Final Exam Review PDF

Module 1 - Ch. 12, 13, 14, 15.1 & 15.2 What is evolution? - process of how living organisms change over time through genetic material changes. What is natural selection? - organisms with better traits are more likely to survive and pass on to their offspring; the population will result in enviro...

Module 1 - Ch. 12, 13, 14, 15.1 & 15.2 What is evolution? - process of how living organisms change over time through genetic material changes. What is natural selection? - organisms with better traits are more likely to survive and pass on to their offspring; the population will result in environment adaptation (“survival of the fittest”) What is an adaptation? - a modification that arose in an organism (favored by natural selection) to make the organism more fit to exist in their environment. What are homologous structures? What are analogous structures? - homologous structures: common ancestor; NOT a common function -analogous structures: NOT a common ancestor; common function What is a population? - a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same geographic area and can reproduce with one another. A gene pool is the sum of all ____alleles_____ of a gene in the population. Which of the two shows the percentages of individuals possessing each genotype in a population? (AA, Aa, aa) -Genotypic frequency Which of the two shows the percentages (frequencies) of different alleles in a population? (A and a) -Allele frequency Hardy-Weinberg Principle is a way to model what a diploid population would be like if _natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow_ was not occurring. Is this possible in nature? - this is not possible since these factors always have a part in real populations What are 6 processes that can affect genetic diversity? - mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, and natural selection. o A hurricane comes through a small island and wipes out all of the homozygous recessive (aa) individuals in a population of frogs. Which of the 6 processes is this demonstrating? -natural selection (directional selection) o A small group of individuals leave to colonize a new region. This is an example of which of the 6 processes? -genetic drift (founder effect) o As a population of swallows migrate for the winter, they come in contact with other swallow populations. Because some of the birds mate with birds from the other populations, new alleles are introduced into the population. This is an example of which of the 6 processes?  -gene flow How do fossils form? -fossils are formed when an organism is buried by sediment and is preserved over millions of years If I found the oldest fossil on Earth, which layer would it be found in; the lowest or highest layer? - the bottom layer; the lowest layer How is microevolution different from macroevolution? - microevolution: small changes in genetic makeup of a population in a short period of time -macroevolution: large evolutionary changes between species over a longer period of time (new species can form and taxonomic diversification). A few birds get stranded on an island far from the mainland. Over time they develop adaptations specific to their new environment. If they came into contact with a bird from the mainland, they would no longer be able to mate with the bird because they have developed into a new species. What process does this demonstrate? -this demonstrates speciation (adapting to their environment and developing distinct traits) What are two types of speciation? o Which of the two requires a physical barrier between the populations? -allopatric speciation o Which can occur due to environmental differences? -sympatric speciation What is taxonomy? Name the 7 taxa of the taxonomic hierarchy? - The science of classifying organisms based on shared characteristics; Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species What tool do scientists use to depict evolutionary history of organisms using derived traits? -phylogenetic tree o Be able to analyze this tool -shows the evolutionary relationships between species Be able to identify key characteristics (organelles) of prokaryotes. -Nucleoid: where the single DNA is located -Cell Wall: Provides support/ protection -Plasma membrane: Regulates the movement of substances in and out the cell -Ribosomes: Responsible for protein synthesis -Cytoplasm: Cellular processes occur Our bodies have bacteria and other microorganisms that live on and in us. What are these called? -the microbiome  o Name one way some of the bacteria can actually help us. - Aids in digestion, reproductive health, and protects against infection Module 2 - Ch. 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 16, 21, & 22 We looked at a figure that shows the 7 eukaryotic supergroups. Which kingdom did most of those organisms come from? -Protista Protists can also be heterotrophs, autotrophs or both like bacteria. Which type uses photosynthesis for energy? Which type usually has to eat other organisms to get energy? - photoautotrophic protists; heterotrophic protists Know that the following organisms are protists. Using the word bank below, label the following pictures. Amoeba: Brown algae: Spirogyra Diatoms: Paramecium: Trypanosoma: Euglena Know the five phyla of Fungi and their characteristics. -chytridiomycota: aquatic, produce flagellated spores, parasytic on plants and animals -zygomycota: non-septated hyphae, many nuclei, fusion of hyphae forms zygospores -ascomycota: produces spores within asci -basidiomycota: production of spores -glomeromycota: forming symbiotic relationships with plant roots  Are fungi autotrophs or heterotrophs? ______heterotrophs________ How do they obtain nutrients? ______secreting digestive enzymes and consuming dead organic matter_________ The main part of multicellular fungi is called ______mycelium________ and is made up of filaments called _____hyphae___________. Is the main part of fungi haploid or diploid? ___hapolid______ Asexual reproduction is when haploid spores form from a single ____parent_______. Most plants are photosynthetic which means they are: autotrophs or heterotrophs? -autotrophs Which kind of gas was the atmosphere dominated by before land plants? _carbon dioxide When land plants evolved, they removed that gas and released oxygen. Where do the exchange of gases occur in plants? -through stomata (s. stoma) Name two plant adaptations that allow plants to avoid drying out. - the cuticle; guard cells/ ability to close stomata What are three challenges plants faced as they moved to dry land? - preventing drying out, structural support, and developing reproduction methods What organism is the likely ancestor for land plants? ____Protist_____ What kingdom do they come from: Protists, Plants, Animals, Fungi In order for plants to grow taller, they need a way to transport water and nutrients. What adaptation did plants develop for this purpose? The tubes also needed to be rigid enough to support the taller plants. What polymer is made by plants to strengthen the vascular tubes? -developed a vascular system; lignin What are two reasons growing taller would benefit plants? -better acces to the sun for photosynthesis; better seed dispersion What are two functions of roots? - absorbing water/nutrients; anchoring the plant into the soil Plants are unusual in that they have haploid and diploid multicellular phases. This phenomenon is called _________alteration of generations___________. The diploid generation is called ____sporophyte_______ and produces ____spores____. The haploid generation is called ___gametophyte_______ and produces ______gametes_________. Early plants have sperm with flagella. These plants would need __water___ for the sperm to swim to the eggs. Do seed plants require this to reproduce? - no, plants’ seeds can travel through the air In all vascular plants, does the sporophyte or gametophyte dominate the plant life cycle? -the sporophyte generation dominates the plant life; asexual organisms  Seed plants are able to live in ___dryer___ habitats because pollen grains and eggs have protective coverings. What is pollination? _______pollen is transferred to the stigma and pistil___________ What is fertilization? _______when the sperm and egg fuse_____________________ Angiosperms are plants that produce: o Spores o Flowers o Fruit o Both b and c Be able to label the parts of a flower and recognize it is an angiosperm. Which parts make up the stamen? - anther and filament Is the stamen the male or female reproductive organ? - male Which parts make up the pistil? Is the pistil the male or female reproductive organ? - style, stigma, ovary, ovule Which part has the pollen (sperm)? Which part holds the egg? - anther; ovary Angiosperms can be divided into several categories. We focus on monocots and dicots that are based on certain features. Fill in the chart below to compare the features of the two categories.  After fertilization, which part matures into seeds? ___ovule___ Which part becomes the fruit? __ovary____ Roots and shoots of plants are made of three main categories of tissue. List them and their functions. -dermal tissue: protective outer layer -vascular tissue: transporting water and nutrients -ground tissue: providing support/ storage for food and water There are three simple tissues. Which one carries out important processes like photosynthesis and growth? Which type provide flexible support? Which type forms strong fibers to give provide sturdy structural support (like rebar in concrete)? -parenchyma; collenchyma; sclerenchyma What are the two types of complex tissues in plants? _________xylem and phloem_______________ What does xylem transport?_____water and minerals______ What does phloem transport?______sugars_______ What two functions do stems serve? ____supporting the plant; transporting water and minerals from the roots to the leaves________ What kinds of cells do plants grow from?____meristematic cells____ Primary growth is when roots and shoots __elongate___ and occurs at ____apical____ meristems. Secondary growth is when roots and shoots ____thicken_______ and occurs at _____lateral______ meristems. Be able to compare the difference in the life cycle of an angiosperm and gymnosperm. -”In angiosperms, the female gametophyte exists in an enclosed structure—the ovule—which is within the ovary; in gymnosperms, the female gametophyte is present on exposed bracts of the female cone. Double fertilization is a key event in the lifecycle of angiosperms, but is completely absent in gymnosperms.” (Lumen Learning) What is double fertilization? What is the purpose of the endosperm? -one pollen grain delivers 2 sperm cells (one fertilizes and one fuse); endosperm is a nutrient source for the developing seed How do pollinators contribute to the success of angiosperms? -by transferring pollen from the anther to the stigma Module 3 - Ch. 17, 23, 24 & 25 Are animals autotrophs or heterotrophs? -heterotrophs What does that mean? -cannot produce food; must consume other organisms to obtain energy Are there any single celled animals? -yes; amoeba, paramecium, euglena Innermost layer of tissue in an animal embryo is __endoderm________ Outermost layer of tissue in an animal embryo is _____ectoderm_____ The layer that occurs between the two layers above is ______mesoderm__________ Some animals only have two of the three layers. Which one would they be missing? ____mesoderm________ Which type of animal is asymmetrical? _____Porifera (sponges)_________ Animals with bilateral symmetry are divided into two groups: protostomes and deuterostomes. What is the difference between the two? - protosomes: mouth first -deuterostomes: anus first Which of the following pictures demonstrates an animal with a coelom? __A__ Which demonstrates an animal with a pseudocoelom? __B__ Which demonstrates an acoelomate (no cavity)? _C__  Sponges are in the phylum ______porifera__________ and most sponges are ____hermaphroditic______ ( have both sperm and eggs). What kind of symmetry do cnidarians have?_____radial_________ What are the two body shapes you see in Cnidarians?____polyp and medusa______ o Which one is attached to something?________polyp_____________ o Which one is unattached and floating?_______medusa__________ o Which one has a mouth pointing upward?______polyp___________ o Which one has a mouth pointing downward?_____medusa_________ What are four examples of Cnidarians? -jellyfish, sea anemones, coral, hydras What kind of body cavity do flatworms have? (no cavity, pseudocoelom, or coelom?) - no body cavity Flatworms in the sea are free-swimming. How do they reproduce? They are _______hermaphrodites_____________ What are the three parts of a mollusks body and the function of each? -foot: locomotion -visceral mass: digestive/reproductive systems -mantle: secretes the shell/ covers the visceral mass Name at least three types of mollusks that were discussed and list examples of each? -gastropods: snails/slugs -bivalves: clams/oysters -cephalopods: octopus/squid What are 5 examples of arthropods? -spiders, crabs, insects, centipedes, millipedes The main feature of arthropods is a segmented body covered by ____exoskeleton_______ made of ______chitin_________. Can an exoskeleton grow with the animal? ____No____. If not, what happens to the exoskeleton as the organism grows? - the exoskeleton must shed; molting happens (larger exoskeleton) What are four examples of echinoderms? -sea stars, urchins, cucumbers, brittle stars Using the image below answer the questions that follow: o Which letter is labeling the dorsal hollow nerve cord? Whar does it become?_____B____; brain and spinal chord o Which letter is labeling the notochord?__A__ What structure does it become in animals with bone?___vertebral colum formation_______ o Which letter is labeling the pharyngeal slits?___D___ What structure does it become in fish?__gills_______ What structures does it become in humans?___inner ear bones, facial muscles, jaw ______ What are the skeletons of skates, rays and shark made of? -cartilage What structure helps bony fish float or sink in the water?_____swim bladder_____ What does the word “tetrapod” tell you about an animal that is called a tetrapod? Tetra =____four__ pod=___foot____ What are three obstacles animals faced when evolving to move on to dry land? -managing drying out; adapting sensory organs and weight balance Name one advantage for animals to evolve to move on to dry land. -access to a variety of food sources Fill in the blanks to describe adaptations amniotes evolved to live on land completely: a. Tough, dry skin to prevent ____dehydration________ b. _amniotic____ egg that allows the egg to survive outside of water c. Semisolid waste allows an animal to __conserve body water_______ Fill in the blanks to describe three characteristics of mammals: a. Have glandular skin covered in __hair/fur______  b. Give birth to _live__ young that feed on __milk__ produced by their mother c. __endothermic__ - use body heat to maintain temperature Fill in the blanks to describe three characteristics of the clade Reptilia: a. Dry, scaly, non glandular skin without __hair/fur______ b. Most lay __eggs___ that can survive on land c. None produce ___milk____ Birds’ bones are ___hollow_____ which makes them lighter weight for flight. Know the four types of animal tissues and their functions. -epithelial: covers body surface/ lines cavities -connective tissue: supports/connects tissues -muscular tissue: allows for movement -nervous tissue: conducts electrical pulses for communication Know which organ systems work together for energy usage. -digestive system; cardiovascular system; respiratory system Know the parts of the neuron and their functions. - dendrites: receives input from cells -axon: transmits electrical impulses to other neurons -cell body (soma): contains cell nucleus -myelin sheath:insulates axon, protects neuron cell; speeds up electrical impulses -axon terminal: transmits electrical/chemical signal to neuron and effector cells What are the main glands of the endocrine system and their functions. 1) Hypothalamus- feeling patterns, temperature, regulated homeostasis 2)Pituitary- production of hormones (release into bloodstream) 3)Adrenal- helps the body deal with stress 4)Pineal- regulates the human sleep cycle 5)Thyroid- controls metabolism 6)Parathyroid- controls calcium in bloodstream 7)Thymus- stimulates the development of antibodies 8)Pancreas- regulates the glucose level in blood stream/ keeps body energised 9)Ovaries- produces estrogen/ egg 10)Testes- produces testosterone/ sperm Which regulate blood glucose levels? (Pancreas) Which produces melatonin? (Pineal) What are the steroid Hormones? - hormones that belong to the chemical compound class Module 4 - Ch. 27 & 28 What are two differences between open and closed circulatory systems? -open: 1. blood flows freely through open spaces, 2. hemolymph (mixes with interstitial fluid) -closed: 1. blood flows remains in a network of vessels (arteries and veins), 2. remains separate from tissue fluid Name the three components of the circulatory system  - heart, blood vessels, and blood Name the three major types of blood vessels and their functions. -Arteries, Capillaries, Veins o Which one has the thickest walls to withstand the pressure created from pumping blood? -Arteries o Which one has the thinnest walls to allow the exchange of materials? -Capillaries o Which type carries oxygen rich blood? -Arteries o Which one carries oxygen poor blood? -Veins Know the path of blood through the body. - Right atrium, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary arteries (in the lungs), pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta What two sets of muscles are used to expand and contract the chest cavity? - the diaphragm and intercostal Differentiate the two types of muscle fibers. How are they different in relation to Movement? - slow-twitch: aerobic respiration; long term endurance - fast-twitch: anaerobic respiration; short duration Identify the function and components of blood (4). -plasma: carries blood cells and platelets around the body -red blood cells: carries oxygen from the lungs to the body -white blood cells: fights infection and stops disease -platelets: broken parts of cells that form scabs What are the steps of digestion? - ingestion, digestion (mechanical and chemical), absorption, and elimination What are the accessory organs involved in digestion? -the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and salivary glands. What are three parts of the small intestine and their function? - duodenum: breaking down food with enzymes -jejunum: absorbing most nutrients -ileum: absorbing remaining nutrienrs What are the small and super small fingerlike folds lining the small intestine called? What is their function? - villi: increasing surface area of the intestine; allows efficient absorption of nutrients Name the organ system and organs that play a crucial role in maintaining water and solute balance in the body.  - The excretory system; The kidneys and liver List the ways land animals can lose water -Urination, defecation, sweating Define homeostasis - remaining a state of balance within the body