASONS FOR PLAGIARISM Koçak (2021) when the author copies the paper without copyright agreement or 01. Insufficient Knowledge About Plagiarism proper acknowledgment of the source - Writers and researchers may have limited knowledge - Direct Plagiarism: copying a specific section of a about writing and publication ethical standards. text, a table, or a figure from earliest work without proper credit and copyright agreement (Kramer, 02. Lack Of Linguistic Proficiency 2022) - Effective writing requires language facilities. A o For instance, a student commits complete researcher may lack the language skills, thus, plagiarism when he/she submits an action plagiarizes. plan, paper or engineering blueprint or 03. Inadequate plagiarism policies and sanctions topology that was previously submitted by a friend or a sibling who took AHELECT, - Some institutions and publications may lack clear PCOM or Engineering subjects. guidelines and at the same time sanctions. o This type is related to text recycling or 04. Fastest strategy duplicate submission when the previous - Researchers may consider plagiarizing a work author (original source) allows the present because it is the easiest and fastest way to writing. author (client) to reuse his work. - it is a direct plagiarism or patchwork plagiarism or 05. Time constraint mosaic plagiarism (Kramer, 2022; Henson, 2023) when a writer copies some words or a - Because researchers may not have ample time to sentence from a source and incorporate them into collect, analyze, and interpret data, they tend to his/her paper without proper paraphrasing and plagiarize. citation. 06. Habitual 04. Translational Plagiarism - For some, copying has become a habit that cannot - is a violation of the copyright law when any writer or be outgrown. author interprets some or an entire paper or article 07. Lack of detection tools of another author/s work from a different language without citation or agreement with the original - Because plagiarism checkers are expensive or there source (Usta & Koçak, 2021) are no available tools, researchers submit papers that are poorly written. Page | 6 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ 05. Word Plagiarism o Damage of both academic and professional reputation - is committed when writers copy 6 consecutive words of a sentence or figure legend, or more than 80% of PLAGIARISM PREVENTION a sentence, or more than 80% of a paragraph (Usta 1. Know and Understand of Plagiarism. Know the and Koçak, 2021) different forms of plagiarism and understand - Copyright law may not have specific number of plagiarism. words or text that can used, but it is better to ask 2. Use Correct and Proper Citation and the original source’s permission or use own words Documentation. Use the format set by your and acknowledge the source. instructor or institution. 06. Guest Authorship 3. Quote Properly, Paraphrase and Summarize Appropriately. Use quotation marks when directly - happens when an author uses the names of known quoting a source, cite sources properly when authors to increase publication rate of work (Usta & rewording and summarizing a text. Koçak, 2021) 4. Plan your Research and Take Notes. Be careful with the information that you collect and list down 07. Accidental Plagiarism (Kramer, 2022) your sources meticulously. Do not procrastinate - happens when an author misses to cite the original when conducting research, writing a project proposal source unintentionally or an academic paper. You may likely to commit - forms of accidental plagiarism: plagiarism when you rush. o Forgetting to cite your sources in your work 5. Seek Author/s’ Permission. This is especially true o Not citing your sources correctly when using a copyrighted work beyond fair use. o Failing to put quotes around cited 6. Seek Guidance. Students may likely to commit information are plagiarism if not properly guided. As students, read about the standard format in writing and citation, ask 08.Source-Based Plagiarism and Improper Attribution a friend who’s familiar with writing and source attribution, or seek your teacher or professor’s help. - includes making up sources and citing incorrect 7. Use Plagiarism Detection Tools: Use various sources tools or software to check your work. These tools - there are times when a researcher copies the help you in identifying plagiarized materials and source/s of a secondary source or acknowledges corrections to further revise your work. either the primary source from which the secondary 8. Write with integrity. No matter how difficult source is acquired or cites the secondary source research, a project, or an academic paper is, always without giving credits to the primary source write honestly, accurately, appropriately, and 09. Paraphrasing Plagiarism meaningfully by adhering to standards, guidelines, and other ethical writing practices. - usually happens when a writer reuses someone’s SIMILARITY/PLAGIARISM DETECTION TOOLS (Usta work and changes a few words or phrases and Koçak, 2021) - students may not even realize it because of the belief that the information is reworded Software Website - whether quoting a short idea or rewording ideas, it Name is right to credit the original source with proper iThenticate https://www.ithenticate.com/ citation The CrossCheck https://crosscheck.ieee.org/crosscheck/ CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM Portal Turnitin https://www.turnitin.com/ - Plagiarism is a serious offense. Grammarly https://www.grammarly.com/ - Depending on the type of plagiarism and the Ouriginal https://www.ouriginal.com/ guidelines set by an educational institution, any Dupli Checker https://www.duplichecker.com/ writer who plagiarizes may face any but not limited PaperRater https://www.paperrater.com/ to the following consequences: PLAGIARISM http://plagiarisma.net/ o Failure in the specific assignment or work o Failure of the course or subject SOURCES FOR ETHICAL TRAINING ON PLAGIARISM o Suspension - to learn more about ethical writing and plagiarism, o Academic probation you may read articles from the following sites by o Dismissal from the program of the Usta & Koçak (2021): university Page | 7 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ Name: International Standards for Source: o provides the implementing rules and Editors and Authors COPE regulations to secure the exclusive rights of URL: https://publicationethics.org/resources/resources- scientists, inventors, artists, and other and-further-reading/international-standards-editors-and- talented citizens of their intellectual authors property and creations, especially when Name: Defining the Role of Authors and Source: they are beneficial to the people Contributors ICMJE o the State has a policy of streamlining the URL: registration on technological transfers, http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles- administrative processes for registering and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and- patents, trademarks, and copyright, and contributors.html improving the enforcement of intellectual Name: Service Avoiding Plagiarism, Self- Source: property rights in the Philippines (Salao, Plagiarism, and Other Questionable Writing ORI 2012) Practices: A Guide to Ethical Writing o recognizes the concept of "fair use," which URL: https://ori.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/plagiarism.pdf allows limited use of copyrighted material for criticism, comment, news reporting, MODULE 4-A. LECTURE 2: PLAGIARISM VERSUS teaching, scholarship, or research (Salao, COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT 2012; “Copyright Guidelines”, 2023). COMPONENTS OF THE “INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PLAGIARISM VERSUS COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT RIGHTS” OF THE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8293 OF THE - Plagiarism and Copyright infringement involve using PHILIPPINES: another author or authors’ work without permission. Sec. 4, 4.1 - The components of the "intellectual property PLAGIARISM rights" (NBSI Editorial Staff, 2000): - is using someone else's work, ideas, or content without proper attribution or permission, regardless 1. Copyright and Related Rights; of whether the work is copyrighted 2. Trademarks and Service Marks; - is an ethical violation and can damage one's 3. Geographic Indications; reputation 4. Industrial Designs; - deals with academic and ethical consequences: 5. Patents o failure, 6. Layout- Designs (Topographies) of Integrated o suspension Circuits; and o expulsion, and others 7. Protection of Undisclosed Information COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT BASED ON THE RA 8293, ORIGINAL WORKS INCLUDE - happens when someone uses, reproduces, or (NBSI Editorial Staff, 2000; Salao, 2012): distributes copyrighted materials without permission - literally means "right to copy is a legal concept that SEC. 172. Literary and Artistic Works. grants a writer, author or creator exclusive right to an original work (Salao, 2012) 1. Books, pamphlets, articles, and other writings; - is a legal issue that can result in legal actions and 2. Periodicals and newspapers; penalties: 3. Lectures, sermons, addresses, dissertations o cease-and-desist letters prepared for oral delivery, whether or not reduced in o fines writing or other material form; o lawsuits 4. Letters; - anyone who utilizes copyrighted material without 5. Dramatic or dramatico-musical compositions; authorization or appropriate attribution may face choreographic works or entertainment in dumb academic, professional, or legal repercussions shows; o therefore, when using someone else's 6. Musical compositions, with or without words; creative work, it's crucial to follow legal and 7. Works of drawing, painting, architecture, sculpture, ethical standards engraving, lithography or other works or art; models or designs for works of art; PHILIPPINES COPYRIGHT LAW - protects original works of authorship, including 8. Original ornamental designs or models for articles of literary, artistic, scientific, technological inventions, manufacture, whether or not registrable as an and others industrial design, and other works of applied art; - Republic Act No. 8293 “Intellectual Property Code of 9. Illustrations, maps, plans, sketches, charts, and the Philippines” three-dimensional works relative to geography, topography, architecture, or science; Page | 8 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ 10. Drawings or plastic works of a scientific or technical MODULE 4-B. LECTURE 1: CITATION & character; REFERENCING: ACKNOWLEDGING OWNERSHIP OF 11. Photographic works including works produced by a IDEAS process analogous to photography; lantern slides; 12. Audiovisual works and cinematographic works and PLAGIARISM AND COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT work produced by a process analogous to - involve the use of another author or author's work cinematography or any process for making audio- without permission visual recordings; - are ethical violations of ownership that usually 13. Pictorial illustrations and advertisements; happen with the advent of new media 14. Computer programs; and - crucial to be aware of these ethical and legal 15. Other literary, scholarly, scientific, and artistic works. standards since using wide varieties of sources is an inevitable part of most requirements in the academic DERIVATIVE WORKS (NBSI Editorial Staff; Salao, context 2012) - to avoid committing these said violations is knowing SEC. 173. The following derivative works have copyright how to properly cite sources and acknowledge protection, but this protection doesn't affect the existing another author's work or what we call citation and copyright of the original works, and it doesn't imply that the referencing creators of the new works have additional rights over the REFERENCING original works or can extend the copyright term of the original - also called as crediting or citing sources used works through these new creations. - is essential in academic writing because it not only 1. Dramatizations, translations, adaptations, enables the work to appear scholarly and rich in abridgments, arrangements, and other alterations of information literary or artistic works; and - also acknowledges the expertise of and the effort 2. Collections of literary, scholarly, or artistic works, and exerted by the authors of the source materials compilations of data and other materials which are I. The APA Citation and Its Rules (based on the APA original by reason of the selection or coordination of 7th Edition) or arrangement of their contents. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLAGIARISM AND AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT CITATION STYLE - most commonly used PLAGIARISM COPYRIGHT - has the following kinds: INFRINGEMENT 1. A student copies 1. A teacher collects A. In-Text/ Author Named in Text verbatim a sentence or activity and assessment - this kind of citation requires the inclusion of three paraphrases a short text samples from different details written as part of/ as named in the text from an article for his sources and uses the same or statement: research in PCOM or in his book for use and o last name of the author AHELECT subject but publication without o reporting verb or attributive word/s, i.e., misses to acknowledge or permission from the improperly cites the original original authors. word/s that identify the author or state author. what he/ she did 2. A student submits an 2. A writer copies a poem o year of publication enclosed in parentheses assignment (research or essay and includes this paper) from one class to in his book for publication. Pattern 1: [AUTHOR’S LAST NAME ONLY] + ([YEAR of another class without Even if the writer cites the PUBLICATION]) + REPORTING VERB instructor’s knowledge and main source, he/she permission. infringes the original Example: “The Philippines is winning in its fight against author’s rights under COVID-19,” Roque (2020) said. copyright law. o Last Name of Cited Author: Roque 3. A student paraphrases 3. Uploading to a webpage o Reporting Verb: said the entire library research a copyrighted material o Year of Publication Enclosed in of his friend and submits (book, articles, songs etc.) his work to his instructor. without the permission of Parentheses: 2020 the author. o Information Gained from the Cited Author: The Philippines is winning in its fight against COVID-19. Page | 9 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ Pattern 2: ATTRIBUTIVE WORDS + [AUTHOR’S LAST NAME] Example: Santos (1995, as cited in Dela Cruz, 2021) thought + ([YEAR of PUBLICATION]) that pandemics would be impossible to ever happen in the world again. Example: According to Roque (2020), “the Philippines is winning in its fight against COVID-19.” o Last Name of the Author of the OLD Work: Santos o Last Name of Cited Author: Roque o Publication Year of the OLD Work: 1995 o Attributive Word/s: According to o Last Name of the Author of the RECENT o Year of Publication Enclosed in Work: Dela Cruz Parentheses: 2020 o Publication Year of the RECENT Work: 2021 o Information Gained from the Cited o Location of the Last Name of the Author of the Author: The Philippines is winning in its fight OLD WORK: inside parentheses or outside against COVID-19. parentheses o Location of the Last Name of the Author of the RECENT WORK: inside parentheses or outside B. Parenthetical/ Author Not Named in Text parentheses - requires the inclusion of only two details: o Information Gained from the Cited o only the last name of the author Authors: Pandemics would be impossible to ever o the year when his/ her work was published happen in the world again. - ALL of which have to be written with a comma (,) in between and inside a pair of D. Bibliographic/ Reference Citation parentheses because they are NOT made to - involves the inclusion of the complete details about appear as part of the text or statement. the materials cited using the in-text, parenthetical, and secondary sources formats Pattern: ([AUTHOR’S LAST NAME] + [COMMA] (,) + [YEAR - is located at the end of the written material in the of PUBLICATION]) section called “Bibliography” or “References” - different patterns followed in formatting entries in Example: “Language is first acquired through listening” (Dela the said section Cruz, 2018). GENERAL LAYOUT REMINDERS o Last Name of Cited Author: Dela Cruz - the Bibliography or References section follows the o Year of Publication: 2018 reminders below in completely listing or identifying o Punctuation Mark Separating the Cited all source materials: Author’s Last Name and the Year of o Arrangement/ Sequence: alphabetical— Publication: comma (,) the source materials are listed in ascending o Location of ALL Citation Details: inside alphabetical order (i.e., A to Z) based on the parentheses or outside parentheses last names of their first authors o Information Gained from the Cited  Example: Aquino Author: Language is first acquired through Basilio listening. o Alignment: justified—the source materials C. Secondary Citation/ Citation of Secondary Sources are given the justified alignment instead of - usually done when an author’s work is no longer being flushed to the left or centered within the prescribed 10-year limit (e.g., the  Justified Alignment: current year is 2021 but then the source material which one desires to cite is from 1995) - writers’ resort to what is called secondary citation o Groupings: based on type—source wherein the so-called “old” source material is materials that are of the same type are put cited with the help of another more recent together, e.g., sources lifted from books are source material that was permitted to cite the put together; those from websites are put “old” one together; etc. o Indentation Type: hanging—each entry Pattern: LAST NAME OF THE AUTHOR OF THE OLD WORK or set of complete details is given the + (PUBLICATION DATE OF THE OLD WORK + [COMMA] (,) hanging indentation format wherein the + as cited in + [LAST NAME OF THE AUTHOR OF THE SECOND to the LAST lines are indented RECENT SOURCE MATERIAL THAT CITES THE OLD ONE] + while the FIRST/ TOPMOST ONE IS NOT. [COMMA] (,) + [PUBLICATION YEAR OF THE RECENT  Hanging Indentation: SOURCE MATERIAL]) Page | 10 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ REMINDER IN USING PATTERNS: Make sure to observe 03. Books with a Single Author the sequencing of the details to be placed and the enlarged - is used when the source material is a book that has punctuation marks in bold used in separating them. only a single author 01. Online/ Printed Journal Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. (PUBLICATION - is used when the source material is either from the YEAR). BOOK TITLE. PUBLISHING COMPANY. internet or is a printed journal or research paper Example: Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIAL/S. (PUBLICATION - Barrot, J. S. (2016). English for academic and YEAR). TITLE. JOURNAL NAME, VOLUME (ISSUE professional purposes. C&E Publishing. NUMBER), PAGE/S. URL or plain DOI address FORMATTING NOTES: Example: a) The phrase “publishing house” or “publishing company” may or may not be included anymore after Gomez, K. (2010). Reflective teaching. Education the name of the company, e.g., C&E Publishing can Journal, 2(1), 110-125. http://journal.com be as short as C&E. b) As long as the reference is a book, its title must be FORMATTING NOTES: italicized and written in sentence case. a) When the detail needed is missing from the source c) If the book has multiple editions, place “(Edition material, it is permissible to skip it and continue on number ed.).” after the book title and before the with the other details, e.g., if the issue number is publishing company. For example, …English today NOWHERE TO BE FOUND in the material, writing the (2nd ed.). Rex. volume immediately followed by the page/s and the URL may do. 04. Books with Two Authors b) When the date of publication is unclear or not - is used when the source material is a book that has indicated, the initials n and d may be placed instead only two authors. to signify “no date,” as in (n.d.). c) The title of the paper or the material should be Pattern: AUTHOR 1’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. & AUTHOR 2’S written in sentence case, as in ONLY the first letter LAST NAME, INITIALS. (PUBLICATION YEAR). BOOK of the first word is capitalized while the rest of the TITLE. PUBLISHING COMPANY. others are not EXCEPT when they are proper nouns or when the word appears after a colon (:). Example: d) Only the name of the journal and the volume number - Barrot, J. S. & Sipacio, B. (2016). English for should be italicized and copied/ capitalized EXACTLY academic and professional purposes. C&E Publishing. as it is written in the source material. FORMATTING NOTES: e) URL pattern segment can be replaced by simply the a) While the conjunction “and” and the ampersand DOI address IF IT IS AVAILABLE. symbol “&” mean and function in the same way, they f) NO PERIOD should be placed after the URL or DOI should not be used as substitutes for each other. The address so as not to prevent the link from working. word “and” is used only during in-text citations while 02. Book Section/ Portion with a Separate Author “&” is used in the rest of the other kinds of citation, including bibliographic ones. - is used when the source material is a book composed b) The order of authors is dictated by the reference of several sections or chapters that have separate itself, meaning no reordering must be done even if author/s for each one of them the authors in the source are not alphabetically Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. (PUBLICATION arranged. YEAR). TITLE OF SECTION/ CHAPTER. In OVERALL AUTHOR/ 05. Books with Twenty-One Authors and Above EDITOR’S INITIALS. + LAST NAME + (Ed.), TITLE OF THE - is used when the source material is a book that has WHOLE BOOK (PAGE/S). PUBLISHER. more than twenty authors Example: Pattern: FIRST 19 AUTHORS’ LAST NAMES, THEIR - Bonifacio, A. (2018). Independence and its INITIALS.,... LAST NAME AND INITIAL/S OF LAST components. In J. Rizal (Ed.), Democracy today (pp. AUTHOR. (PUBLICATION YEAR). BOOK TITLE. PUBLISHING 123-156). Rex. COMPANY. FORMATTING NOTES: a) Only the title of the whole book should be italicized. Example: b) Ed. or Eds. stands for editor or editors. - Harris, K., Johnson, W., Matthews, L., Wilson, K., c) The small letter “p.” is used to indicate the word page Lewis, S., Bailey, T., Kelly, M., Norris, O., James, P., and “pp.” for pages. Harrison, I., Grant, Q., Vince, J., Patterson, Y., Page | 11 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ Carson, H., Allison, T., Lang, R., Roberts, G., Gordon, - is used when the source material is a thesis or N., Yates, J.,... Holland, F. (2019). Brisbane city dissertation that has not been published by any history. University of Queensland. journal yet FORMATTING NOTES: Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. (YEAR a) To cite books with only three and above authors, list WRITTEN). THESIS OR DISSERTATION TITLE [unpublished down authors as they normally should such as when bachelor’s/ master’s/ doctoral thesis/ dissertation, there are only two of them, but place the ampersand SCHOOL NAME]. symbol “&” just right before the last name of the last author. Using the example above: Harris, K., Example: Johnson, W., & Matthews, L… - Castro, C. (2018). Readability of textbook reading b) The shortened form of the Latin phrase “et alia” passages [unpublished master’s thesis, Angeles which is “et al.” means “and others.” It is now only University Foundation]. used during in-text and parenthetical citations. Using FORMATTING NOTES: the example above: Harris et al., (2019) stated… a) Thesis is for bachelor’s and master’s degree papers c) The ellipsis (…) stands for the other authors. while dissertation is for doctoral degrees. 06. Internet Page b) If the thesis or dissertation was lifted from a website, - is used when the source material is an internet page indicate “URL” after the period following the closing or article bracket, as in, … Angeles University Foundation]. https://AUF.edu.phLinks to an Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS or external site.. ORGANIZATION NAME. (PUBLICATION YEAR). PAGE/ II. Constructing Citations through Direct Quoting, ARTICLE TITLE. URL Paraphrasing and Summarizing Example: - World Health Organization. (2010). Hunger and A. DIRECT QUOTING illiteracy. http://www.WHO.org - process of simply including the verbatim or exact words from the source FORMATTING NOTES: a) The webpage title is italicized. Step 1: Copy each word of the part being quoted. b) When both the author’s name and the organization Step 2: Enclose the copied statement in quotation marks (“”) that did the article are not present or nowhere to be to show where it starts and ends. found in the source material, the author part should Step 3: Ensure attribution or the identification of the source— instead be filled-out with the page title while the usually this is done by including ANY TWO of the following: page title part should be filled-out with the first few (1) the name of the source, (2) a verb, and/ or (3) a date. words of the article, as in, based on the example given, Hunger and illiteracy. (2010). The world is Sample source: Spokesperson Harry Roque, representing facing problems. Retrieved from... the Malacanan and its statement regarding COVID-19 07. Same Author in the Same Year with Different developments last June 29, 2020: We are winning. We beat Works: UP. - is used when an author has multiple books in a single Direct Quotation: year, and the writer desires to cite them all Step 1: We are winning. We beat UP. TIP: Simply follow the format for citing books with a single author and add a lower-case letter next to the publication Step 2: “We are winning. We beat UP” year, with the letter “a” being given to the first book, letter Step 3: “We are winning. We beat UP,” Spokesperson Harry “b” to the second book, and so on in the alphabetized listing Roque (name of source) said (verb). / Spokesperson of the author’s works. Harry Roque (name of source) stated (verb), “We are winning. We beat UP.” Pattern: AUTHOR’S LAST NAME, INITIALS. (PUBLICATION YEARa…z). BOOK TITLE. PUBLISHING COMPANY. Note: Using this way of supporting a thesis statement entails simply copying pieces of information from sources. Because of Examples: this, outputs with too much direct quotations may seem to - Barrot, J. (2010a). Academic writing. C&E. lack originality which is why it must be used seldomly. - Barrot, J. (2010b). Campus journalism. C&E. B. PARAPHRASING 08. Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation Page | 12 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ - the process of rewriting the original material using 3. The repetition of the word relationship is no longer one’s own words while maintaining its meaning and present. at times, even the length of its sentence/s 4. It is a shortened version of the original that has two sentences composed of 19 words; the rewritten form Step 1: Comprehend the message of the original material. only has one sentence with 14 words. Usually, this is done by identifying its main point or topic and its supporting details. MODULE 4-B. Lecture 2: Proofreading in Academic Step 2: Rewrite the original material (a) using different Writing words or (b) changing sequence of details but ensure that the meaning is the same. PROOFREADING FOR COMMON GRAMMAR ERRORS IN ACADEMIC WRITING Sample source: Playing any mental game stimulates the - academic writers must move to checking if all details brain, slows down brain cell death, and lowers risks for written are free from grammar errors Alzheimer’s. - they must be aware of certain rules pertaining to common grammar errors committed while engaged Paraphrase: in academic writing Step 1: Benefits of playing mental games such as keeping the A. SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (SVA) brain active, prevents aging of cells in the brain, and lessens - in writing sentences, there are two important parts possibility of Alzheimer’s that a writer should be careful in combining to make Step 2 (using different words): Engaging in games that them agree or match correctly: make people think have benefits such as keeping the brain o the SUBJECT active, preventing the aging of cells in the brain, and lessening o the VERB the possibility of Alzheimer’s. / (changing sequence of 01. The Subject and Its Forms details): Participating in games that require thinking leads to - The subjects of sentences are benefits such as prevention of brain cells aging and usually NOUNS or PRONOUNS. Alzheimer’s disease and maintenance of brain activity. - Most PLURAL NOUNS are formed by adding -s to their singular forms: C. SUMMARIZING o student --> students - the process of rewriting the original material using o book --> books one’s own words while maintaining its meaning, - Some nouns have IRREGULAR FORMS: removing unneeded details, and shortening the o man --> men length of its sentence/s o leaf --> leaves Step 1: Comprehend the message of the original material. o child --> children Usually, this is done by identifying its main idea and its - PRONOUNS USED AS SUBJECTS in supporting details. sentences VARY IN FORMS, depending on whether they are SINGULAR OR PLURAL: Step 2: Rewrite the original material while maintaining its o I --> we meaning. Make sure that the rewritten form (a) uses a o you --> you different set of words; (b) DOES NOT include unnecessary o he, she, it --> they or repetitive supporting details; and (c) has fewer words or 02. VERBS AND WHEN TO USE THEM IN has shorter length than the original. COMBINATION WITH CERTAIN SUBJECTS Sample source: The first relationship one could have in life is relationship with parents. This relationship changes Remember this: Verbs ending in -s are singular. positively as one ages. General Rule: A plural subject should not be matched with Summary: a verb ending in -s (singular verb). Step 1: bond with parents being considered as the first (a) A subject becomes plural only through its spelling or relationship in life which positively changes over time when two of them are combined together with the use of the coordinating conjunction “and” such as Step 2: The earliest relationship in life is with parents, and it researcheràresearchers; and the researcherà the gets stronger over time. researcher AND the respondent. Examples: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE SUMMARY: o The researcher and the respondent agree 1. Most of its words are different from the original. (not agrees) that the interview will happen 2. Its meaning is the same with the original. the next day. Page | 13 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ o The researchers speak (not speaks) to the MODULE 4.B: LECTURE 3: HELPFUL EMERGING TOOLS respondents daily regarding their concerns. FOR ACADEMIC WRITING (b) In cases when subjects are connected by conjunctions such as “neither/ nor,” “either/ or,” or I. Mendeley plainly “or,” the verb agrees with the subject nearest - is a free reference manager that can help you store, to it. organize, note, share and cite references and Examples: research data: o The researcher or the respondent thinks o Automatically generate bibliographies (not think) that the interview will happen o Collaborate easily with other researchers the next day. online o Neither the respondent nor researchers are o Easily import papers from other research (not is) are interested to continue the study. software (c) A verb agrees/ matches with the subject, NOT o Find relevant papers based on what you're WITH THE COMPLEMENT. reading Example: o Access your papers from anywhere online. o The answers of the II. BibMe respondent were (not was) categorized. (d) Prepositional phrases have NO EFFECT on a verb. - is an online writing center powered by Chegg where you can create citations and/or manage existing The subject is still the one that is followed. Example: bibliographies, scan your work/paper for plagiarism and grammar errors, and even help you to take your o The respondent, along with the paper to the next level by upgrading your account others, is (not are) having a hard time in into premium completing the questionnaires. (e) Be especially alert for subject-verb agreement when III. Quillbot the sentence has inverted word order (in other - is an AI-powered writing tool that helps users words, the subject noun/ pronoun comes improve their writing once they simply enter the text AFTER instead of before the verb). and explore the suggestions Examples: - has features that can be accessed for free and some o Questions can only be accessed once the account is upgraded  Do (not does) the student- to premium respondents still want to - is helpful wether you're writing emails, essays, or participate? social media posts  Are (not is) - has writing tools that include paraphraser, the results favorable? summarizer, co-writer, plagiarism checker, word  Why do (not does) students feel counter, and translator. antagonized when corrected? o grammar tools include proofreader, o Sentence patterns beginning with the spelling, punctuation, and essay checker word here or there o citation tools include APA and MLA citation  There are (not is) people dying generator from hunger around the world every minute. IV. Microsoft Word  Here are (not is) the results of - is a much-known software that allows its users to the study. type in and process the words digitally o Rare patterns where the verb precedes/ - the purpose of using a word window can be to appears before the subject; writers put create text documents which can be saved or their subjects after their verbs for transferred digitally or even can be printed on a emphasis. paper  Behind academic underperformances is (not are) a Shortcut Tips and Tricks: troubled mind. 1. Open Microsoft Word Summary and Conclusion: 2. Look for and click the “References” tab, the The last step in the academic writing process is one right next to the “Layout” tab. ensuring that the paper looks and sounds scholarly. This can 3. Under the “References” tab, look for the be done by including different kinds of citations both in the options labeled as “Citations & Bibliography.” text itself and after it under the reference section and lastly, 4. From the “Citations & Bibliography” options, by proofreading it for possible grammar errors. click the downward arrow in the box right next to the part that says “Style:” Page | 14 AHELECT A.Y. 2023-2024 FINAL REVIEWER – Kassandra Meneses BSMT 1A 1st Semester ___________ 5. Select APA Sixth or Seventh Edition. 6. Click the option saying “Insert Citation,” then choose Add New Source—this will open a box in need of filling-out. Once done filling that out, click “OK.” This will result to an in-text citation and the saving of that bibliographic entry. 7. To make MS Word give the complete listing of bibliographic entries, click the downward arrow next to “Bibliography” and then choose which heading to use for the bibliography section of the paper—in here, the common choices are “Bibliography,” “References,” or “Works Cited.” V. Grammarly - is a digital writing tool that provides grammar and spell checking, plagiarism detection services, and suggestions about writing clarity, concision, vocabulary, style, and tone - helps students find and correct low-level errors in their written work and avoid inadvertent plagiarism. - allows instructors to focus more on higher-level issues such as critical thinking, creativity, and demonstration of learning Page | 15