Final-Term Topic 1 PDF

**Nursing Process in the Care of Population Groups and Community** **The Nursing Process in the Care of the Community** A community is a group of people who: Have a common interest or characteristics Interact with one another Have a sense of unity or belonging Function collectively w...

**Nursing Process in the Care of Population Groups and Community** **The Nursing Process in the Care of the Community** A community is a group of people who: Have a common interest or characteristics Interact with one another Have a sense of unity or belonging Function collectively within a defined social structure to address common concerns A community may be phenomenological (functional) or geopolitical (territorial) **Principles of Community Health Nursing** 1\. Community is the focus of care; nurse\'s responsibility is to the community as a whole. 2\. Give priority to community needs. 3\. Work with the community as an equal partner of the health team. 4\. Focus on primary prevention for appropriate activities. 5\. Promote a healthful physical and psychosocial environment. 6\. Reach out to all who may benefit from a specific service. 7\. Promote optimum use of resources. 8\. Collaborate with others working in the community health. **Conditions in the community affecting health** People Location Social system **Characteristics of a healthy community** A shared sense of being a community based on history and values A general feeling of empowerment Existing structures that allow subgroups within the community to participate in decision making. The ability to cope with change, solve problems, and manage conflicts within the community through acceptable means Open channels of communication Equitable and efficient use of community resources **Aims** 1\. Achieve a good quality of life 2\. Create a health-supportive environment 3\. Provide basic sanitation 4\. Supply access to healthcare **Community Health Assessment** 1\. The data needed to be collected depends on the objectives of community assessment. 2\. In general, the nurse needs to collect data on the three categories of community health determinants: people, place, and social system. A. **Community Health Assessment Tools** **Field Health Services and Information System (FHSIS)** Components: **1.Individual Tx Record** -Foundation of FHSIS -Where the presenting s/s or chief complaint, Dx, Tx and Tx date are recorded -Maintained as part of the system of records of the BHSs (city) or BHs (rural) or RHU or MHC -If no Tx record in the facility, improvise with the following data -Date of consultation -Name of patient -Address -Chief complaint -Medical Diagnosis **2.Target client List** Purposes: \- to plan and carry out patient care and services delivery \- to facilitate the monitoring and supervision of services \- to report services delivered \- to provide a facility-level database that can be accessed for other purposes, such as follow-ups and record surveys -TCLs should be maintained in RHUs and health centers: -TCL for the EPI -TCL for eligible population -TCL of children 0-59 months (risk, under five) -TLC for nutrition -TCL for prenatal care -TCL for postpartum care -TCL for FP -National Tuberculosis program (NTP) \- TB symptomatic \- TB cases under short course chemotherapy (SCC) \- TB cases under standard regimen (SR) -National Leprosy Program (NLP) **3.Summary Table** 2 components: \- Health Program Accomplishment and Morbidity \- Diseases **4.Monthly Consolidation Table** -source document for the quarterly form and the output table of the RHU  **Characteristics of the assessment process:** \(1) a participatory process among stakeholders to encourage information sharing and increase awareness of health risks and problems in the community. \(2) community health-care team building comprising representatives from the community or members of stakeholder organizations. \(3) conducting the assessment process concurrently with other functions throughout the course of the community healthcare interventions and programs. \(4) identifying community people's healthcare demands (individuals, families, and groups in the community), which lays a strong foundationfor other functions. \(5) collecting up-to-date information, representing both the people's perspective/experiences and academic perspective. **Community Assessment** Collect data on the three categories of community health determinants: people, place, and social system. Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH) is a community health planning model that builds on a set of quantitative and qualitative data for profiling **Approaches:** Comprehensive needs assessment - broad -- totality of the community Problem-oriented assessment -- focused - responds to a particular need **Community Diagnosis** As a finding: A quantitative and qualitative description of the health of citizens and the factors which influence their health. As a process: Determining a community's a\. health status b\. resources, and c\. health action potential or the likelihood that the community will act to meet health needs or resolve health problems. **Types of Community Diagnosis** **1. Comprehensive Community Diagnosis** *Aims* **to obtain general information** about **the community with the intent of determining not only prevalent health conditions** and **risk factors** (epidemiologic approach) but also the following factors, such as: ***Socio-economic conditions*** ***Lifestyle behaviors and attitudes that have effect on health*** **2. Problem-oriented Community Diagnosis** \- The type of assessment that **responds** to a **particular need** of **a target group**. For example, *Health problems related to improper factory waste disposal* **Steps in Conducting a Community Diagnosis** 1\. Determining the objectives ▪ In stating the objectives, the following questions should be answered: ✓ To describe the prevailing disease conditions and health needs of the target populations. What is the present health condition of the people in the community? ✓ To explain the health behaviors or risk factors that give rise to the health problem. Why are the people in the community in such condition? ✓ To provide the analyses related to the socio -economic, cultural, and environmental factors that sustain or allow for the perpetuation of the health problems of the target population. What are the roots of these problems? ✓ To reflect possible solutions of the health problems based on the community's capabilities and resources. 2\. Defining the study population ▪ The defined objectives are the bases for determining the study population ▪ The nurse and the community diagnosis team identify the population group to be included in the study. ▪ May include the following: \- Entire population. \- Focused on a specific population group. ✓ Women of reproductive age-group (15-44 years old). ✓ Infants (0-12 months old). ✓ If a complete enumeration of the desired sample is not possible. Sample or a subset of the target population. ▪ Example of objectives of the focused community diagnosis: 3\. Determining the data to be collected. ▪ Developing a data collection plan. \- Data collection plan uses the objectives to guide the data collectors to decide on the following: ✓ Data to be collected. ✓ Methods of data collection. ✓ Instruments/tools for data collection. ✓ Possible sources of these data. ▪ Categorizing data collected. **Primary Data** -- directly obtained by the nurse specifically to answer the community diagnosis objectives. **Secondary Data** -- **existing data** that **were obtained by other people**, which the **nurse can use** to **answer the** **community diagnosis objective**s. ▪ **The nurse considers the following characteristics of data collected.** ✓ *Timeliness of data.* ✓ *Precision* ✓ *Completeness* ✓ *Adequacy* ✓ *Accuracy* ✓ *Relevance* **Data collation** Numerical data -- counted Descriptive data - described **Data presentation** Depend largely on the type of data obtained **Data analysis** Aims to establish trends and patterns in terms of health needs and problems of the community Allows comparison of data with standard values Determine the interrelationship of factors will help the nurse view significance of the problems and their implications on the health status of the community **Identifying the community health nursing problems** Health status problems They may be described in terms of increased or decreased morbidity, mortality, fertility or reduced capability for wellness. Health resources problems They may be described in terms of lack or absence of manpower, money, materials or institutions necessary to solve health problems. Health-related problems  They may be described in terms of existence of social, economic, environmental and political factors that aggravate the illness-inducing situations in the community. Environmental -- income, sanitation, residence, safety (workplace/neighbourhood) Psychosocial -- communication with community resources, social contact, role change, interpersonal relationship spirituality, grief, mental health, sexuality, caretaking/parenting, neglect, abuse, growth and development Physiological -- hearing, vision, speech and language, oral health, cognition, pain, consciousness, skin, neuromuscuskeletal functions Health related -- nutrition, sleep and rest patterns, physical activity, personal care, substance abuse, family planning, health care supervision, medication regimen Priority setting requires the joint effort of the community, the nurse, and other stakeholders, such as other members of the health team. **SCORING AND IDENTIFYING HEALTH PROBLEM** **Identification of community health nursing problems** Health status problems -- increased or decreased morbidity, mortality, fertility e.g. 40% of the school-age children have ascariasis Health resources problems -- lack or absence of manpower, money, materials, or institutions necessary to solve health problems e.g. 25% of the BHWs lack skills in vital-signs taking **Identification of community health nursing problems** Health-related problems -- existence of social, economic, environmental, and political factors that aggravate the illness-inducing situations in the community e.g. 30% of the households dump their garbage in the river **Priority Setting of Community Health Nursing Problems** Criteria: Nature of the Problem Presented -- health status, health resources, or health-related problems Magnitude of the Problem -- severity of the problem and measured in terms of the proportion of the population affected by the problem Modifiability of the Problem -- probability of reducing, controlling , or eradicating the problem Preventive Potential -- probability of controlling or reducing the effects pose by the problem Social Concern -- perception of the population/community as they are affected by the problem **Steps in prioritizing health problems** 1\. Score each problem according to each criteria. 2\. Divide the score by the highest possible score. 3\. Multiply the answer by the weight of the criteria. 4\. Add the final score for each criterion to get the total score for the problem. The highest possible score is 10. 5\. The problem with the highest score is given the priority by the nurse. **Given the situation:** **Problem 1**: After collating the data in the community diagnosis, the nurse learned that one of the community health problems is that 40% of the school-age children have ascariasis. The mothers recognize this and are willing to have their children undergo deworming. Majority of the mothers are so concerned that they asked the nurse about its cause and ways on how to prevent it. **Problem 2**: The other problem is the lack of skills of the BHWs in the barangay. For example, 25% of the BHWs lack skills in vital signs-taking. The BHWs expressed their concern that they cannot perform their tasks because of this. All of them verbalized their desire to attend health skills training in the future **Problem 1** **Nature of the problem** Magnitude of the problem (25%-49% affected) -- (2/4) x 3 = 1 ½ Modifiability of the problem (high) -- (3/3) x 4 = 4 Preventive potential (high) -- (3/3) x 1 = 1 Social concern (Urgent community concern) -- (2/2) x 1 = 1 Total : 8 ½ **Problem 2** **Nature of the problem** (health resources) - (2/3) x 1= 2/3 Magnitude of the problem (25%-49% affected) -- (2/4) x 3 = 1 ½ Modifiability of the problem (high) -- (3/3) x 4 = 4 Preventive potential (high) -- (3/3) x 1 = 1 Social concern (Urgent community concern) -- (2/2) x 1 = 1 **Total : 7 ¾** **References** David, E. (2007) Community Health Nursing, An Approach to Families and Population Groups. Faahb, F. R. P. M. N. A., & Anef, M. M. P. R. C. (2018). Community/Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Health of Populations, 7e (7th ed.). Saunders. Faan, S. M. P. R., & Faan, L. J. P. R. (2017). Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing - Binder Ready (5th ed.). Mosby. Famorca, Z. (2013)Nursing Care of the Community, Elsevier Singapore. Maglaya , A. (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community, Argonaota Corporation. Rector, C. L. (2018). Community & Public Health Nursing. Wolters Kluwer. Salvacio G & Bailon-R.(2006)Community Health Nursing. The basics of Practice Stanhope, P. D. R. N. F., Lancaster, P. D. R. N. F., Marcia Stanhope, P. D. R. N. F., & Jeanette Lancaster, P. D. R. N. F. (2015). Public Health Nursing. Elsevier Gezondheidszorg **Planning** It is a logical process of decision making to determine which of the identified health concerns requires more immediate consideration (priority setting & what action may be undertakes to achieve goals. **Criteria Priority Setting** 1\. Significance of the Problem- is based on the number of people in the community affected by the problem or condition 2\. The Level of Community Awareness- The priority its member give to the health concern is a major consideration. \- Related to the community gives to the health concern, Shuster & Geoppinger (2004) \- Community motivation to deal with condition 3\. Ability to Reduce Risk \- Related to the availability of the expertise among the health team in the community itself \- This criterion involves the health team's level of influence in decision making related to actions in resolving the community health concern. 4\. Determining cost of Reducing Risk \- The nurse has to consider economic, social & ethical requisites and consequences of planned action. 5\. Ability to identify the target population \- For the intervention is a matter of availability of data resources such as FHSIS, census, survey reports or case/screening finding. 6\. Availability of Resources \- To intervene in the reduction of risk entails technological, financial & other material resources of the community, the nurse, the health agency. \- Accessibility of outside resources & link are taken into account 7\. Group. It is a flexible process using the nominal group technique wherein each group member has an equal voice and decision-making, thereby avoiding control of the process by the more dominant members of the group Criteria: From the scale of 1 to 10, 1 being the lowest, the members give each criterion based on their perception of its degree of importance in solving the problem. From a scale of 1 to 10, 1 being the lowest, each member rates the criteria in terms of likelihood of the group being able to influence or change the situation. Collate the weights (from step 1) and ratings (from step 2) made by the members of the group. Compute the total priority score of the problem by multiplying collated weight and rating of each criterion. The priority score of the problem is calculated by adding the production obtained in step 4. **Formulating Goals and Objectives** In family health nursing , goals are the desired outcomes at the end of interventions, whereas objectives are the short term changes in the community that are observed as the health team & the community works towards attainment of goals. Objectives serve as instructions, defining what should be detected in the community as interventions are being implemented. **SMART** Process: For us to attain our goal and objective we must be smart Specific - be clear and specific to your goals that are easier to achieve. This would also help you to know how and where to get started. Measurable - goal must be reached allowing you to see your progress. Tells you when your goals are complete Attainable - your goal is realistic and you must have the tools or resources to attain it Relevant - realistic or relevant to avoid over well and unnecessary stress and frustration Time-Bound -a date help us stay focused and motivated, inspiring us and providing something to work **Deciding on Community Interventions** The group must analyze the reasons for people\'s health behavior and directs strategies to respond to the underlying causes But if the reason is sociocultural, the planning team me opt to concentrate on providing opportunities for skills development of traditional birth attendants or exerting more effort to gain trust and confidence of women and families The group should take into consideration the demographic, physiological, social, cultural and economic characteristic of the target population and one hand and the available health resources on the other hand. **Implementing the Community Health Interventions** Referred to as the action phase Able to deal with recognize priority health concern To facilitate the process rather than directly implement the planned interventions **Importance of Partnership and Collaboration** The problem are complicated and too many for the nurse and the people or their organization to handle They must work with other people or groups to increase the probability of accomplishing the goals that they have set. The nurse must plan to establish and maintain valuable working relationships with people such as people\'s organizations, health organizations, educational institutions, local government units , financial institutions, religious groups, socio-civic organizations, and sectoral groups. **Activities involved in collaboration and advocacy environmental sanitation** Proper excreta Disposal food safety Sanitation Vermin and vector control Built environment **Advocacy Work Involves:** Informing the people about the rightness of a cause. Thoroughly discussing with the people the nature of alternatives, their content and possible consequences. Supporting people\'s right to make a choice and act on their choice Influencing public opinion. [**Social Mobilization **](https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/social-mobilization-group-2-1pptx/252906831#3)is an approach wherein the community participation is very essential. It uses deliberate participating processes to involve local institutions, local leaders, community groups, and members of the community to organize through concerted efforts toward a common purpose. Community mobilization is characterized by respect for the community and its needs. What is Social Mobilization It is also defined as a process of capability buildng of deprived community people to enable them to plan, manage and control over their own development program. It emphasizes self-decision of the concerned community, self-initiated development efforts as well as self-capacity building of the community, empowerment of the powerless, organization of the unorganized, and awarenes of the unaware which are the major elements of the social mobilization and are the concerns of the National Service Training Programs. (Abhiyan,2004) **The following should be undertaken in social mobilization** **Advocacy** - element which is focused on various actors which could create the positive environment for program or service delivery. **Information, Education and Communication (IEC)** - a set of accurate and consistent information on the programs and services as a timely response by those in direct contact with the communities. **Community Organizing** - Individual and community groups are able to get a sense of what they can do among themselves to improve their situation. **Capacity Building** - Social mobilization can only be sustained if the network of the advocates and mobilizers are continually expanded through Capacity - building (people) Institutional Development (organization) **Community Organizing** as a process consists of steps or activities that instill and reinforce the people's selfconfidence on their own collective strengths and capabilities (Manalili, 1990). It is the development of the community's collective capacities to solve its own problems and aspire for development through its own efforts. It entails harnessing and developing the community's capacities to recognize a community problem, identify and implement solutions, and monitor and evaluate the efforts in resolving the problem. Is a continuous process of educating the community to develop its capacity to assess and analyze the situation (which usually involves the process of consciousness raising), plan and implement interventions mobilization), and evaluate them. **Importance of Community Organizing** Community Organizing is a participatory decision-making process that empowers communities to improve health. It emphasizes active participation from the community in identifying key health issues and strategies to address them. Communities focus on their strengths and collectively mobilize to develop programs to achieve health goals.Power is the purpose of community organizing, and the issues, problems, strategies and victories are means to the end of increased power for the organization and the community.Empowerment processAt the heart of CO promotes participation of people, organizations and communities toward the goals of increased individual and community control, political efficacy, improved quality of community life, and social justice.Community organizationProcess by which the people organize themselves to "take charge" of their situation and thus develop a sense of being a community together Community organizing is a continuous and sustained process of: 1. Guiding people to understand the existing condition of their own community 2. Organizing people to work collectively and efficiently on their immediate and long term problemMobilizing people to develop their capacity and readiness to respond and take action on their immediate and long term needs 3. A middle ground where the healthcare worker and the people need to attain community organization 4. A liberal freedom of the community where the people are allowed to participate in the overallhealth care status of their community 5. A transformation force, that enables the individuals, families and communities to be responsible for their own health. 6. A phenomenon of interest goals and objectives at the health care works and the people in their way to health citizenryImportance of Community Organizing. **Basic values in community organizing** Human Rights Social Justice Social Responsibility **Core Principles of Community Organizing** People Centered Participative Democratic Developmental Process-Oriented **Phases of Community Organizing** **1. Pre-entry** Involves in Preparation and includes knowing the goals of the community organizing activity or experience It may also be necessary to delineate criteria or guidelines for site selection. Making a list of sources of information and possible facility resources, both government and private, is recommended. Skills in community organizing are developed on the job or through experiential approach. Novice community organizers, such as student nurses on their related learning experience, are therefore not unusual. For novice organizers, preparation includes a study or review of the basic concepts of community organizing. Although the affective domain is not easy to change, self-examination helps the organizer identify attitudes -- both positive and negative -- that may influence effectiveness. Proper selection of the community is crucial. Identification of: Possible barriers, Threats, Strengths Opportunities at this stage is an important determinant of the over-all outcome of community organizing Communities may be identified through different means: Initial data during ocular survey Review of records of a health facility Review of barangay profile, and so on Referrals from other communities or institutions Through series of meetings Consultation from local governments (LGUs) or private institutions Basic criteria Geographically isolated and disadvantaged area Community perceives that they need assistance. Shows sign of willingness No obvious threat for safety No other organization working with same services Partnership among other sectors is feasible **2. Entry into the community** This phase formalizes the start of the organizing process. This is the stage where the organizer gets to know the community likewise gets to know the organizer. Courtesy calls to local formal leaders Visit informal leaders like elders, local health workers, traditional healers, church leaders and local neighborhood association or other contact persons who may facilitate the subsequent phases of the organizing process Considerations in the entry phase - Community organizers must clearly introduce themselves and their institution to the community. Clear explanation of the vision, mission, goals, programs and activities must be given in all initial meetings and contacts with the community. - Community organizer must have a basic understanding of the target community. - Preparation for the initial visit includes - Gathering basic information on socioeconomic conditions, traditions including practices, overall physical environment, general health and illness patterns, and available resources. - Informal meeting with contacts who have been to the area or some residents of the community prior to entry will be useful. - Avoid raising unrealistic expectations in the community. - Goal: Build up the confidence and capacities of people - 2 strategies in gaining entry into a community which can be **Counteproductive** *Padrino or patron*. When patron tries to boost the community organizer's intended output to the community, this will create false hopes *Bongga entry*. Easiest way to catch the attention and gain the approval of the community.. **3. Community Integration** Community integration or pakikipamuhay is the phase when the organizer may actually live in the community in an effort to understand the community better and imbibe community life. The establishment of rapport between the organizer and the people indicates successful integration. - Integration requires IMMERSION in a community life. - Organizer's conduct as well as manner of dressing must be in accordance with the norms of the community - Styles of integration - "Guest" status People-centered approach integration Community organizers enter into a community with a well-conceived plan. They establish contact with villagers and become *their allies* Organizers develop a deeper relationship through various techniques Pagbabahay-bahay or occasional home visit, observe house routines to avoid inconvenience Informal conversations in the village poso during laundry time, basketball court and sari-sari store Participation in the production process Participates in farming, fishing or any livelihood activities of the community This practice allows the organizer to experience the life of the people in the community. Hence, they will understand them better. **Participation in social activities** Attending fiestas, weddings, baptismal celebrations, funeral wakes and other activities ofthe community that carry social meaning and importance. Community organizers should remain as role model, gambling and drinking alcoholic beverages with them is prohibited. **References** David, E. (2007) Community Health Nursing, An Approach to Families and Population Groups. Faahb, F. R. P. M. N. A., & Anef, M. M. P. R. C. (2018). Community/Public Health Nursing: Promoting the Health of Populations, 7e (7th ed.). Saunders. Faan, S. M. P. R., & Faan, L. J. P. R. (2017). Foundations for Population Health in Community/Public Health Nursing - Binder Ready (5th ed.). Mosby. Famorca, Z. (2013)Nursing Care of the Community, Elsevier Singapore. Maglaya , A. (2004). Nursing Practice in the Community, Argonaota Corporation. Rector, C. L. (2018). Community & Public Health Nursing. Wolters Kluwer.