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NCM 112 / LEC Laryngitis Pharyngitis (sore throat) Sinusitis ( sinus infection UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION 2....

NCM 112 / LEC Laryngitis Pharyngitis (sore throat) Sinusitis ( sinus infection UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION 2. Lower Respiratory Infections - A lower respiratory infection An upper respiratory infection affects the airways and lungs. In affects the upper part of your general, lower respiratory infections respiratory system, including your last longer and are more serious. sinuses and throat. These infections include: Bronchitis, a lung infection that Upper respiratory infections are causes coughing and fever. contagious. They pass from person to Bronchiolitis, a lung infection person through respiratory droplets that mostly affects young or hand to hand contact. People who children. have an upper respiratory infection Chest infection. can pass it to others through: Pneumonia Sneezing or coughing without CAUSES covering their nose and mouth. This - You get an upper respiratory sprays germ into the air. Other infection when a virus (or bacteria) people can breath in those germ enters your respiratory system. For filled droplets. example, you might touch an infected Sneezing or coughing into their surface or shake hands with a person hand and then touching someone who’s sick. You then touch your else’s hand. The droplets are now on mouth, nose or eyes. The germs from the other person’s hand. When that your hands enter and infect your person touches you. Their nose, body. mouth or eyes, these infections enter their body. WHO’S AT RISK FOR URTI? These infections are common, There are two types of respiratory and anyone can catch one. Yet certain infection. groups of people are at more risk of 1. Upper Respiratory Infections catching infections. Children are at - These infections affect your risk since they are often with other sinuses and throat. These includes: children who may be carrying a virus. Common colds Children may also wash their hands Epiglottis less frequently than adults. Plus, Hoarse voice they’re more likely to put their fingers Fatigue and lack of energy in their eyes, nose and mouth, allowing Red eyes the germs to spread easily. People Runny nose who have heart or lung problems are Sore throat also at higher risk of getting an upper Swollen Lymph nodes ( swelling respiratory infection. Those who have on the sides of your neck) weak immune systems ( due to another disease) may get more severe URTI typically lasts one to two infections. weeks. Most of the time, they go away on their own. OTC pain medications HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED? can help you feel better. Make sure to The health care provider may drink plenty of fluids to make you diagnose the infection based on a hydrated. If the symptoms last longer physical exam and your symptoms. than two weeks, talk to your health They’ll look in your nose, ears, and care provider. You may have another throat and listen to your chest to condition that is causing the examine your breathing. You often symptoms, such as pneumonia or don't need other tests. bronchitis. If you provider is concerned Most of the time, viruses cause you may have a lung infection or upper respiratory infections. Viruses another infections, you may need a: don’t respond to antibiotics. You can Lung (chest) Xray most likely treat the symptoms at Lung CT scan home through pain relievers, rest and Lung (pulmonary) function test drinking fluids. If you have a bacterial to see how your lungs are infection, such as strep throat, you’ll working. take antibiotics. Penicillin or Nasal swab amoxicillin are frequently prescribed Throat swab for strep throat. Sputum Test, when you cough up some sputum ( phlegm from your lungs) for examination. LARYNGEAL CANCER SYMPTOMS Laryngeal cancer affects the Coughing larynx part of your throat. Your larynx Fever helps you speak, breath and swallow. It If you have these symptoms, seek contains your vocal cords. medical attention immediately: Trouble Breathing (dyspnea) Cancer affecting your larynx or Breathing that’s noisy and high vocal cords happen when cells grow pitched (stridor) uncontrollably in your larynx. As these The feeling that something’s in cancerous (malignant) cells multiply. your throat ( globus sensation) They involve tissues and damage your Coughing of blood (hemoptysis) body. Laryngeal Cancer can form in any of the three parts of the three CAUSES main parts of the Larynx: Some forms of HPV (human papillomavirus), asexually transmitted Supraglottis (upper part) more infection (STD), can cause laryngeal than one in three laryngeal cancer. You may also have a much cancers (35% )starts here. higher chance of developing it if Glottis (middle part) more than you use tobacco or drink alcohol half of the laryngeal cancer ( frequently. 60%) starts here, where your vocal cords are. RISK FACTORS Subglottis (lower part) about 5% Smoking or using other tobacco of laryngeal cancers 1 in 20 products greatly increases your starts here. risk of developing laryngeal cancer. Drinking alcohol, SYMPTOMS especially a lot of it (more than Sore throat or cough that one drink daily) also raises your doesn’t improve. risk. And using alcohol and Voice changes, such as tobacco together increases hoarseness that don't improve your risk even more. after two weeks. Age. Laryngeal cancer happens Pain or other difficulties when more in people aged 55 and you swallow older. Lump in your neck or throat Sex. Men and people assigned Trouble making voice sounds male at birth are about five (Dysphonia) times more likely to develop Ear pain this cancer possibly because smoking and heavy alcohol  consumption happen more PET scan. During a PET scan, a among this group. provider injects a small dose of a History of head and neck radioactive substance into your vein. cancer. About 1 in 4 (25%) The substance highlights areas with people who have had head and cancer cells. neck cancer will get it again. Biopsy. During a biopsy, a Job. People who are exposed to provider removes a small piece of certain substances at work are abnormal tissue from your larynx to at a higher risk. These examine under a microscope. A substances include sulfuric acid specialist called a pathologist will mist, wood dust, asbestos or examine the cells and look for certain manufacturing mustard gas. protein markers. Some types of People who work with machines cancer treatment only work on cancer are also at higher risk of cells with specific protein markers. developing cancer in their larynx. MANAGEMENT & TREATMENT Radiation Therapy: Radiation HOW IS LARYNGEAL CANCER oncologist deliver high energy DIAGNOSED? radiation beams to kill cancer cells A healthcare provider will ask Chemotherapy : medical you about your symptoms and oncologists use medications to kill or medical history. They’ll do a physical slow the growth of cancer cells. People exam , examining your throat and often get chemotherapy neck. After the initial exam, you’ll intravenously. Chemo can cause side most likely need other tests to confirm effects during treatment that medical a diagnosis. an oncologist can help you manage. Immunotherapy: These Imaging Scans: CT or MRI treatment uses your immune system, scans provide images of the inside of your body’s natural defenses , to help your body. They can show a tumor’s fight cancer. Immunotherapy is also size and where it’s located. A chest X called biologic therapy. ray can show if cancer has spread to Targeted Therapy: This your lungs. treatment targets cancer cells with Laryngoscopy. During a specific types of proteins, preventing laryngoscopy, a provider uses a thin, the cells from multiplying. lighted tube called an endoscope to Surgery: For early laryngeal examine your larynx. cancer, surgery can remove the  tumor while preserving your People with COPD are at higher larynx ( and your ability to risk of other health problems. speak and swallow). For advanced cancer, surgeons Several processes can cause the often need to do a airways to become narrow and lead to laryngectomy, surgery that COPD. There may be destruction of removes the entire larynx. parts of the lung, mucus blocking the airways, and inflammation and PREVENTION swelling of the airway lining. You can’t prevent all cancer. But you can lower your risk for developing cancer, including laryngeal cancer, SYMPTOMS with healthy behaviours: The most common symptoms Quit Smoking and avoid of COPD are difficulty breathing, tobacco products. chronic cough (sometimes with Limit alcohol consumption and phlegm) and feeling tired. get treatment for alcohol use disorder. COPD symptoms can get worse Eat a healthy diet. quickly. These are called flare-ups. These usually last for a few days and often require additional medicine. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE People with COPD also have a higher risk for other health problems. These (COPD) is a common lung include: disease causing restricted airflow and lung infections, like the flu or breathing problems. It is sometimes pneumonia called emphysema or chronic lung cancer bronchitis. heart problems weak muscles and brittle bones In people with COPD, the lungs depression and anxiety. can get damaged or clogged with phlegm Common symptoms of COPD develop from mid-life onwards. As CAUSES COPD progresses, people find it more Smoking and air pollution are difficult to carry out their normal daily the most common causes of activities, often due to breathlessness. COPD.  is often not available and so the RISK FACTORS diagnosis may be missed. COPD develops gradually over time, often resulting from a COPD isn’t curable, but it can combination of risk factors: get better by not smoking, avoiding tobacco exposure from active air pollution and getting vaccines. It smoking or passive exposure to can be treated with medicines, oxygen second-hand smoke; and pulmonary rehabilitation. occupational exposure to dusts, fumes or chemicals; Steroid pills and antibiotics are indoor air pollution: biomass often used to treat flare-ups. fuel (wood, animal dung, crop Oxygen is used for people who residue) or coal is frequently have had COPD for a long time used for cooking and heating in or have severe COPD. low- and middle-income Pulmonary rehabilitation countries with high levels of teaches exercises to improve smoke exposure; your breathing and ability to early life events such as poor exercise. growth in utero, prematurity, Surgery may improve and frequent or severe symptoms for some people with respiratory infections in severe COPD. childhood that prevent maximum lung growth; Some inhalers open the airways asthma in childhood; and and may be given regularly to prevent a rare genetic condition called or reduce symptoms, and to relieve alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, symptoms during acute flare-ups. which can cause COPD at a Inhaled corticosteroids are sometimes young age. given in combination with these to reduce inflammation in the lungs. TREATMENT Inhaled medicines that open COPD should be suspected if a and reduce swelling in the person has typical symptoms, and the airways are the main diagnosis confirmed by a breathing treatments. test called spirometry, which measures Bronchodilator inhalers are the how the lungs are working. In low- and most important medicines for middle-income countries, spirometry treating COPD. They relax the airways to keep them open.  Short-acting bronchodilators Avoid second-hand smoke or start to work in seconds and can smoke from indoor cooking last for 4–6 hours. These are fires. often used during flare-ups. Stay physically active. Long-acting bronchodilators take longer to start working but People living with COPD must last longer. These are taken be given information about their daily and can be combined with condition, treatment and self-care to inhaled steroids. help them to stay as active and healthy as possible. Inhalers must be taken using the correct technique, and in some Protect yourself from lung infections: cases with a spacer device to help Get a flu vaccine every year. deliver the medication into the Get the pneumonia vaccine. airways more effectively. Access to Get all available COVID-19 inhalers is limited in many low- and vaccines and make sure you middle-income countries; in 2021 have had the latest boosters. salbutamol inhalers were generally available in public primary health care facilities in half of low- and EMPHYSEMA low-middle income countries. Emphysema is a type of COPD Flare-ups are often caused by a (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary respiratory infection, and people may Disease). be given an antibiotic or steroid COPD is a group of lung tablets in addition to inhaled or diseases that make it hard to breathe nebulised treatment as needed. and get worse over time. The other main type of COPD is LIVING WITH COPD chronic bronchitis. Most people with Lifestyle changes can help COPD have both emphysema and improve symptoms of COPD. chronic bronchitis, but how severe Quit smoking or vaping. This is each type is can be different from the most important thing to do. person to person. Even if you have been smoking for many years, quitting can still Emphysema affects the air sacs help. in your lungs. Normally, these sacs are elastic or stretchy. When you breathe in, each air sac fills up with air, like a Long-term exposure to other small balloon. When you breathe out, lung irritants, such as the air sacs deflate, and the air goes secondhand smoke, air out. pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment In emphysema, the walls or workplace. between many of the air sacs in the Age. Most people who have lungs are damaged. This causes the air emphysema are at least 40 sacs to lose their shape and become years old when their symptoms floppy. The damage also can destroy begin. the walls of the air sacs, leading to Genetics. This includes alpha-1 fewer and larger air sacs instead of antitrypsin deficiency, which is a many tiny ones. genetic condition. Also, smokers who get This makes it harder for your emphysema are more likely to lungs to move oxygen in and carbon get it if they have a family dioxide out of your body. history of COPD. CAUSES SYMPTOMS The cause of emphysema is At first, you may have no usually long-term exposure to symptoms or only mild symptoms. As irritants that damage your lungs and the disease gets worse, your the airways. In the United States, symptoms usually become more cigarette smoke is the main cause. severe. Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke can also cause Frequent coughing or wheezing emphysema, especially if you inhale A cough that produces a lot of them. mucus Rarely, a genetic condition Shortness of breath especially called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency with physical activity can play a role in causing emphysema. Tightness in your chest Some people with emphysema RISK FACTORS get frequent respiratory Smoking. This is the main risk infections such as colds and the factor. Up to 75% of people who flu. have emphysema smoke or used to smoke. You should get emergency care if you have severe symptoms, such as trouble catching your breath or ask about how much talking. physical activity you can do. Call your healthcare provider if - Physical activity can your symptoms are getting worse or if strengthen the muscles you have signs of an infection, such as that help you breathe a fever. and improve your overall wellness. Medicines, such as HOW IS IT DIAGNOSED? Bronchodilators, which relax A medical history, which the muscles around your includes asking about your airways. This helps open your symptoms. airways and makes breathing A family history easier. Other tests, such as lung - Most bronchodilators are function tests, a chest x-ray or taken through an inhaler. CT scan, and blood test In more severe cases, the inhaler may also contain TREATMENT steroids to reduce There is no cure for inflammation. emphysema. However, treatments can - Vaccines for the flu and help with symptoms, slow the pneumococcal progress of the disease, and improve pneumonia, since people your ability to stay active. There are with emphysema are at also treatments to prevent or treat higher risk for serious complications of the disease. problems from these diseases. Lifestyle changes, such as Antibiotics if you get a bacterial Quitting smoking if you are a or viral lung infection smoker. Oxygen therapy, if you have - Avoiding secondhand severe emphysema and low smoke and places where levels of oxygen in your blood. you might breathe in Oxygen therapy can help you other lung irritants. breathe better. You may need - Ask your health care extra oxygen all the time or provider for an eating only at certain times. plan that will meet your Pulmonary rehabilitation, which nutritional needs. Also is a program that helps improve  the well-being of people who way to prevent it is to not have chronic breathing smoke. problems. It's also important to try to - It may include: avoid lung irritants such as An exercise secondhand smoke, air program pollution, chemical fumes, and Disease dust. management training Nutritional BRONCHITIS counseling is inflammation of the large Psychological airways in your lungs. The counseling inflammation causes you to cough. Surgery, usually as a last resort Bronchitis can be acute or for people who have severe chronic. Acute bronchitis is usually symptoms that have not gotten caused by a viral infection and goes better with medicines. away by itself. Chronic bronchitis is a - There are surgeries to type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a long-term lung Remove damaged condition that is usually related to lung tissue smoking. Remove large air spaces (bullae) that SYMPTOMS can form when air a cough (either dry or bringing sacs are destroyed. up phlegm). The cough may last The bullae can for 2 to 3 weeks in people with interfere with acute bronchitis. breathing. wheezing or feeling short of Do a lung transplant. This might breath be an option if you have very chest discomfort or pain (due to severe emphysema. frequent coughing) a blocked or runny nose headache PREVENTION fever Since smoking causes most aches and pains cases of emphysema, the best feeling tired CAUSES Tests are usually not necessary, usually caused by viruses, such unless your doctor is concerned as cold viruses or influenza virus. you might have a different These can be spread through the air infection. For example, they when someone coughs. You can also may ask you to have a chest catch viruses if you touch a surface x-ray to check for pneumonia, with virus on it (for example, a or a nose swab to check for doorknob) and then touch your eyes, whooping cough. nose or mouth. TREATMENT Sometimes bronchitis may be You can help ease your cough caused by a bacterial infection. and other symptoms with these self-care measures: ➔ Drink plenty of fluids. RISK FACTORS ➔ Get plenty of rest. older people or young children ➔ Take simple pain relief those breathing in irritating medicines, such as paracetamol chemicals or ibuprofen (follow the people that smoke directions on the label). people with a lung condition, ➔ Take a teaspoon of honey at such as asthma night, either by itself or in warm people with poor immunity water. This can help relieve a people who haven’t been cough. Do NOT give honey to vaccinated against influenza, children under 12 months of pneumococcal disease or age. whooping cough ➔ Avoid cigarette smoke and other irritants. DIAGNOSIS Your doctor will ask about your PREVENTION symptoms and perform a ➔ wash your hands regularly physical examination. They will ➔ cover your mouth when listen to your chest with a coughing or sneezing stethoscope to check your ➔ stay home while unwell breathing sounds. They may ➔ If you smoke, cut down or quit put a device on your fingertip to reduce your risk of to check the oxygen level in bronchitis. your blood. COMPLICATIONS fumes, grass and tree pollen, animal ➔ Pneumonia is a possible fur and feathers, strong soaps and complication of bronchitis. perfume. Sometimes it can take a long time for bronchitis symptoms to CAUSES go away. Your cough could last Asthma is more likely if other up to 8 weeks. Getting family members also have vaccinated against influenza asthma – particularly a close (the flu) and COVID-19 can relative, such as a parent or reduce your risk of having sibling. severe illness or complications Asthma is more likely in people with these infections. who have other allergic conditions, such as eczema and rhinitis (hay fever). ASTHMA Urbanization is associated with increased asthma prevalence, Asthma is a chronic lung disease probably due to multiple affecting people of all ages. It is lifestyle factors. caused by inflammation and muscle Events in early life affect the tightening around the airways, which developing lungs and can makes it harder to breathe. increase the risk of asthma. These include low birth weight, prematurity, exposure to SYMPTOMS tobacco smoke and other ➔ a persistent cough, especially at sources of air pollution, as well night as viral respiratory infections. ➔ wheezing when exhaling and Exposure to a range of sometimes when inhaling environmental allergens and ➔ shortness of breath or difficulty irritants are also thought to breathing, sometimes even increase the risk of asthma, when resting including indoor and outdoor air ➔ chest tightness, making it pollution, house dust mites, difficult to breathe deeply. moulds, and occupational exposure to chemicals, fumes or Some people will have worse dust. symptoms when they have a cold or Children and adults who are during changes in the weather. Other overweight or obese are at a triggers can include dust, smoke, greater risk of asthma.  effective as commercially TREATMENT manufactured spacers. Asthma cannot be cured but there are several treatments available. People with asthma and their The most common treatment is families need education to understand to use an inhaler, which delivers more about their asthma. This includes medication directly to the lungs. their treatment options, triggers to Inhalers can help control the disease avoid, and how to manage their and enable people with asthma to symptoms at home. enjoy a normal, active life. There are two main types of inhaler: bronchodilators (such as salbutamol), that open the air passages and relieve symptoms; and steroids (such as beclometasone) that reduce inflammation in the air passages, which improves asthma symptoms and reduces the risk of severe asthma attacks and death. People with asthma may need to use their inhaler every day. Their treatment will depend on the frequency of symptoms and the types of inhalers available. Using an inhaler can be difficult, especially for children and during emergency situations. Using a spacer device makes it easier to use an aerosol inhaler. This helps the medicine to reach the lungs more easily. A spacer is a plastic container with a mouthpiece or mask at one end and a hole for the inhaler in the other. A homemade spacer, made from a 500ml plastic bottle, can be as