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LEARNING OUTCOMES ❖Evaluate the important aspects of Rizal’s childhood. ❖Identify relevant individuals and institutions instrumental to his education. ❖Assess how ideas influenced Rizal’s writings and his stance regarding the emancipation of the Philippines.  Rizal, under the pen name P....

LEARNING OUTCOMES ❖Evaluate the important aspects of Rizal’s childhood. ❖Identify relevant individuals and institutions instrumental to his education. ❖Assess how ideas influenced Rizal’s writings and his stance regarding the emancipation of the Philippines.  Rizal, under the pen name P. Jacinto, wrote his own memoirs of his experiences as a student from Biñan to Manila in 1872. This is a valuable document because it is Rizal’s own recollection and is a primary source regarding his childhood days. Reading through the document provides insight to Rizal’s sentiments towards love, and family, as well as to the importance of education. MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA Rizal wrote his memoirs from 1872- 1881, composed of 8 chapters spanning his childhood to his days as a student in Manila. A full translation of the document was made by the Jose Rizal National Centennial Commission and is available in various sources. MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA – CHAPTER 1 ❖ Rizal’s Childhood in Calamba providing a personal description of the place including their house and their lifestyle. ❖ Notable event in this chapter is the death of Concha (Concepcion, Rizal’s sister) for whom Rizal shed his first tears. RIZAL’S FAMILY ❖ Rizal's father, Francisco Mercado, was a wealthy farmer who leased lands from the Dominican friars. Francisco's earliest ancestors were Siang-co and Zun-nio, who later gave birth to Lam-co, who is said to have come from the district of Fujian in southern China and migrated to the Philippines in the late 1600s. RIZAL’S FAMILY ❖ Rizal's father, Francisco Mercado, was a wealthy farmer who leased lands from the Dominican friars. Francisco's earliest ancestors were Siang-co and Zun-nio, who later gave birth to Lam-co, who is said to have come from the district of Fujian in southern China and migrated to the Philippines in the late 1600s. RIZAL’S FAMILY ❖ Being in a privileged family, Francisco Mercado (1818-1898) had a good education that started in a Latin school in Biñan. Afterwards, he attended the College of San Jose in Manila. In 1848, Francisco married Teodora Alonso (1826-1911) who belonged to one of the wealthiest families in Manila. RIZAL’S FAMILY ❖ Rizal described her mother as "a woman of more than ordinary culture" and that she is "a mathematician and has read many books" (Letter to Blumentritt, November 8, 1888). Because of Francisco and Teodora's industry and hard work, their family became a prominent member of the principalia class in the town of Calamba. MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA – CHAPTER 2 ❖ Rizal’s first time away from home when he was sent to study in Biñan, Laguna, as well as his daily routines as a student. ❖ This chapter is full of Rizal’s longing for his family and his hometown. RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION ❖ As a young boy, Rizal demonstrated intelligence and learned easily. His first teacher was Doña Teodora who taught him how to pray. He was only three years old when he learned the alphabet. RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION ❖ His first private tutor was Maestro Celestino followed by Maestro Lucas Padua but it was Leon Monroy, his third tutor, who honed his skills in basic Latin, reading, and writing. This home education from private tutors prepared Rizal to formal schooling which he first experienced in Biñan. RIZAL’S EARLY EDUCATION ❖ At the age of nine, Rizal left Calamba with his brother to study in Biñan.They went to the house of their aunt where Rizal stayed for more than a year. Before leaving his brother, Paciano introduced Rizal to the teacher, Justiniano Aquino Cruz, who was also Paciano's former teacher. MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA – CHAPTER 3 ❖ Rizal’s memories of the events that transpired between 1871-1872 particularly his mother’s case. ❖ The event really devastated Rizal since his mother was taken away and imprisoned, leaving them without guidance. MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA – CHAPTER 4-5 ❖ Rizal recounts his time as a student in Manila especially at the Ateneo Municipal under Jesuit priests. ❖ In here, he states the different rules implemented by Ateneo to ensure the competitiveness of its students, as well as the different books that he read that influenced his own writing.  RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION ❖ At the start, Rizal lagged behind his classmates but because of his perseverance and seriousness in studies, he became the "emperor," a title given to the most outstanding student in class, in just a month's time. ❖ Rizal appreciated his time under Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez who inspired him to study harder and write poetry. RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION ❖ He was also able to meet Fr. Jose Villaclara who encouraged Rizal to study Philosophy and Natural Sciences. ❖ Rizal studied at Ateneo from 1872-1877. He passed the oral examination on March 14, 1877 and graduated with a degree Bachiller en Artes (Bachelor of Arts), with the highest honors. RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION ❖ Rizal still pursued university education and enrolled in UST. During his freshman year (1877-1878), he attended the course Philosophy and Letters. Also in the same year, he took up a vocational course in Ateneo that gave him the title perito agrimensor (expert surveyor) issued on November 25, 1881 RIZAL’S HIGHER EDUCATION ❖ In his second year at UST, Rizal shifted his course to Medicine. He was a good student in Medicine but not as gifted as he was in Arts and Letters. Despite this, he was still one of the seven students who remained in the course in his last year at UST out of the original batch of twenty-four (1882). MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA – CHAPTER 6 ❖ This chapter is dedicated to Segunda Katigbak, Rizal’s first love. Rizal, however, remembers this period of his life with bitterness. ❖ They were both young and Segunda was already engaged to someone else when they met. MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA – CHAPTER 8 ❖ Rizal recalls the fable of the lamp. This story is very important since it captures Rizal’s symbolic representation of the light. RIZAL IN EUROPE ❖ In 1882, he was sent to Europe by his brother Paciano with the task to observe the life, culture, languages and customs, industries and laws of different European countries. ❖ Rizal enrolled Medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November 8, 1882.  RIZAL IN EUROPE ❖ While studying medicine, he also studied French, German, and English at the Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando and fencing and shooting at the Hall of Arms of Sanz y Carboneil. RIZAL IN EUROPE: GERMAN SCHOLARSHIP ❖ From the article Rizal Reading Pigafetta from the book Waiting for Mariang Makiling: Essays in Philippine Cultural History by Resil Mojares; he enumerated the different scholars whom Rizal met through the help of Ferdinand Blumentritt. Hendrik Kern, professor Adolf Bernhard Meyer, Wilhelm Joest, of Sanskrit at the director of the professor at the University of Leiden Enthnographic Museum in University of Berlin Dresden  Fedor Jagor, a Rudolf Virchow, president of naturalist who travelled Berline Society for Anthropology, to Southeast Asia Ethnology and Prehistory  RIZAL IN EUROPE: GERMAN SCHOLARSHIP ❖ Rizal was able to associate himself with academic organizations in Germany such as Geographical Society in Berlin and the Anthropological Society founded by Virchow and Adolf Bastian. ❖ He was able to immerse himself in the potential of social sciences especially in studying the Filipino past, culture, and identity.  RIZAL IN EUROPE: GERMAN SCHOLARSHIP ❖ Some of the notable works he produced in the social sciences were his annotations of Sucesos de Las Islas Filipinas by Antonio de Morga, The Indolence of the Filipinos, and his planned organization Association Internationale des Philippinestes.  RIZAL IN EUROPE: GERMAN SCHOLARSHIP ❖ Through his planned organization Association Internationale des Philippinestes, Rizal divided Philippine History in three periods: precolonial Philippines, the loss of Philippine Autonomy from 1521-1808, and from 1808 to the Cavite Mutiny in 1872 (known as Tripartite View of PH History).  RIZAL IN EUROPE: GERMAN SCHOLARSHIP ❖ The Katipuneros under Bonifacio incorporated tripartite view in the KKK’s initiation process. ❖ Liwanag – precolonial period ❖ Dilim – Spanish colonial period ❖ Muling Liwanag – period of liberation from Spain RIZAL’S SCHOLARSHIP ❖ Rizal being a doctor greatly influenced his writing and analysis of the situation in the Philippines. It was evident in his essay The Indolence of the Filipinos, where he referred to the country as a body that could experience sickness and decay but could be healed. RIZAL’S SCHOLARSHIP ❖ In the Chapter 7 of El Filibusterismo, Simoun debated whether he would simply do his part as a professional or engage actively in treating the social ills infecting the country.  RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT ❖ The propaganda movement in Spain influenced Rizal especially with the establishment of La Solidaridad in 1889. ❖ Rizal actively participated in asking for reforms and writing articles for the Soli.  RIZAL AND THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT ❖ Due to internal politics and incident in Calamba from 1887-1888, Rizal eventually dissociated himself with the reform movement and took on a more radical stance regarding the emancipation of the country.  RIZAL we AND THE SUFFERINGS OF THE FILIPINOS ❖ One of the greatest influences in Rizal’s life—the suffering of Filipino people under Spain. ❖ Rizal had always been emphatic about the situation of his countrymen and it grew exponentially when the people of his town, including his family were unjustly persecuted.