Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Training Manual PDF

 Important Information About This E-Training Manual Thank you for your purchase of this electronic version of the Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Training Manual. An applicator using this manual is obligated to pay a training fee, just as they would when purchasing a print copy of the manua...

 Important Information About This E-Training Manual Thank you for your purchase of this electronic version of the Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Training Manual. An applicator using this manual is obligated to pay a training fee, just as they would when purchasing a print copy of the manual. The training fee supports education, outreach, and training materials for Wisconsin’s pesticide applicators. Each person wishing to become certified needs to pay the training fee. After paying the training fee and receiving this e-training manual, we will send you an “E-Manual Training Registration Certificate.” You must present the certificate as proof of payment of the training fee when you take your certification exam. Exam proctors for the Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP) will NOT administer the exam to anyone who has not paid the training fee. Due to copyright restrictions, the electronic version of this document is for your use only, and may not be shared or duplicated in any way. Navigating this E-Manual: This manual contains hyperlinks to websites outside of the manual. Hyperlinks are indicated in BLUE. The links were current as of the publication of the manual, however, those URL addresses can change. The manual also has internal links: Clicking on headings and subheadings in the Table of Contents takes you to that page. Clicking on italicized words takes you to the glossary entry for that word or phrase (note that not everything in italics is in the glossary, for example, titles of books or scientific names). Clicking on page numbers in the Index takes you to that page number. Opening the “Bookmark” icon on the left side of this PDF gives you bookmarks for the chapters and sub- sections of chapters. If you’re viewing this e-manual on a computer, you can holding the “Alt” key and press the left arrow key to return to the page you were previously on (for example, if you clicked an italicized word on page 7, which took you to the glossary, Alt + left arrow returns you to page 7). On other devices, you might have a “back” key or other similar function. Wisconsin Pesticide Applicator Training Program Department of Agronomy / 1575 Linden Drive / Madison, WI 53706-1597 Phone: 608-262-7588 / Fax: 608-262-5217 Email: [email protected] Website: https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/pat/ © 2020 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Send inquiries regarding permission for any use of this material to: Pesticide Applicator Training Department of Agronomy 1575 Linden Drive Madison, WI 53706  Structural Pest Control A Safe Use and Certification Guide for Wisconsin Pesticide Applicators Commercial Category 7.1 9th Edition January 2022 Steve Tomasko Extension Senior Outreach Specialist Pesticide Applicator Training Program University of Wisconsin Glenn Nice Extension Program Manager Pesticide Applicator Training Program University of Wisconsin PJ Liesch UW-Extension Entomologist University of Wisconsin David Drake Extension Wildlife Specialist / Professor Dept. of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin  Training Material Information Certification Exam Information UW Pesticide Applicator The Wisconsin Department Training Program of Agriculture, Trade and PAT is part of UW-Extension and Consumer Protection produces educational materials (DATCP) writes and administers to help you become a more pesticide certification exams and knowledgeable, safe and effective enforces pesticide regulations. pesticide applicator. How to Schedule Your Exam How to Order Training Materials 1) Are you attending a PAT live training /review session? To order manuals, online courses, or to sign up for X No need to schedule your exam—it will be given one-day live training / review sessions go to the PAT immediately following the session. store website (you will need a credit card): PAT Store 2) Studying the manual on your own? The preferred and quickest method is to go to DATCP’s online To pay by check, go to the PAT website “ordering” exam scheduling website page: Download Order Form What to Bring to the Exam Then download the “Commercial mail order form.” X Photo ID (e.g., driver’s license), Social Security Mail back to us with your check. We can also send Number and your Training Manual. you this form upon request. X Calculator: You may use a calculator for the  Note: Private applicators wanting the General Farming exam. However, you cannot use cell phone or training manual and/or live training need to contact programmable calculators. their local county Extension office. You can find your local office here: Find Your County Office Pesticide Database Searches Want to find out your certification status or search for Sorry, we cannot take credit card pesticides registered in Wisconsin? You can do that orders over the phone. and more at this DATCP website: kellysolutions.com/wi Contact PAT for Questions About: Contact DATCP for Questions About: ˆ Pesticide safety training issues or materials XPhone: (608) 262-7588 ˆ Certification exam questions E-mail: [email protected] ˆ Your certification status Website: PAT Website ˆ Pesticide use and regulations Postal mail: PAT program X Phone: (608) 224-4548 UW-Madison Email: [email protected] 1575 Linden Dr. Madison, WI 53706-1597 Website: https://datcp.wi.gov/ Emergency Phone Numbers For Human Poisonings........... 800-222-1222 (Nationwide Poison Control) For Animal Poisonings........... 800-224-4500 (Animal Toxic Response Team) For Pesticide Spills................. 800-943-0003 (Wisconsin Spill Hotline) January 2022 An EEO/Affirmative Action employer, the University of Wisconsin-Extension provides equal opportunities in employment and programming, including Title IX and ADA requirements.  Acknowledgments Some of the graphics and photographs throughout the manual came or were adapted from the National Pesticide Applicator Certification Core Manual, a NASDA Research Foundation and EPA Project, published by the National Association of State Departments of Agriculture Research Foundation 2014. Special thanks to Otto Oemig—Program Manager, Pesticide Certification and Licensing—of the Wisconsin De- partment of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection, for reviewing and preparing the certification exam for this manual. Finally, special credit is given to Jean Siewert—Program Assistant, Pesticide Applicator Training Program for coordinating the day-to-day office activities in getting this manual into your hands. Front cover and title page image credits: Man spraying baseboard adapted from Adobe Stock Photo image. Ant, bedbug and cockroach adapted from Clipart courtesy FCIT https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/. i  Preface Purpose of This Manual T his manual is produced by the University of Wis- Intended Audience consin-Extension’s Pesticide Applicator Training People who need this category of pesticide certification (PAT) program. It contains information that you (Structural Pest Control) include: must be familiar with to become a certified applicator Anyone applying pesticides on a for-hire basis to of pesticides in Wisconsin. By learning how to handle control structural pests (insects, rodents, birds), pesticides correctly, you will be able to protect yourself, mold in buildings, and pests of stored grain and coworkers, the general public, and the environment from other commodities. adverse effects of pesticides. Government public health personnel controlling What This Manual Is Not pests (other than mosquitoes) that have public health This manual is not a training manual for all the specific or medical importance. techniques and products used to control structural pests. Landlords and maintenance workers in the public It is intended to provide information so that you, as a or private sector applying pesticides to residential pesticide applicator, can use any pesticide product safely and nonresidential structures. and legally. This manual also: Anyone applying pesticides in or immediately Does not contain product-specific directions for use. adjacent to public school buildings and structures. Always read and follow the pesticide product label, Park employees working with sanitation and waste which is a legally binding document. However, note management. that some state laws may supersede label directions. In Wisconsin, anyone who will use (mix, load, or Does not advocate pesticide use over other means apply) a restricted-use pesticide (RUP) must become of pest management. Rather, it focuses on the safe certified. Also, anyone applying any pesticide to and proper use of pesticides by people who have other people’s property on a for-hire basis must already determined that pesticides are necessary in become certified. a given situation. The discussions in this manual pertain directly to the Although we discuss federal and state laws regarding use of pesticides to control pests inside, or directly out- pesticide use, the manual only paraphrases those laws. side of structures. Other PAT manuals describe differ- When unusual situations arise, you may have to consult ent legal requirements, handling practices, and safety the laws and rules themselves (or contact the regulating and environmental concerns that are specific to the authority) to determine what you must do to comply. types of pesticide use covered in those manuals. The PAT Website T he PAT web site is designed to help pesticide ap- forms, list of restricted-use pesticides, and more), plicators: Find out when and where training / review sessions are held (not all categories have training / review Determine whether they need to be certified and, if sessions), so, in which pest control category, Keep up-to-date on rule and regulations changes Find current information about using pesticides in and other pesticide related information. Wisconsin (e.g., posting guidelines, recordkeeping PAT Website: fyi.extension.wisc.edu/pat/ ii  Table of Contents Section Chapter Page Purpose of This Manual ii How to Pass the Certification Exam vii Chapter 1 : Insects and Their Relatives 1 SECTION I The Biology of Insects and their Relatives 2 Pests Chapter 2: Managing Insect Pests 6 Pest Identification 6 Cockroaches 6 Ants 10 Fleas 14 Flies 16 Stored Product Pests 17 Wood-Boring Beetles 17 Occasional Invaders 18 Bed Bugs 18 Chapter 3: Rodents 23 Identification 24 Rodent Sign 24 Physical Capabilities 26 Managing Commensal Rodents 27 Chapter 4: Pest Birds 31 Problems Pest Birds Cause 31 Legal Issues of Bird Management 33 Bird Control with Pesticides 33 Chapter 5: Weeds and Mold 36 Weeds 36 Mold 37 Chapter 6: Stored Grain Pest Issues 39 Wisconsin Stored Grain Issues 39 Factors That Lead to Stored Grain Damage 39 Treating Stored Grain 41 SECTION II Chapter 7: Pesticides 46 What is a Pesticide? 46 About General Pesticide Characteristics 48 Pesticides The Naming of Pesticides 48 Insecticides 49 Rodenticides 50 Avicides 51 Herbicides 51 Mold Remediation Compounds 52 iii Section Chapter Page Chapter 8 : Pesticide Formulations 54 What is a Pesticide Formulation? 54 Characteristics of Different Formulations 56 Chapter 9: Pesticide Regulations 61 SECTION III Reason for Pesticide Regulation 61 Pesticides & the FIFRA 62 L aw Wisconsin State Law ATCP 29 63 ATCP 30 — Pesticide Product Restrictions 66 Transporting Pesticides 66 Chapter 10: The Pesticide Label 70 Information on the Label 71 Deviations from Label Directions 74 What to do When Labels Change 74 Safety Data Sheets 75 Chapter 11: Pesticide Risks to People 77 SECTION IV Risk, Toxicity and Exposure 77 Health Potential Harmful Effects of Pesticides 78 Precautions How Pesticides Enter the Body 79 Toxicity and Health Concerns 81 Chapter 12: Protecting Yourself 86 General Precautions 86 Hazard Communication Standard 87 Selecting and Using PPE 87 Respirators 89 Care of PPE 91 Chapter 13: Responding to Pesticide Exposure and Heat Stress 94 Know When to Act 94 Getting Medical Attention 95 First Aid for Pesticide Poisoning 96 Heat Stress 97 Chapter 14: Storing Pesticides 100 SECTION V The Storage Area 100 Handling Putting Pesticides into Storage 101 Pesticides Pesticide Bulk Storage Rule 103 Chapter 15: Mixing and Loading 105 Mixing and Loading Sites 105 Mixing and Loading Pesticides 107 Pesticide Mixtures 108 iv Section Chapter Page Chapter 16: Managing Pesticide Wastes 110 Waste Defined and Waste Reduction Guidelines 110 Types of Waste 111 Solid Waste Disposal 112 Hazardous Waste Disposal 114 Chapter 17: Emergency Planning, Spills and Fires 116 SECTION VI Emergency Planning 116 Pesticide Reporting Spills 118 Emergencies Responding to Spills 119 SECTION VII Chapter 18: Safety Concerns 123 Tolerance and Residue 123 Applying Application Precautions 124 Pesticides Notice of Applications 124 Posting Treated Sites 128 Outdoor Pyrethroid Application Restrictions 131 Chapter 19: Pest Management, Methods and Equipment 134 Pest Management vs. Pest Control 134 Selecting Equipment 136 Hydraulic Pesticide Application Equipment 136 Fog and Mist Generators 138 Other Application Equipment 139 Chapter 20: Calibration 142 The Need for Calibration 142 Calibrating a Backpack Sprayer 144 Chapter 21: Pesticides in the Environment 148 SECTION VIII Where do Pesticides Go? 148 Overspray and Drift 149 On Target Pesticide Characteristics 149 Pesticide Accumulation in Animals 150 Protecting Groundwater 151 Chapter 22: Pesticide Resistance 154 The Development of Resistance 154 Resistance Management 155 v Section Chapter Page Appendix A: Information Sources and Contacts 160 Appendix B: Pesticide Laws and Regulations 165 Appendices Appendix C: Sample Label 167 Appendix D: How to Understand Safety Data Sheets 178 Appendix E: Tips on Taking the Certification Exam 184 Appendix F: Principles of Pest Management 188 Appendix G: Insect Pest Management 190 Appendix H: Rodent and Pest Bird Management 203 Glossary 213 Acronym Glossary 219 Index 221 vi  How to Pass the Certification Exam T he state certification exam is only a random sam- have one thing in common: they did not take the time pling of the full breadth of knowledge an applica- to read the training manual. How can the manual help tor needs to know about applying pesticides. The you pass the exam? use of pesticides and their application is complex and The exam is based entirely on information presented heavily regulated. Here we provide some tips to help you in this manual. pass the state certification exam the first time around: All exam questions are based on the learning objec- Read the entire manual, tives listed at the beginning of each chapter. Establish a good study habit and schedule, and Understand which components of the manual are Familiarize yourself with the parts of the manual (dis- key to success, which we outline below. cussed later) and how to use the manual so that you will get the most out of it and increase the likelihood that you WILL pass the certification exam. Most applicators who have failed a certification exam How to Study for the Exam E veryone learns in different ways, however, here Highlight information: You may want to use a high- are some tips on how you can study for your cer- lighting marker to mark those areas in the chapter that tification exam that may help you to pass the test. are related to the learning objectives. You could also make flash cards, writing the questions on the front Study one part of the manual until you have a grasp of with the answers on the back and review them yourself, the information before moving on, it will help make or have a friend or family member quiz you. Sometimes studying more manageable. the act of writing down information helps you better re- tain that information in your mind. Read the learning objectives: The first thing to do when beginning a chapter is to read the learning objec- Read the entire manual: Ideally, you should read the tives that begin each chapter. The learning objectives entire manual. If you are recertifying, you may want are your key to passing the certification exam because to skip over some of the basic information that you they are what the exam is based on. Read each objec- think you already know. If this is the case, you should tive before you read a chapter. When you finish the at least look at the learning objectives in those chapters chapter, review learning objectives again and see if to make sure you know the material. Also, remember you can answer them. Review those parts of the chap- that the manual has been revised since you last took ter that address learning objectives where you seem to your certification exam. Some of the material may have have trouble. changed. Parts of the Manual T he manual is comprised of several main com- chapters relating to health aspects of pesticides are in ponents. Each has its own purpose. Knowing one section. To make it easy to know which section you these parts can help you study for and pass the are in at any time, the section number and title appear certification exam. as a tab on the right-hand side of each odd-numbered page in the chapters. Chapters The certification exam will be based on information Learning Objectives found in the chapters. Chapters are grouped into sec- Each chapter begins with a set of Learning Objectives. tions that deal with different aspects of pesticide use. These objectives serve two purposes: they help you fo- The sections serve only as a way to group related cus on what you should learn from each chapter, and chapters together in the manual. For example, all three they help you prepare for the certification exam. vii  All questions on the exam will pertain directly to Gray Boxes these learning objectives. In a number of chapters, some text and/or tables will appear on a gray shaded background. The information Know the Law presented in these “gray boxes” will not be covered by In some chapters, the Learning Objectives are followed the learning objectives or by the certification exam. by a series of statements under the title “Know the Though the information is important, or may be help- Law.” These statements indicate the legal requirements ful to you in further explaining some concepts, detailed that pertain to the chapter’s topic. As you read the chap- knowledge of it is not considered necessary for certifi- ter, then, you will be able to more easily identify what cation. your legal obligations are. Appendices Terms that appear in italics (other than publications or Information in the appendices is also not covered by scientific names) are defined in the glossary. the certification exam. It is intended as reference in- formation that enhances the material presented in the Reference Information chapters. You will not be tested on some of the information we put in the manual. It is intended to be there for refer- The glossary contains the definitions for many of the ence or clarification. We intend for the manual to be terms used in the manual, including all terms that ap- useful beyond just training you to become certified, but pear in italics. to be a resource of information you can use after you become certified. The Acronym Glossary spells out the acronyms found in this manual (e.g., SARA: Superfund Amendment and Reauthorization Act). viii  30-Day Study Calendar Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Look over: 7 Table of Contents Insects Managing Rodents Grain Formulations √ Review and Their Insect Pests Birds Pesticides Prior Week’s 7 “How to Relatives Weeds material Pass the Certification Exam” section Pesticide The Pesticide Pesticide Risks Protecting Responding Storing √ Review Regulations Label to People Yourself to a Pesticide Pesticides Prior Week’s Exposure material √ Review Mixing and Managing Emergency Safety Application Calibration Prior Week’s Loading Pesticide Planning and Concerns Methods and material Pesticides Wastes Spills Equipment Fate of Protecting Pesticide √ Review Pesticides Nontarget Resistance Material you’re in the Organisms still unsure Environment about ix x CHAPTER 1 Pests SECTION I Insects and Their Relatives LEARNING OBJECTIVES ; Discuss the reasons why not all insects are considered pests. ; Describe the main structural features of insects. ; Explain how to tell the difference between insects and other arthropods and why it matters. ; Describe the differences between simple and complete metamorphosis and why it matters. Note: Words in italics throughout this manual are defined in the glossary. I nsects and their relatives make up one of the largest groups of pests. A pest is any organism that competes with people for food, fiber, or space. Pests also some- A times harm the health of people or domestic animals. However, keep in mind that only a tiny fraction of the 1.5 million known species of insects, along with some mites and ticks, are harmful pests. Many post no threat at all and many species are even helpful. These are known as beneficial insects (other organisms besides insects can also be beneficial (Figure 1). Another term often used for these are natural enemies). “Beneficials” as they are B sometimes called, help control pest populations by prey- ing on, parasitizing, or causing disease in pests. Obviously, though, some insects and their kin can pose issues leading us to want to control them. Because many insects can reproduce quickly (they have short generation times) they have the ability to produce large numbers of offspring in a relatively short time. This is one reason why some pest species cause significant C damage. This also allows them to change and adapt to changing conditions in relatively short periods of time. Those changing conditions could be environmental (e.g., shifts in temperature, moisture, etc.) or changes we bring about while trying to control them. For exam- ple, too much reliance on pesticides can lead to some pest populations developing pesticide resistance. We discuss this in more depth in the chapter, “Pesticide Resistance.” Figure 1: Not all insects are pests. In fact most insects either do no harm to something we like or are actually Harm Caused by Arthropods beneficial. Two examples here are insects that prey on Insects and their relatives are responsible for an array other insects we consider pests. (A) A lady beetle feeding of problems in structures. Following is only a brief list on pest insect eggs. (B) A parasitic wasp laying an egg of possible issues they can be responsible for. They can: inside in a tarnished plant bug nymph. (C) Spiders, which are related to but are not insects, also help control many Eat and ruin stored products, pests. (Photo credits: (A) Scott Bauer, USDA Agricultural Research Contaminate raw and processed commodities, Service; (B) Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University; (C) Eugene E. Nelson. All photos courtesy of Bugwood.org). Damage wood, Insects and Their Relatives ABC  1  Damage furniture, carpeting and clothing, Being able to recognize damage, and what caused the Carry pathogens that cause disease in people and damage, is an important part of diagnosing a problem. animals, In this chapter, we provide an overview of the general biology of insects and their relatives. We give more Create a nuisance, and detailed information on the biology and management Cause anxiety in some people. of specific pests in the next chapter (“Managing Insect Pests”) and in Appendix G. The Biology of Insects and their Relatives ou should learn to recognize the common insects meaning they have no backbone (humans and many Y and their relatives that cause problems in the areas you work in (and know which ones do not need to be controlled). A basic knowledge of the biology other animals have a backbone as part of an internal skeleton). Arthropods have a segmented external cov- ering (called an exoskeleton) and they have paired, of insects and their kin will also help you better control jointed legs and other appendages. The exoskeleton is these pests. rigid and provides both protective covering and sup- port. Examples of arthropods other than insects include Arthropod Form and Structure mites, ticks, spiders, centipedes, millipedes, scorpions, Insects and their relatives belong to a group of animals lobsters, crabs and more. (Figure 2). called arthropods. All arthropods are invertebrates ­— Figure 2: Arthropods represent a vast array of animals. The two groups within arthropods that most often include creatures we consider pests are the insects and arachnids. However, even among those groups only a small fraction (1-2 percent) of species are pests. Most cause no harm or are beneficial. Scientists divide arthropods into several groups, in- sects have wings (although some don’t): no arachnids cluding “insects” (the true insects) and “arachnids” have wings. (mites, ticks, and spiders). You can distinguish these two groups by comparing a few important characteris- Why the Differences Are Important tics of the adult forms (Figure 3 and Table 1). You may wonder why you should care that insects and arachnids are different—aren’t they all just creepy While they do share some common features, you can crawly bugs that need to be controlled? see in the table and figure they each have some distinct features. It is important to know the differences when it comes to good pest management. Some arachnids might not Insects have 3 body regions while arachnids have only be structural pests and therefore don’t need to be con- two. Insects have antennae: arachnids don’t. Many in- trolled. Also, although some pesticides can kill both 2 Chapter 1  Pests SECTION I Figure 3: Although they look similar, insects and arachnids differ in a number of important structural features as illustrated above. Note that although both insect examples shown have wings, some have none (e.g., lice, fleas). (Illustrations adapted from (clockwise from upper left), stable fly: courtesy of Stephen Ausmus, USDA-ARS; spider, tick and beetle courtesy of FCIT at http://etc.usf.edu/clipart). Table 1: Comparison of Adult Forms of Insects and Arachnids Characteristic Insects (Flies, Beetles and more) Arachnids (Mites, Ticks, Spiders) Body Form 3 regions: head, thorax, abdomen 2 regions: cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and abdomen Legs 3 pairs attached to thorax Usually 4 pairs attached to cephalothorax Wings 0, 1 or 2 pairs attached to thorax None Antennae (“feelers”) 1 pair attached to head None (though they may have similar looking structures) insects and arachnids, it is not always the case. So, you secretions or needlelike structures capable of penetrat- need to know the type of pest you are dealing with to ing flesh and sucking blood. Mouthparts are sometimes most effectively manage it. different in the juvenile (or immature) and adult forms of the same species. Arthropod Mouthparts Different arthropods have different kinds of mouth- Insect Development parts (chewing or sucking types, for example). Because Insects change in shape, form, and/or size during their those mouthparts largely determine the type of damage lives. This change is called metamorphosis. It may be it can cause, recognizing damage can give you a clue as a gradual change (Figure 4), involving little more than to which pest is causing the problem. an increase in size, or it may be a very dramatic one (Figure 5) in which the adult looks nothing like the Arthropods with chewing mouthparts (e.g., cockroach- juvenile. Once insects reach the adult stage they have es, ants) have toothed jaws that bite or tear at food. Ar- functional reproductive organs and can reproduce. Ju- thropods with piercing-sucking mouthparts (e.g., bed venile insects cannot reproduce. bugs, fleas) have either a siphon-like tube for sucking Insects and Their Relatives ABC  3 Incomplete Metamorphosis range of 3 to 12 times depending on the species) and There are three distinct phases in insects that go then changes into an intermediate form called a pupa through incomplete metamorphosis (sometimes called (plural: pupae). The pupa can be bare or it might be “simple” metamorphosis): egg, nymph and adult (Fig- covered in a silken cocoon. The pupa does not move or ure 4). The juvenile forms are called nymphs, which feed. During this stage, a number of large changes hap- often look much like the adult, except for size and pres- pen and when complete, the adult insect emerges from ence of wings (only adult insects have wings). As the the pupal shell. Larvae often have different mouthparts nymphs feed and grow, they shed their external cov- than adults and feed on different things and can live in ering, a process called molting. A nymph must molt different environments. because the exoskeleton cannot enlarge as the insect grows. Adult insects do not molt or grow larger. Each stage between molts is called an instar. Nymphs have either no wings or only partially formed non-functional wings. Nymphs usually have the same kind of mouth- parts as adults and therefore often (but not always) feed on the same or similar things. Figure 5: Some insects, like the Indianmeal moth, go through complete metamorphosis where the juvenile stages (called larva) look much different than the adult and usually eat entirely different foods. (Pictures adapted from, and courtesy of, Bugwood.org). Considerations for Pest Management Figure 4: In some insects, like the bed bug depicted One reason to know which type of metamorphosis a here, the juvenile stages (called nymphs) look much like pest undergoes is that your management techniques can the adult. This is known as incomplete metamorphosis. vary depending on how the insect develops. Remember Nymphs of different species go through a varied number that the larvae of insects with complete metamorphosis of stages called instars. Because they usually have the often feed and live in one habitat while the adults live same kind of mouthparts, they often eat the same things both as adults and as nymphs. (Bed bug pictures adapted from, somewhere else and often feed on different things. An and courtesy of, Bugwood.org). example are Indianmeal moths. Adult moths do not eat, and except to lay eggs, might not be found near the food the larvae are eating. Complete Metamorphosis Some insects go through complete metamorphosis, So, you obviously need different strategies to control which involves more complex changes (Figure 5). the adults and the larvae for this pest and the same These insects have 4 distinct phases: egg, larva, pupa holds true for other pests. Even for insects with incom- and adult. The juvenile stage is called a larva (plural: plete metamorphosis, control strategies can be different larvae). As a larva grows, it molts a number of times (a for adult vs. juvenile stages. 4 Chapter 1  Chapter 1 — Notes Page Pests SECTION I Remember that all questions on the certification exam are based on the Learning Objectives found at the beginning of each chapter. Review those Learning Objectives and use this page to make notes on your understanding of those objectives. Writing notes can be a good aid in learning and understanding information. Insects and Their Relatives ABC  5 CHAPTER 2 Managing Insect Pests LEARNING OBJECTIVES ; Explain the importance of proper pest identification. ; List common species of cockroaches you might find in Wisconsin and describe treatment methods for cockroach control. ; Describe how you would make an effective perimeter treatment for ants. ; Describe how to treat both outdoor and indoor ant nests and especially carpenter ant control. ; Specify where to concentrate flea control efforts in the animal’s environment. ; List the advantages of IGRs and describe how they fit into a flea management program. ; Outline the key to effective control of flies and food pests. ; Describe the options for controlling powderpost beetle infestations. ; Describe what can make perimeter treatments for occasional invaders especially effective and why some treatments fail. ; Describe the life cycle of bed bugs and the importance of proper inspection. ; Describe some control methods for bed bugs including limitations of chemical control. I n this chapter we describe the biology and life cycles ways of controlling insects in Appendix G. Be aware of some common structural arthropod pests and that pesticides are not always the first choice or the best outline some basic methods of managing those pests method of controlling insects in every situation. When using pesticides. Pesticides, however, are only one tool using pesticides, always follow label directions for the you can use to control arthropods. We describe other product you are using. Pest Identification roper pest identification is very important in pest P show pictures of some common arthropod pests in this control. Different insect species (and different chapter, this manual cannot be a comprehensive pest stages of those species) respond to control meth- identification resource for every pest you might encoun- ods in various ways. Knowing your target is extremely ter. We list some resources to pest identification manuals important—it can make the difference between good or online ID sites in a gray box at the end of this chapter. pest control and no control. Also, remember that not all arthropods even need to be dealt with. There’s no sense You can find more information about some of these in wasting time, effort and money chasing a critter that common pests in Appendix G. does no harm or is indeed even beneficial. Although we Cockroaches ockroaches account for the majority of indoor pest Cockroach Biology C problems in restaurants, food-handling facilities and multiple-unit housing. Cockroaches are flat, quick-moving insects that avoid light and are most active Depending on the species, females lay 15 to 40 eggs at a time enclosed in a capsule (called an ootheca), and can lay 8 to 15 capsules in their lifetime (Figures 1 and at night. They have chewing mouthparts, hairlike anten- 2). nae and are dull or dark colored. Cockroaches undergo incomplete metamorphosis. 6 Chapter 2  Pests SECTION I Figure 1: A female German cockroach usually carries her ootheca (plural: oothecae) until just before hatching (left). Other species drop or paste their oothecae onto surfaces. If this surface is furniture or something else that is trans- ported, the eggs could hatch in a new location and start a new infestation. For some species, it may take more than 60 days for nymphs to hatch from the eggs. (Photos courtesy of Gary Alpert, Harvard University and Bugwood.org). Figure 2: You can use oothecae to help identify cock- roach species. (Graphic adapted from University of Nebraska-Lincoln Feeding Extension). Most cockroaches feed at night. Typical foods include any human or animal food or bever- age, as well as dead animals, plants, leather, glue, hair, wallpaper and the starch in book bindings (Figure 3). Excess moisture, high Figure 3: An American cockroach eating a cracker. temperatures, and poor Roaches will eat a wide va- sanitation allow infesta- riety of human and animal tions to thrive. food. (Photo courtesy of Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Ex- Harborages tension Slide Series, Bugwood. During the day, cock- org). Figure 4: One typical hiding spot, or harborage, is under- roaches usually hide neath cabinets and equipment in a kitchen. Cockroaches in cracks and crevices prefer warm, moist areas, which are similar to the tropical such as the juncture between a cupboard and wall, jungles from which most cockroach species originated. around plumbing fixtures, under window frames, and Arrows point to just some of the German cockroaches around motors—hiding places are called harborages finding safe haven here. (Photo courtesy of Gary Alpert, Harvard University both courtesy of Bugwood.org). (Figure 4). Seeing cockroaches during the day suggests there may be a large infestation. Habits German cockroaches prefer food preparation areas, Major Species kitchens and bathrooms. They favor warm (70° to Although there are over 50 species of cockroaches in 75°F), humid areas that are close to food and water the U.S., only a handful commonly cause problems along with dark areas for harborage. (Figure 5). Knowing the different behaviors and prefer- ences of different species will help you to select good Brown-banded Cockroaches management strategies. The brown-banded cockroach is similar in size and outline to the German cockroach, but does not have the German Cockroaches 2 dark stripes behind the head. Instead, they have 2 German cockroach adults are tan or brown and about ⅝ yellow bands running across the body where the wings of an inch long (Figure 5-A). Both adults and nymphs attach (Figure 5-B). Incubation of the eggs can take up have 2 parallel dark stripes running lengthwise just to 50 days, and development from egg to adult often behind the head. They are prolific breeders and go takes more than 6 months. through 3 to 4 generations per year with a single female producing up to 240 or more young. Individuals live an average of 200 days. Managing Insect Pests ABC  7  B A C D E F Figure 5: Some common cockroach species found in the U.S. A: Ger- man Cockroach; B: Brown-banded cockroach; C: American Cockroach; D: Australian cockroach; E: Oriental cockroach; and F: Wood roach. Note the similarities between the American and Australian roaches and also between the oriental and wood roaches. (Photo credits: (A and B) Gary Alpert, Harvard University; (C) Daniel R. Suiter, University of Georgia; (D) Pest and Diseases Image Library; (E) Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series; and (F) Johnny N. Del. All courtesy of Bugwood.org). Habits Habits Brown-banded roaches prefer temperatures of about Oriental cockroaches live in cool, dark, damp places 80°F (about 5° to 10°F warmer than German cock- like garages, basements, water meter boxes, and drains. roaches). Favored harborage locations include crevices They are most likely to occur in single-family dwell- within or near electrical appliances, behind artwork ings that are surrounded by vegetation such as wood- and decorations on walls, within hollow legs of fur- piles, ivy, and ground cover. They are also common in niture, and within accumulations of clutter. They are outside locations where people feed pets, livestock or not usually associated with food preparation areas but wildlife. Oriental cockroaches prefer cooler tempera- can be found in offices, animal care facilities, kitchens, tures than the other species do. schools, laboratories, industrial facilities, and hospi- tals. Brown-banded cockroaches prefer starchy foods, American and Australian Cockroaches such as the glue on stamps, and envelopes. American (Figure 5-C) and Australian cockroaches (Figure 5-D) are similar in appearance and habits, but Oriental Cockroaches not identical and so should be distinguished. Oriental cockroaches are sometimes called water bugs or black beetles, although they are neither (Figure 5-E). American Cockroach Adults are just over 1 inch long and very dark brown American cockroaches are reddish-brown in color with or black. Females are wingless and males have short a pale brown or yellow band around their head. Adults wings that do not extend to the tip of the abdomen. can reach up to 1 ½ inches long. Females can produce They can have up to a 2-year life cycle. 8 Chapter 2 an average of 150 young during their lifetime. This spe- complished by excluding them from coming indoors. Pests SECTION I cies is well-established throughout much of the U.S. They generally do not cause enough of a problem to warrant chemical control. We mention them because Habits they can be confused with other cockroach species. American cockroaches prefer warm and moist condi- tions. They will live in wall and roof cavities, sewers, Chemical Control of Cockroaches drains, basements, grease traps, and rubbish dumps. Chemical controls differ depending on the situation and They are commonly found in restaurants, grocery cockroach species involved. For example, the female stores, bakeries, and where food is prepared or stored. German cockroach carries her egg capsule until it is American cockroaches are scavengers and will eat a almost ready to hatch—some insecticide treatments wide variety of items in- force females to drop the capsule early, causing high cluding (but not limited to) mortality of the developing roaches. sweets, paper, boots, hair, What’s in a Name? bread, fruit, any kitchen Despite their name, Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs) scraps, book bindings, fish, “American” cockroaches Insect growth regula- peanuts, rice, cloth, and are native to North Africa tors (IGRs), including dead insects. and the Middle East. Also, hydroprene and pyri- Australian cockroaches poxyfen, are used for Australian Cockroach are found in Australia, but cockroach control. IGRs These cockroaches range are originally from north are synthetic chemicals in color from reddish- Africa. designed to mimic the brown to dark-brown. You activity of natural insect can distinguish them from hormones. IGRs do not American roaches by their distinctive yellow accents, kill adult roaches (or particularly light yellowish stripes along the front edg- other insects they are es of their wings. Adults are typically 1 to 1 ½ inches used against) but affect Figure 6: A German cock- long. In the U.S., the Australian cockroach is most the ability of insects to roach affected by the IGR hy- prevalent in Florida and the coastal southeastern states grow and mature nor- droprene. Note the distorted but can be transported other places, often on shipped mally and blocks their wings. (Copyright © 2010 Mario plants. ability to reproduce David Bazan, http://bugguide. (Figure 6). net/user/view/10551. Licensed under Creative Commons BY 1.0). Habits The Australian cockroach is an outdoor species that IGRs either block the in- lives in colonies. They need warm temperatures to sur- sect’s ability to turn into an adult or cause it to change vive and will move indoors when temperatures become into an adult before it is physically able to reproduce. too cold. Outside, they inhabit locations with high hu- Because it may take 6 months or more to see popula- midity, such as tree bark and piles of wood or leaves. tion reductions when IGRs are used alone, other insec- Australian cockroaches are also called “greenhouse ticides (such as a pyrethroid) are often used in combi- cockroaches” because of their tendency to infest green- nation with the IGR. houses in cooler climates. Indoors, you’ll find Austra- lian roaches in areas close to food and water, such as Baits sinks, bathtubs, cabinets, drains, cupboards, water Baits are often the tool of choice for cockroach con- pipes, and other environments with dark and warm trol because they are easy to use and often work well conditions. (Figure 7). However, if there is a lot of other available food, because of poor sanitation, cockroaches might Wood Cockroaches not always encounter the bait leading to poorer control. There are many species of roaches known as “wood cockroaches” (also called the woods roach). Many are Crack-and-Crevice native to North America (Figure 5-F). Males can be Crack-and-crevice treatments were once a primary over an inch long, and are dark brown with a pale stripe means of controlling cockroaches but are used less of- on the outer margins of the wing and thorax. Females ten now than bait treatments. However, you can some- have short wings and look very similar to the Oriental times get good control for challenging infestations us- cockroach. However, wood cockroaches do not estab- ing this method. Also, using baits exclusively can lead lish themselves indoors and are more of an “occasional to problems with resistance. For a crack-and-crevice invader” in homes. As such, management is best ac- treatment, you apply small amounts of insecticide into Managing Insect Pests ABC  9  the cracks and crevices found in expansion joints, be- tween equipment and floors, and in small voids found in doors, cabinets, and equipment legs. Spraying You can treat some areas such as equipment legs, by spraying insecticides. Microencapsulated or wettable powder formulations are often the choice for treating spot areas where roaches walk while foraging for food. Remove all food and cooking utensils before treat- ment and do not bring these items back into the treated area until the waiting period specified on the label has passed. Figure 7: A pest control technician applies a bait using a bait gun. For a bait to be effective, you need to place it as close to the cockroach hiding places as possible. (Photo courtesy of Cooks Pest Control). Ants T here are over 500 species of ants in the U.S. Most species live outdoors and do not invade homes. However, some ants can become a problem when worker ants come inside to forage for food or water, winged ants swarm inside, or ants colonize and nest in walls or other structures within the building. Ant Biology Ants undergo complete metamorphosis (Figure 8). The larvae are helpless, grub-like creatures that are totally dependent on adult workers for food, transportation, and protection. Workers collect food, take care of the queen and young, and build and defend the nest. De- pending on the species, workers may be all one size or many different sizes. Winged ants (also called “swarm- ers” or “alates”) are either queens or males and can differ from workers in size and color. Males are short- lived and their only purpose is to breed (Figure 9). Figure 8: Ants undergo complete metamorphosis. But because they are also social insects, the adults often have different “castes” and roles they play in maintenance of Figure 9: Although the colony (workers, soldiers, etc.). The pupae may be bare most ants do not as depicted here or might be wrapped in silken cocoons. have wings, the (Graphic courtesy of Arizona State University). colony will produce winged males and Ants pose a special control problem because they are females when it’s social insects. Rather than dealing with individuals, we time for mating. Above, winged car- need to deal with a colony that is composed of sterile, penter ant queens. wingless female workers and one or many queens. Only Bottom, winged queens lay eggs. Workers can always be replaced if a yellow, or citronella queen is in the colony. The way to control any ant colo- ants. (Photos courtesy ny is to find and treat the nest—if you kill the queen(s) of UW-Madison Dept. of you eliminate the colony. Entomology). 10 Chapter 2  Pests SECTION I A C B D E F H I G Figure 10: Some common ant species found in Wisconsin that can cause problems. A and B: Carpenter ants; C: Large yellow or citronella ant; D: Thief or grease ant; E and F: Pavement ants; G: Cornfield ant; H and I: Pharaoh ants. Sizes are not to scale. (Photo credits: (A) Clemson University - USDA Cooperative Extension Slide Series, Bugwood.org; (B and I) UW-Madison Dept. of Entomology; (C) David Cappaert, Bugwood.org; (D and H) EOL.org, © California Academy of Sciences, 2000- 2010, AntWeb, April Nobile, Creative Commons BY 1.0; (E) Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org; (F) Mohammed El Damir, Bugwood.org; (G) Eli Sarnat, Bugwood.org). Food a handful are problems inside homes and other struc- Worker ants will travel a long distance from their nest tures. looking for food. Depending on species, their diet can include sweets, plant juices, honeydew from aphids, We show pictures of some ant species that you may other insects, honey, meat scraps, grease, fats, pet food encounter in Wisconsin in Figure 10. Also, we briefly and much more. Once a worker locates a food source, describe some of those species and their habits below. it can communicate this information to the rest of the colony and recruit other workers. This explains why a  Note: this is not a comprehensive list. dish of pet food left out overnight may be crawling with ants the next morning. Carpenter Ants Carpenter ants (Figures 10-A, 10-B) are medium to Major Species large, all black or black and red ants. Workers range Just as for cockroaches, knowing the different behav- from 1/4 to ½ inch long. These ants bring more com- iors and preferences of individual ant species will help plaints from homeowners than any other Wisconsin you to select good management strategies. Although insect. Carpenter ants often get blamed for structural there are likely hundreds of ant species in the state, just damage problems. However, they do not eat or bore Managing Insect Pests ABC 11 into sound wood. They only nest in wood that has al- and apartments. The ants are yellow to red and only ready been softened or decayed by water damage and/ 1 /16 of an inch long. They differ from thief ants in that or fungi. they have three segments to their antennal club rather than two. Pharaoh ants eat a variety of foods, including Larger Yellow Ants or Citronella Ants soap, toothpaste, fats, grease, sweets, and dead insects. Larger yellow ants (Figure 10-C) give off a pleasant cit- Pharaoh ants have multiple queens in a colony and do ronella or lemon smell when crushed, giving them their not swarm. other name of citronella ants. Workers are yellow or reddish yellow and about 3/16 of an inch long. Swarmers Chemical Control of Ants are 5/16 of an inch long and darker red. Workers feed on Chemical controls differ depending on the situation and honeydew from aphids and normally nest under stones ant species involved. For example, some ants are only or patio blocks and along foundations—they do not a problem when they swarm. For others, you need to seem to be interested in coming indoors. Larger yellow know if they prefer sweets or protein. Just as for cock- ants can swarm form April to August, but most calls roaches, we will only cover some basics of control in are associated with early spring swarms in March or this chapter. You will find more information in Appen- April coming from nests under heated concrete slabs or dices F and G. along foundations. Baits The swarmers are often mistaken for termites. Because Just as they are for cockroaches, baits are an effective the swarming only lasts for a few days per year, treat- tool for managing ants, especially for pharaoh ants or ment is not often necessary. when a nest may be hard to find (as is often the case with thief ants). The food source will contain a sweet or Thief or Grease Ants protein/fat base, or a combination of both, mixed with Thief ants, also commonly called grease ants (Figure a slow-acting poison. Workers will bring the materials 10-D), at 1/20 of an inch are the smallest ant found in- back to the nest and feed the larvae, other workers, and doors. They usually nest outdoors and forage in well- the queen (Figure 11). defined trails during mid- to late summer. Preferred foods include grease, meats, cheese, and peanut butter. Baiting takes from a few days to a few weeks to get results, but can be very effective when the source of the Pavement Ants ants cannot be found. Baits are also useful in sensitive Pavement ants (Figures 10-E, 10-F) are about ⅛ of an areas (places such as health care or child care facilities inch long, reddish brown to black. These ants feed on or anywhere you do not want to make widespread pes- greasy foods, including pet food and sweets. Nests ticide treatments). are often under driveways or sidewalks or in other concealed sites. Workers can be found in the kitchen. When swarms appear inside, the nest may be under a room that is built on a slab. Indoor colonies swarm at Figure 11: Ant baits any time. can be applied with an syringe-like ap- plicator (above) or Cornfield Ants in a plastic station Cornfield ants (Figure 10-G) are the common small— set on the floor or 1 /10 of an inch—mound-building ants in the yard. They ground. Ants are are red to dark brown and feed on sweets and honey- at trac ted to the dew from other insects. There can be hundreds of colo- bait (below): ingest nies in a lawn, and most indoor problems are associ- some, recruit other workers to the bait ated with rooms that have concrete slabs or brickwork and take it back to built on light soils. Workers will occasionally come in the nest where it for food and are found feeding on sweets and honey- can affect others in dew from insects infesting house plants. Thousands of the colony that do adults swarm from the nest on sunny, late afternoons not encounter the during August and early September. bait by themselves. (Photos courtesy of (top) Garo Goodrow, Pesticide Pharaoh Ants Education Program, Penn Pharaoh ants (Figures 10-H, 10-I) are strictly an in- State Extension; and (bottom) Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State Uni- door problem, primarily in hospitals, nursing homes, versity and bugwood.org). 12 Chapter 2 Perimeter Barrier ever, if they are causing a Pests SECTION I Perimeter Barrier Application Terminology Application problem, the only way to You can make a perimeter A “perimeter barrier application” is a method of pest eliminate an outdoor colony barrier application (or sim- control designed to create a barrier around the outside is to kill the queen. Whether ply “perimeter application”) of a structure (e.g., house) to repel and/or kill insects to treat a nest or not also can to control ants (and other and other pests, preventing them from getting inside. depend on the species. For pests). Ants that have been A person certified in structural pest control can apply example, treating the nest is foraging from outside will pesticides within 10 feet of a building. the most practical approach die or be repelled (depend- Sometimes this type of application is called a “perime- for controlling field ants. ing upon the treatment) and ter” application, other times a “barrier” application, and However, insecticide treat- stop entering the building. as above, sometimes “perimeter barrier application.” ments often cause pharaoh Taking the time to spray un- To keep things simpler, in this manual we will just use ants to break up into mul- der siding, door frames, and “perimeter” application. tiple colonies and make the other cracks and crevices infestation worse. will increase the effective- ness and residual and cut down on the amount of spray Treating Indoor Nests needed. If problems persist, it is likely that a colony is When you suspect an ant nest is indoors, you must find nesting indoors and you will need different tactics. a way to get an insecticide into the nest. Use any cracks and crevices you can find, but often you may have to  Note that to make pesticide applications farther than drill small holes, about ⅛ of an inch in diameter, into 10 feet from a structure (other than spot treatments) wood or drywall to give you access. you must also be certified in category 3.0, Turf and Landscape. You can use a power duster, bulb duster, or plastic squeeze bottle to deliver pesticide dusts. Small, light Perimeter treatments, though effective, are temporary. applications are more effective than heavy ones be- For a more permanent solution, seal areas where ants cause the latter will act as repellents. Dusts will not are entering the building. harm insulation.  Note that there are certain restrictions on where You can also use liquid or aerosol sprays. These will you can apply pesticides (especially pyrethroids) to work well if the nest is exposed. Check the label—the the outside of a structure. See the chapter, “Safety solvents in many liquid sprays can melt some insula- Concerns” for a more thorough review of these tion. Foggers do not work well on ants because they do restrictions. not penetrate walls sufficiently. Treating Outdoor Nests Carpenter Ant Control One of the most common ants in Wisconsin is the field Carpenter ants often bring the most complaints from ant (Formica spp.). Field ants make large mounds that homeowners. can ruin the aesthetics of home lawns, make lawn mowing difficult, and interfere with the growth of other Finding the Nest plants (Figure 12). The secret to carpenter ant control (and often for other species as well) is to find the nest. If you kill the queen, There is no need to control outdoor nests if they are not the colony will not survive. If you cannot find the nest, harming the landscape and not coming inside. How- your chance for long-term success is minimal. Check wooden porch footings, landscape timbers, and old stumps for the main colony. Carpenter ants might come indoors in the spring and summer looking for food. So, large numbers of ants seen around a garbage pail or dishwasher are prob- ably workers from an outdoor colony. Consider using a perimeter treatment to keep the ants outside. Treat- ing once in the spring (or every 6 weeks if ants per- sist) should solve the problem. Continued activity after Figure 12: Field ants can produce mounds that are three treating suggests an indoor nest. to four feet wide and over two feet tall. (Steve Tomasko, UW- PAT program). Managing Insect Pests ABC 13 Finding Indoor Nests When trying to locate a nest, observe and use the clues the ants give you. Signs of an indoor colony include: Seeing any carpenter ants inside from November to March. Finding large numbers of winged ants inside. Coarse sawdust material (called frass) falling out Figure 13: One sign of carpenter ant activity is piles of from ceilings, cabinets, or other wood sources sawdust material, which could be mixed with insect parts (Figure 13). and dead ants. (Photos courtesy of Edward H. Holsten, USDA Forest Consistent indoor sightings of numerous workers Service, Bugwood.org). (15 to 20 workers per day) in places other than the kitchen. often becomes louder when the colony is disturbed. Ask your client if there are any known past or pres- You can locate a nest by carefully and patiently watch- ent water problems in the building. Colonies are often ing where you see the most activity from the workers. found under tubs, around sinks and toilets, in poorly Carpenter ants are most active between 8:00 p.m. and ventilated attics, in leaky roofs, or in rotting window- 4:00 a.m. If many ants are seen around a bedroom win- sills or door frames. Have your client listen for sounds dow, the nest is most likely in the window frame or at night. A dry rustling sound can sometimes be heard close by in a wall void. Some people have baited ants in the spring and summer. Use a stethoscope or place with pet food, honey or ground up insects and followed your ear to the surface. Tap the walls, because the sound the foraging workers back to the nest. Fleas dult fleas feed on blood and have piercing mouth- A parts. They are very small (1/12 to 1/6 of an inch long), wingless, brown, and flattened from side to side. Flea eggs are glossy white and oval. Fleas un- dergo complete metamorphosis (Figure 14). The entire life cycle of a flea, from egg to adult, can take as few as 12 days or as many as 140 days depending on temperature and humidity. Also, fleas can “rest” inside the cocoon if no hosts are available for the adults to jump onto. Worldwide, there are over 2,000 species of fleas, but only a few are pests on pets in Wisconsin (Figure 15). All adult fleas only feed on blood from their animal hosts. Flea larvae live in the environment near the host animal but do not live on the animal or feed on fresh blood. Sometimes people find fleas in a home that has no pets. That could be due to raccoons or other wild animals living in chimneys, attics, and crawl spaces. Fleas as- sociated with rabbits, squirrels, rodents, or birds also sometimes come inside on pets. Because these other Figure 14: Cat fleas go through complete metamorpho- flea species cannot breed on cats and dogs, there may sis. Larvae are hairy and maggot-like in appearance. Each be no need for treatment. If you cannot determine the larva molts 3 times before spinning a silken cocoon. It source of a flea infestation, send some adult fleas to the covers the cocoon with material from its environment and molts inside of the cocoon to become a pupa. After UW-Madison Insect Diagnostic Lab (see Appendix a period of development the adult flea emerges from the A)—proper identification of the fleas will provide clues pupa. (Pictures adapted from, and courtesy of, Pest and Diseases Image to the source of the infestation. Library, Bugwood.org). 14 Chapter 2  Breeding Sites Pests SECTION I Again, the key to flea control in the animal’s environ- ment is to locate and treat flea breeding sites. This is often difficult when cats are involved, because the flea breeding sites will be in more protected, secluded plac- es. For dogs, the breeding site is often in open spaces, like the favored resting site in the middle of the liv- ing room. This makes control much easier because it is A B easy to get good coverage. Chemical Control Figure 15: In many Before you conduct a chemical treatment, have the pet par ts of the United owner clean the area. Be sure they remove items from States, the cat flea (A) floors, closets, and basements where the pet has access has replaced the dog so that you can treat these areas more thoroughly. After flea (B) as the flea most you finish treatment, be sure the owner continues the com­m only found on sanitation efforts to prevent future problems. both animals. These fleas are so similar in ap- pearance and biology Organophosphate, carbamate, pyrethrin, pyrethroid, C that we can treat them and IGR insecticides and certain minerals are available for flea control. These insecticides are formulated as as basically the same. Cat fleas can also infest, coarse sprays, foggers, and dusts or are microencapsu- and be acquired from, raccoons, opossums, skunks, lated. All but the growth regulators kill flea larvae on and some squirrels. The sticktight flea (C) is an oc- contact. casional pest of dogs and cats, as well as of chickens and other birds. (Photos courtesy of Pest and Diseases Image Use of IGRs Library, Bugwood.org). Using IGRs (e.g., methoprene) in combination with contact insecticides is a recommended control strategy. Flea Management IGRs prevent flea larvae from developing to the adult Management of fleas on dogs and cats requires an inte- stage and can also inhibit egg hatch. They do not kill grated approach. Both the host animal and its environ- adults and when used alone will take 2 to 4 weeks to ment must be treated at the same time to be effective. reduce a population. Advantages of the IGR’s include Control of fleas on the animal itself generally requires 4- to 6-month residual action, no known resistance, and the use of insecticides and is the responsibility of the very low human and animal toxicity. Mixing an IGR owner, pet groomer, and veterinarian. with a contact insecticide (to kill adult fleas) has greatly enhanced performance and reduced call backs. Some  Commercial applicators who apply pesticides direct- pest control operators have used IGR treatments alone ly to pets for flea control must meet the certification with daily vacuuming by clients and have been satisfied requirements for Category 11, Companion Animals. with the results. Treating the Pet’s Environment Aerosols, Flea Bombs and Ultrasonic Devices The goal in treating a pet’s environment is to eliminate Total release aerosols and flea “bombs” have some uses, flea eggs and larvae. As a first step, ask the pet owner but will not penetrate through furniture or other items. about the animal’s habits. The most likely breeding Also, these materials can cause explosions or fires if sites will be where the pet sleeps, rests, or spends a excessive fumes build up in enclosed spaces. Be sure large amount of time; this is where you will concentrate to extinguish open flames and pilot lights prior to treat- your control efforts. While you may need to use pesti- ment. Ultrasonic devices are not effective against fleas. cides, the pet owner can be a great help by implement- Flea traps using light bulbs or candles do capture some ing nonchemical control. adults, but will not control infestations. Managing Insect Pests ABC 15  Nonchemical Control Tips for Pet Owners Owner’s should launder pet bedding, which will drown all flea life stages. A vacuum cleaner with a beater bar can remove 20% to 30% of larvae and up to 60% of eggs from carpets. Vacuuming also removes the larvae’s food source. Use proper attachments when vacuuming corners, wood floors, furniture, and pet bedding. Dispose of the vacuum bag to avoid the problem of flea eggs hatching in it. ) Owner’s must not put an insecticide in the vacuum cleaner bag. This can harm people and pets by creating dusts or fumes that could be inhaled. Shampooing carpets and mopping wood, vinyl, and concrete floors will remove flea dirt, eggs, and larvae. In kennels, larvae will be found in cracks at wall-floor junctions and in floor crevices. Clean and repair these sites. NOTE TO READER: This is a reminder that material on a gray-shaded background such as this (or any material in the appendices) is not covered on the certification exam but is supplied as added reference material you might find useful. Flies ll true flies have only 1 pair of wings and undergo Understanding the specific biological and environmen- A complete metamorphosis. The wormlike, legless larva is called a maggot. The pupa is chestnut brown, cylindrical, and round on both ends. Many spe- tal requirements of the species involved is critical to ef- fective management. See Appendix G for more specific information on fly species. cies produce several generations per year. Adult flies are very mobile and are not always direct-  To apply barn sprays for fly control you must meet ly associated with the source of the problem. You can the certification requirements in category 1.3, Live- trace most fly problems to isolated breeding sites. Mag- stock & Poultry. gots are less mobile and are usually found crawling in or near the food source. If you can find and eliminate Common kinds of flies that cause problems in struc- the food source, the problem should clear up in a few tures include house flies, cluster flies, blow flies, vin- days. If not, you can get short-term control by using an egar or fruit flies, drain or sewer flies, humpback flies aerosol knock-down insecticide to kill adult flies, but and fungus gnats (Figure 16). Each type of fly is partic- you will have to repeat the treatment every 3 to 5 days. ular as to what organic source it will use for breeding. Figure 16: Shown here are just a few of the common fly species that bring complaints. From left to right: cluster flies; a drain fly; the common fruit (or vinegar) fly; and fungus gnats. (Photo credits: Fruit fly, Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org. Other 3 pictures courtesy of UW-Madison Dept. of Entomology). 16 Chapter 2  Pests SECTION I Stored Product Pests large number of beetles, several moths, booklice, However, in some cases you may use an Ultra Low Vol- A and some mites commonly infest various food products (Figure 17). In general, these insects feed on any plant material, including spices, flour, veg- ume (ULV) or space treatment to knock adults down before they spread the infestation. A heavy infestation might require a residual crack-and-crevice treatment in etable seeds, tea, dried flower arrangements, dried herbs voids or around shelving. and fruits, chocolate, pet food, grain, some mouse baits, straw, bamboo, cigars, nuts, and more. They will breed Space spraying, residual applications, and, in some continually at normal indoor temperatures. cases, whole-building fumigation might be needed to