FINAL Hot Topics PDF

Final hot topics -General Topics -Childhood -Middle-take adulthood -Death & dying  Physical changes- middle adulthood Height- Loses half an inch in height every year and women’s height loss can be up to 2 inches a year Weight the prevalence of obesity in middle-aged adults (...

Final hot topics -General Topics -Childhood -Middle-take adulthood -Death & dying  Physical changes- middle adulthood Height- Loses half an inch in height every year and women’s height loss can be up to 2 inches a year Weight the prevalence of obesity in middle-aged adults (44.8 percent) was higher than in younger adults (40 percent) and older adults (42.8 percent) Middle-aged men had a higher obesity rate (46.4 percent) than middle-aged women (43.3 percent). Being overweight is a critical health problem for middle-aged adults and increases their risk of developing a number of other health problems, including hypertension and diabetes Skin- Wrinkles sags and pigmentation produce aging spots Strength/Joints/Bones After 50 muscle loss occurs 1-2% loss per year Sarcopenia-Refers to age-related loss of lean uncle mass and strength Sarcopenic obesity- older adults with sarcopenic obesity are at increased risk of adverse musculoskeletal outcomes such as falls and fractures than individuals with sarcopenia, obesity, or neither condition also associated with 24% increase fo fall risk mortality with a higher risk for men than women Maximum bone density to progressive loss of bone maximum bone density occurs in the mid to late thirties The rate of bone loss begins slowly then progresses in 50s  Cognitive function: middle adulthood Speed of Information Processing- Perceptual speed begins declining in early adulthood and continues to decline in middle adulthood Expertise Expertise often shows up more in middle adulthood than in early adulthood Rely on accumulated experience Process information automatically and analyze it more efficiently Have better strategies and shortcuts to solving problems Are more creative and flexible in solving problems Crystallized Intelligence: an individual’s accumulated information and verbal skills Continues to increase in middle adulthood Fluid Intelligence: the ability to reason abstractly May begin to decline in middle adulthood Cognitive Mechanics- linked to biological foundations and brain development. Cognitive pragmatics- associated with experience and culture. Reading, writing, language comprehension, professional skills, and wisdom Memory Verbal memory: declines during middle adulthood according to most researchers Linked to changes in working memory and ineffective memory strategies Practical Problem Solving: Remains stable in early and middle adulthood, then declines in late adulthood  Middle adulthood brain Brain loses 5-10 percent of its weight between 20-90 decrease in total brain volume and key structures between ages 22-88 Brain volume was 15% less in older adults than younger Decline in memory linked to lower gray matter volume Decline in production of neurotrasnmitters The adapting brain: Brian loses only a portion of its ability to focus and the activities older people engage in influence the brain activity Higher levels if aerobic activity = greater volume in hippocampus- better memory Capacity to generate new neurons Dendritic growth Delaterization Lateralization: lateralization is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other brain activity in the prefrontal cortex is lateralized less in older adults than in younger adults when they are engaging in cognitive tasks There is a decrease in laterization in older adults Late adulthood brain Brain volume decreases with age Crossword puzzles, conversations And staying mentally fit help  Cardiovascular function- middle adulthood Cardiovascular: Cardio disease increases Cholesterol- Increases - two forms (low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein) LDL is bad and HDL is good Blood pressure- Rises in 40s and 50s Linked to increase rate of mortality and lower cognition Women’s bp also rises in menopause Lungs Little change in lung capacity Physical activity promises lung health Elasticity- At 55 the proteins in lunge tissue becomes less elastic and chest wall stiffens leading to decrease in lung capacity t shuttle oxygen Smoking-Smokers lung fucntion drops a lot in middle age Cardiovascular function- late adulthood Circulatory: Cardiovascular disorders increase in late adulthood High blood pressure hypertension can be linked with illness, obesity, anxiety, stiffening of blood vessels, or lack of exercise and should be treated Lung capacity drops 40% between the ages of 20 and 80, even without disease, but can be improved with diaphragm-strengthening exercises Maximum bone density to progressive loss of bone The Immune System: declines in functioning with age Extended duration of stress; diminished restorative processes Malnutrition involving low levels of protein Exercise improves the immune system, and influenza vaccination is very important for older adults After 65 it’s recommend to get phenmonia 5-7 years and flu vaccine every year  Cognitive function: late adulthood Working memory and perceptual speed: decline during the late adulthood years Non-cognitive factors - Health, education, and socioeconomic status influence an older adult’s performance on memory tasks Decision making - Preserved rather well in older adults Use it or lose it: Brain is a muscle so use your muscle otherwise you lose it so staying mentally active slows decline maintains cognitive skills Can lower likilhood of Alzheimer’s Training cognitive skills Improves cognitive skills Slows loss of plasticity Language Development o Some decrements in language may appear in late adulthood Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon- You have the feeling that you know a word or name but you can’t retrieve it Speech decline: Difficulty understanding speech Speech of older adults is lower in volume, slower, less precisely articulated, and less fluent Slower information processing speed and decline in working memory may be responsible for some of the decline in language skills  ▪ Physical changes: late adulthood Physical Changes: changes that occur in middle adulthood become more pronounced *Genetic makeup and chronic disease play a role* Height: Woman can lose 2 inches, men lose about 1/2 inch Weight: Can gain up to 20% Skin: Wrinkles, pigmententation, sarcopenia, Circulatory: Cardiovascular disorders increase in late adulthood Blood pressure: High blood pressure (hypertension {HTN}) can be linked with illness, obesity, anxiety, stiffening of blood vessels, or lack of exercise and should be treated Lung capacity drops 40% between the ages of 20 and 80, even without disease, but can be improved with diaphragm-strengthening exercises Bone density: Maximum bone density to progressive loss of bone The Immune System: declines in functioning with age Extended duration of stress; diminished restorative processes Malnutrition involving low levels of protein Exercise improves the immune system, and influenza vaccination is very important for older adults After 65 it’s recommend to get phenmonia 5-7 years and flu vaccine every year  Memory Explicit memory: Facts and experiences that individuals consciously know and can state – declines as the person ages Episodic memory: retention of information about where and when things happen in life, younger adults are better at this Semantic memory: person’s knowledge about the world, does not decline as drastically as episodic memory Implicit memory: Without conscious recollection that involves skills and routine procedures that are automatically performed, Less likely to be adversely affected by aging Source memory: Ability to remember where one learned something, decreases during late adulthood Prospective memory: Remembering to do something in the future Executive functioning - Aspects of working memory that decline in older adults involves: Updating memory representations that are relevant to the task at hand Replacing old, no longer relevant information Widowhood Felt satisfied with their relationship prior to the death of their life partner tried to maintain a connection by continuing once-shared activities and that they experienced less severe depression and fewer feelings of guilt and blame. Felt dissatisfied with their relationship prior to the death of their life partner experienced a more complicated grieving process as well as more severe and long- lasting symptoms of depression  Alzheimer Alzheimer Disease: a common form of dementia that is characterized by a gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually, physical function Divided into 2 stages: Early-onset (younger than 65) Late-onset (later than 65) Gender and Ethnic variations: African American affected more and are also women affected more bc they live longer Early detection- Mild cognitive impairment- recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer Disease. Drug Treatment of Alzheimer Disease Cholinerase inhibitors and other drugs slow the downward progression of Alzheimer Disease Caring for Individuals with Alzheimer Disease Support is often emotionally and physically draining for the family. Female caregivers report more caregiving hours Respite care services - Services that provide temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illnesses, or the elderly Reminiscence theory Reminiscence theory: involves discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group improves the mood and quality of life of older adults, including those with dementia was linked to a decline in depressive and anxiety symptoms, improved life satisfaction, and increased social engagement reduced the cognitive impairment, anxiety, and depression of post-stroke patients improved the cognition and quality of life of Alzheimer disease patients  Dementia Dementia: any neurological disorder in which the primary symptoms involve a deterioration of mental functioning 20% of individuals over the age of 80 have dementia 23% of women and 17% of men 85 years and older are at risk for developing Multi-Infarct Dementia: a sporadic and progressive loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated temporary obstruction of blood flow in cerebral arteries Common in men with a history of high blood pressure; many recover Parkinson’s Parkinson Disease: a chronic, progressive disease characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis Triggered by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the brain Several treatments are available including L dopamine med *More common in men due to high BP* Mild cognitive impairment MCI: Transitional state that is early stages of Alzheimer’s but not everyone dx get Alzheimer’s Cognitive training Controlling weight Medications  Activity theory Activity theory : states that the more active and involved older adults are, the more satisfied they will be with their lives exact opposite of disengagement theory Includes: social activities such as visiting relatives or friends, solitary activities such as hobbies, and productive activities Ageism Ageism Prejudice against people because of their age, especially prejudice against older adults Socioemotional Selective Theory Socioemotional selective theory: states that motivation changes as a function of time horizons. When time horizons are limited there is a shift in priorities that favor emotional meaning and satisfaction. Older adults: become more selective about their social networks. Because they place a high value on emotional satisfaction older adults often spend more time with familiar individuals with whom they have had rewarding relationships Two important classes of goals: Knowledge-related Emotional Trajectory for each type of goal is different As older adults perceive that they have less time left, they spend more time pursuing emotional satisfaction Disengagement Theory- Older adults should gradually withdraw from society. Activity Theory- The more active and involved older adults are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with their lives.  Self Esteem and the Late Adulthood Self esteem: Perception and Reality Self-esteem reflects perceptions that do not always match reality An adolescent’s or adult’s self-esteem: might indicate a perception about whether he or she is intelligent and attractive, for example, but that perception may not be accurate Self-esteem: decreased in adolescence increased in the twenties leveled off in the thirties rose in the fifties and sixties dropped in the seventies and eighties Narcissm: Narcissism refers to a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others. Typically, narcissists are unaware of their actual self and how others perceive them. This lack of awareness contributes to their adjustment problems Self-Esteem tends to decline significantly in the 70s and 80s because of: Being widowed, institutionalized, or physically impaired Having a low religious commitment Declining health Living arrangements and late adulthood  ▪ Alcohol use Multiple medications can increase the risks associated with consuming alcohol or other drugs Majority of U.S. adults 65 and older completely abstain from alcohol, but of the individuals that drink they tend to binge drink Substance abuse among older adults may be an “invisible epidemic” Late-Onset Alcoholism: onset of alcoholism after the age of 65 Often related to loneliness, loss of a spouse, or a disabling condition Moderate drinking of red wine is linked to better health and increased longevity Vision Decline in vision becomes more pronounced Adaptation to dark and driving at night becomes especially difficult Color vision and depth perception also decline Diseases of the Eye- partial vision loss by 70 Cataracts: a thickening of the lens of the eye that causes vision to become cloudy, opaque, and distorted treatment: laser surgery Glaucoma: damage to the optic nerve because of the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye- treatment: eye drops Macular Degeneration: deterioration of the macula of the retina, which corresponds to the focal center of the visual field see peripherally but not right in front Treatment: laser surgery or stem cell- leading cause of blindness  Hearing Middle adulthood Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40 Men lose hearing first Loss of high pitch sounds Late adulthood Hearing impairments are typical in late adulthood Hearing aids and cochlear implants can minimize the problems linked to hearing loss High pitch sounds first Middle adulthood nutrition Nutrition -Take vitamins: calcium and vitamin C -Obesity big concern Exercise benefits: Decrease diabetes, helps flexibility and mood Late adulthood nutrition Nutrition and Weight Some older adults restrict their dietary intake in a way that may be harmful to their health Decreased snacking between meals may contribute to harmful weight loss Calorie restriction has been proven to extend the life span of certain animals, but it is not known if this works in humans Mediterranean diet Exercise (pg. 150) Improves older adults’ cellular functioning and immune system functioning. o Linked to increased longevity and prevention of common chronic diseases. o Associated with improvement in the treatment of many diseases. o Linked to improved brain and cognitive functioning.  Female sexuality Climacteric: Midlife transition in which fertility declines Perimenopause: Transition from menstruation to no penetration (abnormal) Menopause: End of fertility Hormone Replacement Therapy- (HRT): Prevents bone loss- only recommended short time- longer period increases chances of breast cancer Augments the declining levels of reproductive hormone production by the ovaries Consists of various forms of estrogen, usually on combination with progestin Consult with the doctor Alternatives: mindfulness, acupuncture, exercise Male sexuality Male hypogonadism- the body does not produce enough testosterone. At risk for erectile dysfunction- 40% of men are dx with it for various reasons Testosterone Replacement- TRT- improves sexual functioning, muscle strength, and both health in men. Treatment: Viagra, low-intensity shock waves Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors- Decline but middle aged men and women are becoming more sexually active with the advance of medications. Health is key factor Sexual identity Developing a Sexual Identity Involves Learning to manage sexual feelings Developing new forms of intimacy Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior Sexual Identity Includes Activities Interests Styles of behavior Indication of sexual orientation Gay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex attractions Infant: Sleep 16-17 hours per day Spend half of their sleep in REM Early childhood: 10-13 hours per day Quality interactions with parents= better sleep Sleep problems: Narcolepsy, insomnia, nightmares Adolescence: 8-10 hours a night Problems with too little sleep include: increased risk of being overweight depressive symptoms less motivation lower concentration anxiety self-harm/suicidal thoughts Early adulthood: 7-9 hours of sleep a night Not sleeping enough can lead to: - Cardiovascular disease - A shortened lifespan - Cognitive and motor impairment which can increase the risk of motor vehicle accidents - Total sleep for males decreased by about 8 minutes per decade and 10 minutes for females Middle adulthood: 7-9 hours of sleep Sleep problems associated with health problems Inadequate sleep Sleeping too many hours poor sleep quality in middle adulthood was linked to a lower level of executive function, lower processing speed, higher rates of learning difficulty, and poorer memory recall  Causes of death Middle/Late childhood 1) motor vehicle accidents Drowning can still occur as well as cardiovascular disease and cancer Adolescents 1) Accidents 2) Homicide 3) Suicide Early Adulthood 1) Accidents 2) Homicide 3) Suicide Middle adulthood: Cancer and cardiovascular disease Late adulthood: 65-74 years old is cancer 75 and older is cardiovascular disease Life expectancy = 79 years old  Hormones Hormones: Powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream. Testosterone: a hormone associated in boys with the development of genitals, increased height, and deepening of the voice. * Increases in puberty Estradiol: a type of estrogen associated in girls with breast, uterine, and skeletal development. * Increases in puberty Gonadotropins: Hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries. Hypothalamus: a structure in the brain that is involved with eating and sexual behavior. Pituitary gland: an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates the activity of other glands  Brain structures Corpus callosum: A large bundle of axon fibers that connects the brain’s left and right hemispheres. In adolescence, these fibers thicken, which improves information processing Prefrontal cortex: highest level in the brain In the frontal lobes that’s responsible for reasoning, descion making, and self control * not fully developed till 18-25 years Amygdala: a part of the brain’s limbic system that is the seat of emotions such as anger By the time individuals reach emerging adulthood, there are increased connections across brain areas. In a recent study, reduced connectivity between the brain’s frontal lobes and amygdala during adolescence was linked to increased depression Anorexia Anorexia: An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinnes through starvation weight of 85% or less of what is considered normal Intense calorie restriction Intense fear of gaining weight  Piaget (Infancy) Piagets sensorimotor stage: Birth - 2 years old Coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions (Early childhood) Piaget’s Preoperational Stage - Ages 2 to 7 years -Children represent the world with words, images, and drawings -The Symbolic Function Substage (between 2 and 4 years) Substages: Symbolic: 2-4 years old ability to represent objects not present Can’t distinguish their perspective from others Animism: Inanimate objects have life-like qualities Intrusive thought: 4-7 years old Represents the world with inmates and drawings Stable concepts and begin to reason Cognition dominated by ego centrism and magical beliefs Middle to late childhood: Concrete operational (7-11 years old) children can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically when the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples Seriation- operation that involves ordering stimuli among quantitative dimension- shortest to tallest Transitivity- The ability to understand relationships and conclusions (concrete operational thought) Ex:mat is shorter than sally but taller than Paige  Piaget Adolescence: Formal operational stage (11-15 years and continues through adulthood) - final stage Individuals move beyond concrete experiences and think in abstract and more logical terms. As part of thinking more abstractly, adolescents develop images of ideal circumstances. They might think about what an ideal parent is like and compare their parents to this ideal standard. They begin to entertain possibilities for the future and are fascinated with what they can become Early adulthood: Post formal thought: Thinking that is reflective, relativistic, and contextual; provisional; realistic; and influenced by emotions. Provisional: become more skeptical about what is presented as absolute truth and seem unwilling to accept an answer as final. Realistic. Young adults understand that thinking can’t always be abstract Recognized as being influenced by emotion: thinks with their emotions Reflective thinking: consider the decision you made and how you feel about it  Eriksons Erikson’s theory: Theory that proposes eight stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved. Trust versus mistrust: is experienced in the first year of life. Trust in infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live. Autonomy versus shame and doubt: This stage occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood (1 to 3 years). After gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own. They start to assert their sense of independence or autonomy. Initiative versus guilt: Occurs during the preschool years. Feelings of guilt may arise, though, if the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious. Industry versus inferiority Occurring approximately in the elementary school years. Children now need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. The negative outcome is that the child may develop a sense of inferiority—feeling incompetent and unproductive. Identity vs Identity confusion: During the adolescent years, individuals face finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. Intimacy versus isolation: Stage that individuals experience during early adulthood. At this time, individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships. If young adults form healthy friendships and an intimate relationship with another, intimacy will be achieved; if not, isolation will result. Generatively versus stagnation: Occurs during middle adulthood. By generativity Erikson means primarily a concern for helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives. The feeling of having done nothing to help the next generation is stagnation. Integrity versus despair:is Erikson’s eighth and final stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood. During this stage, a person reflects on the past. If the person’s life review reveals a life well spent, integrity will be achieved; if not, the retrospective glances likely will yield doubt or gloom—the despair Erikson described. Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Theory of Development Because Freud emphasized sexual motivation, his stages of development are known as psychosexual stages. In his view, if the need for pleasure at any stage is either undergratified or overgratified, an individual may become fixated, or locked in, at that stage of development  Personal fable and egocentrism Adolescent egocentrism: the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents, which is reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, and in their sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility Imaginary audience: The imaginary audience refers to the aspect of adolescent egocentrism that involves feeling that one is the center of everyone’s attention and sensing that one is on stage Personal Fable: the part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent’s sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility. Adolescents’ sense of personal uniqueness makes them believe that no one can understand how they really feel Peers Cliques: small groups that range form 2-12 but average 5-6 individuals * usually same sex and age and often do the same things Crowds: Larger than cliques and less personal * Adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation, and they may or may not spend much time together Peers: individuals about the same age or maturity level Peer groups: provide basis for comparison as well as information about the world outside of family Peer statuses: which children are likely to be popular or disliked among their peers 1  Love Romantic love: aka called passionate love * strong components of sexuality and infatuation Affectionate love: aka companionate love * when individuals desire to have the other person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person Consumate love: * strongest form of love 3 components of dimension: Passion: physical and sexual attraction to another. Intimacy: the emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship. Commitment: intent to maintain the relationship 3 types of love: Affectionate: intamacy and commitment but lacking passion Fatuous: Passion and commitment present but lacking intamacy Consummate: Passion, intamacy, and commitment fullest type of love  Stages of romantic relationships Entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age. * This initial stage is triggered by puberty. From 11 to 13, adolescents become intensely interested in romance, and it dominates many conversations with same-sex friends. * Developing a crush on someone is common, and the crush often is shared with a same-sex friend. * Young adolescents may or may not interact with the individual who is the object of their infatuation. When dating occurs, it usually takes place in a group setting Exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age. * At this point in adolescence, two types of romantic involvement occur: casual dating and group dating. * Casual dating emerges between individuals who are mutually attracted- often short- lived, last a few months at best * Dating in groups is common * A friend often acts as a third-party facilitator to see if it is mutual Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age. * At the end of the high school years, more serious romantic relationships develop. * Romantic relationships within this age group are characterized by strong emotional bonds more closely resembling those in adult romantic relationships. * These bonds often are more stable and enduring than earlier bonds, typically lasting one year or more.  Secure attachment- adults Secure attachment style: Securely attached adults have positive views of relationships, find it easy to get close to others, and are not overly concerned with, or stressed out about, their romantic relationships. They are less likely than others to have one-night stands Avoidant attachment style: Avoidant individuals are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships and once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner. Anxious attachment style: These individuals demand closeness, are less trusting, and are more emotional, jealous, and possessive. Cohabiting Cohabiting: Living together in a sexual relationship without being married *Some couples choose to cohabit permanently, rather than get married *Lower marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorce Reasons for cohabiting * Spend time together * Share expenses * Evaluate compatibility  Levinsons Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life Teens – transition from dependence to independence 20s are a novice phase of adult development 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development By the 40s, man has a stable career and now must look forward to the kind of life he will lead as a middle-aged adult Transition to middle adulthood lasts about 5 years (ages 40 to 45) and requires that men come to grips with conflicts existing since adolescence: S o Being young vs. being old o Being destructive vs. being constructive o Being masculine vs. being feminine o Being attached to others vs. being separated from them Personality traits and change  Grandparent style Grandparenting styles: refer to the different ways grandparents interact with and influence their grandchildren. These styles often vary based on cultural norms, family dynamics, and individual personalities. 3 types: Fun seeking: friend like Distant: not emotionally there but can be there to give you advice Formal: Grandparents maintain a traditional role, providing occasional support, attending family events, and showing interest in their grandchildren’s lives, but they avoid interfering in parenting or discipline. Integreational relationships- Parent child or grandparent to child Daughter mother relationship usually strongest  Hospice vs Palliative care Hospice: End of life care, its comfort care, not treatment being pursued Palliative: Opens up more treatment options for pain management and comfort. Still actively seeking treatment Parenting styles Authoritarian: Strict and limiting Authoritative: Caring and reasonable. Encourages independence and accepts talking back and reasoning Neglectful: Uninvolved in the child’s life Indulgent: Highly involved with few demands or rules (bestie parent) Closest relationship Affection and intimacy: Friendship provides a warm, close, trusting relationship with another individual. Intimacy in friendships is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.  Biological theories of aging Developmental approach: Human growth and development is across the lifespan Traditional approach: Emphases extensive change from birth to adolescence with little to no o change in adulthood, but decline in older age Life span approach: Emphasizes developmental changes throughout childhood and adulthood Life expectancy: average # if years a person can expect to live Nature of development: Involves growth maintenance, and regulation of loss. Includes biological, cognitive, and socioemotional Arthritis Arthritis: an inflammation of the joints accompanied by pain, stiffness, and movement problems Arthritis is the most common chronic disorder in late adulthood, followed by hypertension. Older women have a higher incidence of arthritis, hypertension, and visual problems but a lower incidence of hearing problems than older men do Immunity in late adulthood The Immune System: declines in functioning with age Extended duration of stress; diminished restorative processes Malnutrition involving low levels of protein Exercise improves the immune system, and influenza vaccination is very important for older adults After 65 it’s recommend to get phenmonia 5-7 years and flu vaccine every year  Attention Attention: Focusing of mental resources Selective attention: Focusing on a specific aspect of experience that is relevant while ignoring others that are irrelevant Divided attention: Concentrating on more than one activity at the same time Sustained attention: The ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time Executive attention: Cognitive process involving planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances Tip of the tongue phenomenon Tip of the tutus phenomenon: in which individuals are confident that they can remember something but just can’t quite seem to retrieve it from memory Common sense and wisdom Wisdom: expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters. Balance theory of wisdom: Sternberg’s theory that wisdom consists of using one’s intelligence, creativity, common sense, and knowledge in a balanced, ethical manner. Individuals should apply their wisdom in a balanced way across intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal contexts to promote the common good  Matching hypothesis Matching hypothesis: refers to the idea that people are more likely to form and maintain relationships with others who are similar to them in terms of physical attractiveness. Predictors of depression Adolescents who are experiencing a high level of stress and/or a loss of some type are at increased risk for developing depression Low self esteem and negative emotion management and interpersonal stress A recent study of older adults indicated that depression was linked to lower executive attention, memory, and language performance participants with a history of communication difficulties with parents experienced higher rates of depression as young adults than those who reported having understood most or all of what their parents said adolescent depression was associated with other mental health problems, low educational attainment, and problems in intimate relationships when assessed 15 years later  Brain death Brain death: A neurological definition of death—an individual is dead when all electrical activity of the brain has ceased for a specified period of time. Euthanasia and assisted suicide Assisted suicide occurs when a physician supplies the information and/or the means of committing suicide (such as giving the patient a prescription for sleeping pills or muscle relaxants requires the patient to self-administer the lethal medication and to determine when and where to do this. Euthanasia: The act of painlessly ending the lives of persons who are suffering from incurable diseases or severe disabilities; sometimes called “mercy killing.” Passive euthanasia: Withholding available treatments, such as life-sustaining devices, and allowing the person to die. Active euthanasia: Death induced deliberately, as when a physician or a third party ends the patient’s life by administering a lethal dose of a drug.  KÜBLER-ROSS’ STAGES OF DYING Denial and isolation: Kübler-Ross’ first stage of dying, in which the dying person denies that she or he is really going to die. Anger: Kübler-Ross’ second stage of dying, in which the dying person’s denial gives way to anger, resentment, rage, and envy. Bargaining: Kübler-Ross’ third stage of dying, in which the dying person develops the hope that death can somehow be postponed. Depression: Kübler-Ross’ fourth stage of dying, in which the dying person perceives the certainty of her or his death. A period of depression or preparatory grief may appear. Acceptance: Kübler-Ross’ fifth stage of dying, in which the dying person develops a sense of peace, an acceptance of her or his fate, and, in many cases, a desire to be left alone. Assimilation and accommodation: Assimilation and accommodation: To explain how children use and adapt their schemes, Piaget offered two concepts: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation: occurs when children incorporate new experiences into existing schemes. assimilation Piagetian concept in which children use existing schemes to incorporate new information. Accommodation: occurs when page 189children adjust their schemes to account for new information and experiences. Piagetian concept of incorporating new experiences into existing schemes.