Finals Biology PDF

**Multiple Choice**: A scientist is studying how energy is transferred in a pond ecosystem. She measures the energy content in phytoplankton (primary producers), small fish (primary consumers), and large fish (secondary consumers). Which of the following best represents the **dependent variable** in...

**Multiple Choice**: A scientist is studying how energy is transferred in a pond ecosystem. She measures the energy content in phytoplankton (primary producers), small fish (primary consumers), and large fish (secondary consumers). Which of the following best represents the **dependent variable** in her study?\ a. The energy content at each trophic level\ b. The species of fish present in the ecosystem\ c. The number of trials conducted\ d. The temperature of the pond **Data Analysis**: A student designs an experiment to test the energy transfer efficiency in an ecosystem. She collects the following data: - Phytoplankton: 5,000 kcal - Small Fish: 500 kcal - Large Fish: 50 kcal Using the data, calculate the energy transfer efficiency between small fish and large fish. What percentage is transferred?\ a. 1%\ b. 5%\ c. 10%\ d. 15% 3. **Short Answer**: Design an experiment to determine the impact of a new fertilizer on the energy production of aquatic plants in a pond ecosystem. Identify the independent variable, dependent variable, control group, and constants. **Answer Prompt**: - **Independent Variable**: Type or amount of fertilizer - **Dependent Variable**: Energy production by aquatic plants (measured in kcal) - **Control Group**: Plants with no fertilizer - **Constants**: Light levels, water temperature, species of plants **HS-LS2-5: Develop a model to illustrate the role of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of carbon among the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.** 4. **Multiple Choice**: In a controlled experiment on the carbon cycle, which variable would best represent the **independent variable**?\ a. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere\ b. The rate of photosynthesis measured in plants\ c. The type of plants used in the experiment\ d. The volume of water in the hydrosphere 5. **Experimental Design**: A student wants to investigate how increased carbon dioxide levels affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants. What is the best type of graph to represent the data?\ a. Bar graph showing CO2 levels for different plants\ b. Line graph showing CO2 concentration vs. photosynthesis rate\ c. Pie chart showing the distribution of CO2 in the atmosphere\ d. Histogram showing the frequency of photosynthesis rates 6. **Short Answer**: Evaluate the following experiment: A student uses two plants to measure the effect of light intensity on photosynthesis. One plant is placed in full sunlight, and the other is placed in a dark room. Both are given the same amount of water and CO2. What is the major flaw in this experiment, and how could it be improved? **Answer Prompt**: The major flaw is the absence of a control group under consistent moderate light. To improve, add a plant exposed to intermediate light levels as a control. **HS-ESS3-5: Analyze geoscience data and the results from global climate models to make evidence-based forecasts of current rates of global or regional climate change and its impacts on Earth systems.** 7. **Multiple Choice**: A scientist hypothesizes that increased atmospheric CO2 levels are causing ocean acidification. Which variable would best represent the **control group** in their experiment?\ a. Water samples with natural CO2 levels\ b. Water samples with increased CO2 levels\ c. Water samples with no organisms\ d. Water samples with added greenhouse gases 8. **Data Analysis**: A graph shows a steady rise in atmospheric CO2 levels alongside a decrease in ocean pH levels. What conclusion can be drawn from this data?\ a. CO2 levels do not affect ocean acidity.\ b. Increased CO2 levels are correlated with lower pH, leading to acidification.\ c. pH levels are independent of atmospheric conditions.\ d. CO2 levels are unrelated to oceanic ecosystems. 9. **Short Answer**: Design a controlled experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on CO2 absorption in the ocean. Identify the hypothesis, independent variable, dependent variable, control group, and constants. **Answer Prompt**: - **Hypothesis**: Higher temperatures decrease CO2 absorption in oceans. - **Independent Variable**: Temperature of the water samples. - **Dependent Variable**: Amount of CO2 absorbed. - **Control Group**: Water samples at a constant baseline temperature. - **Constants**: CO2 concentration in the air, water volume, and duration of exposure. 10. **Graph-Based Question**: A global climate model predicts a 2°C increase in average global temperature by 2100. How should this data be best represented to evaluate its impact on polar ice caps?\ a. Pie chart comparing polar and equatorial temperatures\ b. Line graph showing temperature rise over time and polar ice loss\ c. Bar graph showing the decrease in ice cap size across regions\ d. Histogram of temperature distribution in polar regions