Finals Reviewer: Politics and Administration PDF

Disadvantages of Bicameralism POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION FINALS REVIEWER 1. Not effective fiscalizing machinery. Lecture 1: Legislative Department (Art. VI, 1987 Constitution)...

Disadvantages of Bicameralism POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION FINALS REVIEWER 1. Not effective fiscalizing machinery. Lecture 1: Legislative Department (Art. VI, 1987 Constitution) 2. It is no assurance of better Legislative power is essentially the considered and better authority under the Constitution deliberated legislation. to make, alter and repeal laws. 3. It produces duplication of efforts Congress – name of the and serious deadlocks in the legislative department of the enactment of important Philippines (sec. 1). measures with the conference committee of both Houses. It is a bicameral structure, replacing the unicameral set up provided under the 1973 4. It is more expensive to maintain Constitution. than unicameral legislature. Advantages of Bicameralism 5. Prohibitive costs for senatorial 1. A second chamber (Senate) is elections become exclusive only necessary to serve as a check to to wealthy individuals. hasty and ill-considered legislation. Legislative Department - House of Representatives: 2. It serves as a training ground for there will not be more than future leaders. 250 (now 287) members, elected by qualified voters in their respective districts, and 3. It provides a representation for through party-list system (sec.5 both regional and national par.1). interests. Two types of legislators in the House of Representatives 4. A bicameral legislature is less susceptible to bribery and control 1. District representatives of big interests. 2. Party-list representatives 5. It has long been practiced, thus, The District Representatives tested and proven in the crucible of human experience.  Qualifications (sec.6): ALDC  ◦ Natural- born citizen of the The Senate Philippines.  Composed of 24 members ◦ At least 25 years old on elected by qualified voters all election day. over the country (sec.2). ◦ Able to read and write.  Qualifications (sec.3): ◦ A registered voter; and ◦ Natural born citizen of the ◦ A resident of the Philippines Philippines. for not less than one year before the election. ◦ At least 35 years old on the day of the election.  Term: 3 years with reelection (3 terms) ◦ Able to read and write; and ◦ A resident of the Philippines The Sectoral Representatives for at least two years before election day.  Comes from the different sectors of society, except the religious sector (sec.6 par.2).  Term: 6 years with one more reelection (sec.4).  The Sectoral party shall obtain at Election and Salary least 2% of the votes to be entitled to one party-list  Election (sec.8-9): representative (RA 7941). Such a party, however, shall not have ◦ Second Monday of May. more than 3 seats. ◦ In case of vacancy, a special election may be  Qualifications and terms are the held but the elected one same with the district shall serve only the representatives, except the last unexpired term. qualification.  Salary (sec.10)  Another qualification: Must be a bona fide member of the political ◦ Determined by law. party he wants to represent for at ◦ No increase until after the least 90 days preceding the expiration of the full term election. approving such increase. ALDC  ◦ Implied: Per Diems, rules of conduct to govern the emoluments and other relations among individuals or allowances between the individuals and the State. Sessions and Officers  Sessions (sec.15)  Specific powers – those which the Constitution expressly directs or ◦ Once every year on the 4th authorizes Congress to exercise Monday of July for its like: regular session. 1. Power to choose who shall ◦ Until 30 days before the become President in case next regular session. of tie (sec.4). ◦ The President may call a 2. Power to confirm certain special session at any time. appointments by the President (sec. 16).  Officers (sec.16):  Implied powers – those essentially ◦ Senate President and or necessary to the effective Speaker of the House. exercise of the powers expressly granted, like: ◦ Other officers as it may necessary 1. the power to conduct inquiry and investigation in Quorum (Sec. 16, par. 2) aid of legislation (sec. 21).  Required to legitimately transact 2. to punish for contempt, to business, otherwise, the session determine the rules of its may be dismissed subject to proceedings (sec. 16, compulsory attendance of par.3) members for the next session. Legislative Power  Quorum – any number sufficient  How does a bill become a law? to transact business, which may be less than the majority of the  House: Filling of bill membership. Classification of Power of Congress  First Reading: Assign number, title, author,  General legislative power – committee referral, power to enact laws intended as ALDC  committee report  Art. III, section 22: No ex post facto or bill of attainder.  Second Reading: period of Non-Legislative Powers debate, amendment and its approval  Power to choose who shall become president in case of tie  Third Reading: Roll Call (Art. 7, sec.4) Vote  Power of purse and appropriation  Referral to the Senate (sec.25 and 28) following the same process  Power of concurrence (sec.18-19)  Joint Conference Committee  Power of legislative inquiry (sec.21)  President signs or vetoes the bill into a law  War power (sec.23, par.1) Prohibited Measures  Power to impeach (Art. IX  Section 31: Granting a title of secs. 2-3) royalty or nobility shall be enacted.  Power to act as constituent assembly in revising and ◦ Purpose: to preserve the amending the Constitution republican and (Art. XVII, sec.3) democratic nature of the society.  Power to decide on election protests involving its members (sec.17)  Section 30: Increasing the appellate jurisdiction of the  Power to discipline members Supreme Court Power to Choose a President in Case ◦ To prevent further additions of Tie to the present tremendous case load of the Supreme  Not yet exercised by Congress for Court two reasons: ◦ It is least likely to happen. ALDC  ◦ A presidential candidate (section 18) unless otherwise would be most likely to provided by law. contest the result rather than allow the Congress to determine his political fate.  The power to confirm or cancel the declaration of martial law by Power of Purse and Appropriation the President (Article VII section 18).  The preparation of the annual budget is lodged in the executive Commission on Appointments (Sec. department, its approval is vested 18) in the legislature.  Composition:  The proposed budget is good as ◦ Senate President as ex- approved, although there may officio chairman. be modifications. ◦ 12 senators and 12 members of the HR  Congress can decrease the budget but cannot increase the ◦ Elected by each House on same. the basis of proportional representation from the political parties.  Along with this, is the power to impose taxes or new taxes and to appropriate government funds  The Chairman shall not vote (section 28). except in case of tie. Power of Concurrence  Act on all appointments within 30 days of submission.  The power to ratify treaties and agreements entered by the President.  Rule by a majority vote of all its members ◦ to ensure that the executive has not Power of Legislative Inquiry capriciously exercised its discretion, particularly  Power to conduct inquiries and those that affect the investigations in aid of legislation national interest. (section 21).  The power to confirm the appointments of presidents ALDC  This power includes the power to  Impeachable officers are the subpoena individuals, including president, vice-presidents, justices government officials to answer of the Supreme Court, members the queries of the Congress, and of the CONCOM, and the to punish for contempt those who Ombudsman. refuse to cooperate or to answer questions during the hearing.  Grounds: culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery,  This does not include questions graft and corruption, other high that are self-incriminatory, and crimes, or betrayal of public trust. privileged (executive). Power to Act as Constituent War Power (Section 23) Assembly (Art. XVII)  Exclusively belongs to the  By a vote of three-fourth of all its Congress. members (section 1).  By a vote of two-thirds of both  May also call for a constitutional Houses, in joint session assembled. convention by two-thirds vote.  The declaration should be not of  Amendment shall be valid only war but of the existence of state when ratified by the people of war. through a plebiscite. Power to Decide Election Protest  May also baptize the war (Sec. 17) precipitated by the President.  Referring to the Electoral Power to Impeach (Art. XI) Tribunals: Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET)and House of  Initiated by the House of Representative Electoral Tribunal Representatives, by a vote of (HRET). one-thirds of all its members (sec.2).  Sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and  The Senate shall have the sole qualifications of their respective power to try all impeachments. members. The conviction shall be by a vote of two-thirds of all the members of the Senate.  Composition: 9 members, three of whom shall be justices of the ALDC  Supreme Court and 6 from the ◦ The offense is punishable House respectively on the basis of for more than six years. proportional representation of political parties. ◦ Congress is no longer in session. Power to Discipline Members (Section 16, Par. 3) Prohibition Against Conflict of Interest (Sec. 12)  House may determine the rules of its proceedings.  Disclosure of their financial and business interests.  Punish its members for disorderly behavior.  Notify the House of a potential conflict of interest that may arise from the filing of proposed  Suspend or expel a member. legislation. ◦ Such a penalty shall not Incompatible and Forbidden Offices exceed 30 days. (Sec. 13) The Privilege of Parliamentary  Not having any other office or Immunity (Sec. 11) employment in the government during his term.  This means a privilege from arrest while Congress is in session,  No appointment to any office whether or not he is attending the which: session. ◦ May have been created.  Two types: ◦ May increase his/emoluments ◦ Privilege of arrest Inhibitions and Disqualifications (Sec. ◦ Privilege of speech and 14) debate  Cannot appear personally as counsel before the Court.  Congress is considered in session, regular or special, for as long as it has not adjourned.  Cannot be directly or indirectly interested financially in any contract with, or any franchise or  This cannot be invoked when: special privilege granted by the government. ALDC  Cannot intervene in any matter  May be appointed as a member before any office of the of the Cabinet without requiring government for his pecuniary confirmation from the CA. benefit.  Shall not serve for more than two Lecture 2: Executive Department successive terms. (Art. VII, 1987 Constitution) Election for President and Vice  Executive power – power to President administer the laws, which means carrying them into practical  Held on the second Monday of operation and enforcing their May; due observance.  Election returns shall be  It is vested in the President (sec 1). transmitted to the Congress, directed to the President of the  Qualifications: Senate;  Natural born citizen  Not later than 30 days, the Congress in joint session shall  Registered voter canvass the votes;  Able to read and write  The Congress voting separately, shall determine the next President  At least 40 years old on in case of tie; it shall also election day determine its rules for canvassing of the certificates;  Philippine resident for at least 10 years before  Supreme Court shall be the sole election judge of all contests relating to the election, returns, and  Term: 6 years with no qualifications of the President and reelection Vice- President. The Vice President (Sec. 3) Oath of Affirmation (Sec. 5)  Shall have the same qualification,  “I do solemnly swear (or affirm) term of office and manner of that I will faithfully and election with the President; conscientiously fulfill my duties  Can be removed from office also as President (or Vice-President in the same manner as the or Acting President) of the President; Philippines, preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate ALDC  myself to the service of the  Speaker of the House of Nation. So, help me God.” Representatives When Vice President Shall Act as  In case of inability… President (Sec. 7)  Congress is mandated to  If the President-elect fails to provide by law as to who qualify; or shall act as President, including the manner of his  If a President shall not have been selection. chosen; or In Case of Vacancy of the Vice-  In case of temporary inability or President (Sec. 9) incapacity of the President to discharge his powers and duties  The President shall a Vice- President from among the When Vice President Shall Become members of the Senate and the President House of Representatives;  If at the beginning of the term of  This is to be confirmed by a the President, the President elect majority vote of the Congress, shall have died or shall become voting separately. permanently disabled; In case of permanent vacancy in the  After assumption of office, in case office of both the president and the of death, permanent disability, vice-president (Sec.10) removal from office, or resignation of the President, in  The Congress shall convene and which case the Vice-President enact a law calling for a special shall serve the unexpired term election; (sec.8)  This convening cannot be When There are No Vice-President suspended nor the holding of the and President special election postponed;  Before assumption:  But no special election shall be called if the vacancy occurs  The Senate President within 18 months before the date of the next Presidential election.  Speaker of the House of Representatives Who shall declare temporary disability of the president? (Sec.11)  After assumption  By the President:  The Senate President ALDC   In this case, the Vice-  Shall strictly avoid conflict of President shall be the interest; Acting President until the President transmits to the Rationale of Prohibition two officials (Senate President and House  To insure full time attention to their Speaker) a written official duties; declaration of the termination of his  Prevent them from extending incapacity; special favors to their own private business which comes under their  By the members of the Cabinet: official jurisdiction;  In this case, the Vice  Assure the public that they will be President shall assume, until faithful and dedicated in the the President declares that performance of their functions. no inability exists.  By Congress Rule on Nepotism  In case of conflict between the first two;  The President is prohibited from appointing his spouse  Requires 2/3 vote of both and relatives by consanguinity Houses, voting separately or affinity within the fourth civil degree to any position. Prohibitions in the executive department (Sec.13) Specific Powers of the President  Shall not hold any other office or  Appointing power employment;  Control power  Shall not practice any other profession;  Military power  Shall not participate, directly or  Veto power indirectly in any business;  Pardoning power  Shall not be financially interested, directly or indirectly in any  Borrowing power contract with, or in any franchise or special privilege granted by  Diplomatic power the government;  Budgetary power  Informing power ALDC Appointing Power  To declare martial law  Power to select an individual who  Commander-in-Chief of the is to exercise the functions of a Armed Forces given office.  Control of the military  Subject to the confirmation by organization and personnel the Commission on Appointment by the legislature, except in cases  To call out the armed provided by laws forces  The power to appoint includes  To create military tribunals the power to remove, unless  To declare martial law otherwise provided by law. Veto Power Control Power  Power to refuse  The power to alter, modify or set approval/execution of the bill into aside what a subordinate officer law had done in the performance of his duties and to substitute the  Generally, includes the power to judgment of the former for that of veto particularly any item or items the latter.” on appropriation, tariff, or revenue bill  “The President shall have control of all the executive departments,  Limitations: bureaus and offices. He shall ensure that the laws be faithfully  Override power of the executed Congress by a two-third vote of all its members,  Does not extend to local voting separately government (President only has power of supervision)  Failure to act upon the bill after a lapse of 30 days Military Power would turn the bill to a law  Power to meet emergency situations Pardoning Power  To call out the armed forces  Power to grant reprieves, commutations, pardons and  To suspend the privilege of amnesty. This power is also known the writ of habeas corpus as executive clemency. ALDC  To provide relief on the harshness Budgetary Power of the law or to correct mistakes in the administration of justice.  The power to issue a budget of expenditures and sources of  Limitations. financing, including receipts from existing and proposed revenue  Cannot be granted in measures. cases of impeachment. Informing Power  Cannot be granted for the violation of any election  The duty of the President to law, without address the Congress at the recommendation of the opening of its regular session COMELEC. (section 23).  Can be granted only after  This is popularly known as the conviction by final State of the Nation Address judgment. (SONA). Borrowing Power Lecture 3: Judicial Department (Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution)  Power to contract or guarantee foreign loan on behalf of the  Vested in one Supreme Court Republic of the Philippines; and in such lower courts established by law (sec.1);  Needs the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board of the  Power to apply the laws to Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas; contests or disputes concerning legally recognized rights or duties Diplomatic Power between the state and the private persons, or between  The power to deal with foreign individual litigants in cases states and governments, extend properly brought before the or withhold recognition, maintain judicial tribunals. diplomatic relations, enter into treaties, and otherwise transact SC Composition and Sitting the business of foreign relations Procedure (Sec. 4)  Needs the concurrence of the  Composition: 1 Chief Justice and 2/3 votes of all the members of 14 Associate Justices the Senate  Division: may sit en banc or in division of three, five or seven members ALDC   En banc: constitutionality of  Secretary of Justice; a treaty, international or executive agreement, law,  Representative of Congress presidential decrees, as ex-officio member; proclamations, orders, instructions, ordinances.  Representative from the Integrated Bar; Qualifications and Term  A professor of law;  Qualifications (Sec. 7):  Retired member of the Supreme Court;  Natural born citizen  Representative of the  At least 40 years old private sector  A judge of a lower court or a practicing lawyer for at least 15 years  The last four are considered as  A person with proven the regular members, and competence, integrity, appointed by the President for a probity, and term of four years, with the independence consent of the Commission on Appointment  Term (sec.11):  Term of Office:  During good behavior until they reach the age of 70;  Integrated Bar – four years; or  Professor of law – three  Become incapacitated to years; discharge the duties  Retired Justice – two years; Judicial and Bar Council  Private sector – one year.  Responsible for recommending Powers of the Supreme Court appointees to the Judiciary;  Under the supervision of the  To settle actual controversies Supreme Court involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable  Composition: (sec.1);  Chief Justice as ex officio  To determine whether there has Chairman; been a grave abuse of power on ALDC  the part of any branch of the  ambassadors, other public government (sec. 1) ministers and consuls (sec.5, par.1)  To determine the validity or constitutionality of the laws  Petition for certiorari, passed by Congress and the acts prohibition, mandamus, by other departments of the quo warranto, and habeas government (sec.4, par.2) corpus  To interpret the provisions of the  Appellate jurisdiction: review, Constitutions, laws and revise, reverse, modify or affirm ordinances (sec. 4, par.2) an appeal or certiorari  As a court of last resort, it renders  Constitutionality or validity authoritative judgment on of treaty, etc. disputes involving individuals  Legality of any tax, Other Powers of SC imposet, etc.  Assign temporarily judges of lower  Issue against jurisdiction of courts to other stations as public lower court interest may require (sec. 5);  Criminal cases with penalty  Discipline judges of lower court or of reclusion perpetua order their dismissal (sec.11)  Error or question of law  Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage Prohibition (Sec. 12) of justice (sec. 5);  Members of the Supreme Court  Promulgate rules of procedures in and of other courts shall not be court, and other related activities designated to any agency (sec.5); performing quasi-judicial or administrative functions.  Appoint all officials and employees of the Judiciary in  Reasons: accordance with the Civil Service Law (sec.5)  Separation of powers  To avoid compromising the Jurisdiction of SC (Sec. 5) independence of the court  Exclusive jurisdiction:  Courts are already burdened with so many cases ALDC The Lower Courts  Court of Appeals – decides cases appealed from the Regional Trial Courts and other quasi-judicial bodies.  Regional Trial Courts – court in each of the regions of the country  Metropolitan Trial Court – court in Metropolitan area like Metro Manila  Municipal Trial Court – court in every city not forming part of the metropolitan area and in each municipality.  Municipal Circuit Trial Court – court with jurisdiction comprising one or more cities and/or one or more municipalities Special Courts  Court of Tax Appeals  created under RA 1125 as amended by RA 9282  Exclusive power to review on appeal the decisions of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue  Sandiganbayan  Created by PD 1606  Hears and decides corruption cases involving government officials and employees ALDC  Lecture 4: Government Organs and 6) Commissioners have a fixed term Accountability 7) Commissioners are removable by  CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS impeachment only.  COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Section 2. Disqualifications  SANDIGANBAYAN AND THE Members cannot, during their OFFICE OF THE OMBUDSMAN tenure:  THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1) Hold any other office or employment.  ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS 2) Engage in the practice of any profession. Constitutional Commissions 3) Engage in the active  CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSIONS management or control of any  COMMISSION ON AUDIT business, which, in any way, may be affected by the functions of their  COMMISSION ON ELECTION office; and Why Independent? 4) Be financially interested, direct or indirect, in any contract, franchise, They perform vital functions of privilege granted by the government. government, any of its subdivisions, agencies, instrumentalities, including Their integrity is protected by the GOCC’s and their subsidiaries. fact that they: 1) are constitutionally created (sec. Note: The Ombudsman and his 1) deputies are subject to the same qualifications. 2) have independent powers of appointment (sec. 4) Section 3. Salaries 3) each commission may 1) Salaries are fixed by law and shall promulgate its own procedural rules not be decreased during their (sec. 6) TENURE. 4) Have fiscal autonomy (Sec. 5) 2) Decreases in salaries only affect those members appointed AFTER the 5) Salaries may not be diminished effectivity of the law decreasing the during their office (Sec. 3) same. ALDC 3) Incumbent members do not lose Table Comparison any salary. 4) Increases take effect IMMEDIATELY. Section 6. Rules of Procedure 1) Rules: The Commissions may promulgate its own rules EN BANC. 2) Limitation: It shall not: a) Diminish, b) Increase, or c) Modify substantive rights. Section 7. Decision Making Appeal Decision-Making: 1.) Each commission shall decide matter or cases by a majority vote of all the members within 60 days from submission. 2) As Collegial bodies, each commission must act as one, and no one member can decide a case for the entire commission.  Appeals: 1) Decisions, orders or rulings of the COMELEC/COA may be brought on certiorari to the SC. 2) Decisions, orders or ruling of the CSC should be appealed to the CA. ALDC Local Government (Art. 10) Impeachable Officers  Territorial and political  President subdivisions:  Vice-President  Provinces, cities, municipalities, and  Members of the Supreme Court barangays;  Members of the Constitutional  Autonomous regions in: Commissions  Muslim Mindanao;  Ombudsman and Grounds for Impeachment  Cordillera  Culpable violation of the  Enjoys local autonomy Constitution  The President shall exercise  Treason general supervision  Bribery  Have the power to create its own sources of revenues  Graft and corruption Accountability of Public Officers (Art.  Other high crimes XI)  Betrayal of public trust  Why is a public office a public  CODE: BB GO CT trust?  Because public officers and How Filed? employees must always:  Initiated by the House of  Be accountable to the Representatives (exclusive) people;  Through a verified complaint by  Serve them with utmost any member or by any citizen responsibility, integrity, endorsed by any member; loyalty, and efficiency;  Included in the order of business  Act with patriotism and within 10 session days; justice; and  Referred to the proper committee  Lead modest lives. within 3 session days;  CODE: ASAL ALDC  Committee votes within 60 session days Citizen vs. Alien  A vote of at least one-third of all its Members shall be necessary to  Citizen affirm a favorable or override its contrary resolution; this constitutes  The person having the title the Articles of Impeachment. of citizenship;  Trial by the Senate starts.  He enjoys full civil and political rights;  No impeachment shall be initiated against the same official  Accorded protection inside for more than once within the and outside the territory of period of one year. the state. Sandiganbayan and Ombudsman  Alien  Sandiganbayan – anti-graft court;  A citizen of a country who is residing in or passing thru  Ombudsman – independent another country. office composed of the Tanodbayan, one overall deputy,  Popularly known as and at least one deputy each for “foreigner”. Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao;  Not given full rights to may also establish one for the citizenship but entitled to military. receive protection.  Also known as the Office of General Ways of Acquiring the Official prosecutor. Citizenship Lecture 5: Citizenship and Suffrage  Involuntary method – by birth (Art. 4 & 5) because of blood relationship or Elements of Citizenship place of birth;  Voluntary method – by  Membership in a political naturalization, except in case of community (State). collective naturalization of the  It is of permanent character inhabitants of a territory which takes place when it is ceded by  One who owes allegiance one state to another.  Entitled to the State Protection ALDC Manner of Acquiring Citizenship  Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with  Jus Sanguinis – by blood par.3 of sec.1. relationship Kinds of Citizens  Jus Soli or Jus Loci – by place of birth  Natural born – Filipino citizens at the moment of birth, and do not  Naturalization perform any act to acquire or perfect citizenship;  Administrative process – R.A. 9139, applies to native  Citizens at the time of adoption of born citizens the new constitution;  Judicial process - C.A. 473,  Citizens through election; applies to all aliens  Naturalized citizens.  Legislative process – law enacted by Congress. Loss of Citizenship (Sec. 3) Who are Filipino Citizens? (Sec. 1)  Voluntary  Those who are Filipino citizens at  Naturalization in a foreign the time of the adoption of the country; 1987 Constitution;  Express renunciation of  Those whose either parent is a citizenship; Filipino;  Subscribing an oath of  Those (a) born before Jan.17, allegiance to support the 1973; (b) of Filipino mothers; (c) constitution and laws of a who elect Filipino citizenship; (d) foreign country; and upon reaching majority age;  Service or commissions in  Those who are naturalized in the armed forces of the accordance with law. foreign country (with exceptions). Who are Natural-Born Citizens?  Involuntary  Those who are Filipino citizens at birth without having to perform  Cancellation of certificate any act to acquire or perfect of naturalization citizenship;  Declared by competent authority as deserter in the ALDC  Philippine armed forces in naturalized nationals to their time of war. mother country even if after they have acquired foreign citizenship Duties and Obligations of a Citizen Reacquisition of citizenship (sec.3)  To be loyal to the Republic  Naturalization – none of the disqualifications provided in the  To defend the State naturalization law;  To contribute to the development  Repatriation of: and welfare of the State  Deserters in the Philippine  To uphold the constitution and armed forces; the laws  Women who lost their  To cooperate with the authorities citizenship by reason of marriage to an alien after  To exercise right responsibly with termination of their marital due regards with the rights of status. others;  Direct act of the Congress  To engage in gainful work;  To register and vote Effect of Marriage to Alien Citizens (Sec. 4) Suffrage (Art. 5)  Filipino citizens who marry aliens Section 1. Suffrage may be exercised shall retain their citizenship, unless by all citizens of the Philippines, not by their act or omission, they are otherwise disqualified by law, who deemed, under the law, to have are at least eighteen years of age, renounced it. and who shall have resided in the Philippines for at least one year and Dual Citizenship vs. Dual Allegiance in the place wherein they propose to (Sec. 5) vote, for at least six months immediately preceding the election.  Dual citizenship refers to the No literacy, property, or other possession of two citizenships by substantive requirement shall be an individual, that of his original citizenship and that of the imposed on the exercise of suffrage. country where he became a Section 2. The Congress shall provide naturalized citizen; a system for securing the secrecy  Dual allegiance refers to the and sanctity of the ballot as well as a continued allegiance of ALDC system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad. The Congress shall also design a procedure for the disabled and the illiterates to vote without the assistance of other persons. Until then, they shall be allowed to vote under existing laws and such rules as the Commission on Elections may promulgate to protect the secrecy of the ballot. Good Luck! ALDC