FG10 Organs and Systems PDF

Organ Systems Hierarchy of structure: Organ system: A collection of organs that work together to perform a major vital bodily function (ie, digestive system, circulatory system) Organ: A structure composed of different types o...

Organ Systems Hierarchy of structure: Organ system: A collection of organs that work together to perform a major vital bodily function (ie, digestive system, circulatory system) Organ: A structure composed of different types of tissues that work together to perform a complex bodily function (Ex, heart, liver) Tissue: A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function (Ex, Muscle tissues) What are epithelial tissues? A thin sheet of tightly packed cells that covers body surfaces and lines internal organs and body cavities (ie skin, lining of the digestive system) What are connective tissues? Specialized tissues that provide support and protection for various parts of the body (ie bones, tendons, blood) What are muscle tissues? Specialized tissues containing proteins that contract and enable the body to move (ie, some muscles, heart) What are nerve tissues? Specialized tissues that conduct electrical signals from one part of the body to another (ie, brain, nerves in sensory organs) What is cellular differentiation? The process of how cells become specialized to perform specific functions. Directed by genetic information inside the cell What are stem cells? Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can divide to form specialized cells. What are embryonic stem cells? Obtained from fertilized human embryos, embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any kind of cell. What is regeneration? The ability of a tissue to repair itself. Skin, muscle, and bone regrow and head. Nerve cells, however, never completely regenerate. Define photosynthesis. The process in which plants use carbon, water, and sunlight to make their own food (glucose). Define cellular respiration. The process in which plants use oxygen to break apart glucose and release stored energy, producing carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis: Carbon dioxide + water + light energy = glucose + oxygen 6 CO + 6 H₂O + light energy = C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ Cellular Respiration: Glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy C₆H₁₂O₆+ 6 O₂= 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis complementary? The products of each are the reactants of the other What are the different types of tissues? Epithelial tissue Covers and protects the surfaces of the body, like the skin and lining of the organs. Connective tissue Supports and holds everything together (bones, blood, fat). Muscle tissue Helps the body move. There’s skeletal (moves bones(, cardiac (only heart), and smooth (in organs). Nervous tissue Sends and receives messages throughout the body (brain, spine, and nerves) What is the digestive system? The organ system responsible for taking in breaking up, and digesting food and excreting waste. Includes moth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder. The digestive tract is lined with epithelial tissue and goblet cells that secrete mucus. The digestive system: Takes in, breaks up, and digests food and excretes waste | The mouth Starts the process by breaking down food mechanically (teeth and tongue) and chemically (with chemicals called enzymes that break apart the molecules of food) | The esophagus A muscular tube connecting your mouth to your stomach. Has smooth muscle tissues that can contract and relax to slowly move the food along the stomach in a movement called peristalsis | The stomach The main function is to hold food and churn it to continue the act of digestion. The stomach lining has cells that produce enzymes and acids (HCL). Smooth muscle tissue contracts to mix the stomach contents | The small intestine About 6m long and narrow, it’s where most digestion occurs. Goblet cells release mucus, and nutrients diffuse through the wall of the small intestines | The large intestine Also known as the colon, it’s about 1.5 m long but larger in diameter than the small intestine. Its lining absorbs water from the indigestible good. The remaining solid matter is excreted as feces | Liver and gallbladder Liver produces bile, a fluid that helps breakdown fats in our food. The gallbladder stores the bile when it’s not in use. These substances are delivered into the digestive tract, where they mix with the partially digested good | Pancreas Produces insulin, which regulates the concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood The respiratory system: The respiratory system provides oxygen for the body and allows carbon dioxide to exit the body | Lungs 2 spongy organs in your chest that are responsible for helping you breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. | Bronchi Large tubes that connect to your trachea and direct the air you breathe into your right and left lungs. Bronchi is the plural of bronchus. | Bronchioles Bronchi branch off into smaller passageways called bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole is a tiny air sac called alveoli | Diaphragm A large sheet of dome-shaped muscle underneath the lungs. When you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts, pushing downwards for your lungs to expand. When you breathe out, the diaphragm relaxes, returning into it’s dome-like position and pushing the air out of your lungs | Alveoli Tiny sacs of air in the lungs surrounded by a network of capillaries, where gas exchange takes place between air and the blood. Explain gas exchange Alveoli has oxygen, which is needed by the body. Capillaries surrounding the alveoli have carbon dioxide (which they need to remove), and need oxygen to stay healthy. By the rules of diffusion, the oxygen in the alveoli will diffuse into the blood in the capillaries, thus making it oxygenated, and the CO2 in the blood will diffuse into the alveoli, where it will be breathed out next time you exhale How is breathing controlled? Breathing is controlled involuntarily. It’s controlled by a part of the brain that detects concentration of CO2 in the blood. What is one disease of the respiratory system? Tuberculosis is an infectious disease, caused by bacteria that enter your body when you breathe. The symptoms include fever, cough, weight loss, tiredness, and chest pain and can be fatal. A chest X-ray is one of the tests used to diagnose TB What are cilia? The trachea contains many epithelial cells that have hair like projections called cilia. Cilia help filter out and remove foreign materials (such as dust) that might otherwise enter the bronchial tubes and lungs What is the pathway air takes through the respiratory tract? It enters through the mouth and nose, passes through the pharynx (throat) and travels down the trachea (windpipe). The trachea separates into 2 branches called bronchi. The musculoskeletal system: The organ system made of bones and skeletal muscle, that supports the body, protects delicate organs, and makes movement possible. Muscles pull, but can’t push, so skeletal muscles always work in opposing pairs/groups. | \ The skeleton Split into 2 parts, the axial and appendicular skeleton: The axial skeleton is the 80 bones of the upper body, including the skull, ribs, and breastbone. The arm and shoulder bones are suspended from it. The appendicular skeleton has another 126 bones: the arm and shoulder bones, leg bones and hip bones (Most females have smaller and lighter skeletons than males. The female pelvis (hip bone) is much wider than the male pelvis, because the opening has to be wide enough for a baby to get through when it is born) | Bone tissue Hard and dense. Consists of bone cells within a matrix of minerals (mainly Ca and P), and collagen fibers. Canals inside bones contain nerves and blood vessels. | Ligaments Tough, elastic connective tissues that hold bones together at the joints. They are mostly made up of long fibers of collagen. (Supports organs such as the liver, bladder, and uterus) | Cartilage Dense connective tissue found in ear, nose, esophagus, and the disks between our vertebrae and joints. Provides strong, flexible support for bones and other tissues | femur The bone in our upper leg (thighbone) | tibia The bone in our lower leg (shin) | Tendons Similar to but less elastic than ligaments. Each end of a skeletal muscle is connected by tendons to different bones. \ | Muscle tissue Consist of long cells called muscle fibers that have specialized proteins. What is osteoporosis? A disease more common in older women. Involves loss of bone tissue making them brittle and weak. Calcium and Vitamin D help prevent, and bone density tests help diagnose. It’s irreversible. The Nervous system Senses the environment and coordinates an appropriate response. | Brain In your head, processes info from your senses, coordinates movement, and controls thoughts and emotions. Sends messages to the rest of your body. | Spinal cord Long, tube-like structure made up of the nerves that run down your back isnide the spine. Connects the brain to the rest of the body. Spinal cord + brain = Central nervous system | Peripheral nerves Nerves outside of your brain and spinal cord. Connect your spinal cord and brain to the rest of your body (muscles, skin, organs). Helps you feel sensations. | Cerebrospinal fluid A fluid that protects your central nervous system from injury. | Nerves Bundles of special cells called neurons, surrounded by connective tissue. They send info through the body by electric signals. They do not easily regenerate Sensory receptors. Sensory receptors are special cells or tissues that receive input from the external environment and send signals to the central nervous system. Information from different sensory receptors goes to specific parts of the brain. What are reflexes? Actions that do not require the involvement of the brain. They occur wuthout conscious thought. How do your muscles get Oxygen? The connection between the Respiratory and Circulatory systems: We breathe in oxygen (it enters the respiratory system) It enters our lungs and gets transferred from ALVEOLI to CAPILLARIES and is now in the circulatory system. Red blood cells carry oxygen to muscle cells How do your muscles get Glucose (food) and water? The connection between the Digestive and Circulatory systems We eat food which gives us glucose (energy) and we drink water, which enters the digestive system through the mouth. As it moves through the digestive system, it gets broken down. The SMALL INTESTINE is surrounded by CAPILLARIES. Nutrients diffuse into the blood to transport to your muscle cells. The LARGE INTESTINE is also surrounded by CAPILLARIES. Water diffuses into the blood to transport to your muscle cells. What is asthma? Why do people who have it have trouble breathing? Asthma is a chronic condition that affects the airways in the lungs, causing them to become inflamed and narrow. This makes it difficult for air to flow in and out of the lungs. Circulatory system Transports oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and carries away wastes | Blood What are the components of the blood? Red blood cells Contains a protein called hemoglobin, which allow them to transport oxygen around the body (About 50% of the blood) White blood cells Infection-fighting cells that recognize and destroy invading bacteria and cells (About 1%) Platelets Tiny cells that help in blood clotting (Or coagulation, a process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured) (About 1%) Plasma Plasma is a protein rich liquid part of the blood (about 50%) | The heart A muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. The heart is made up of three different types of tissue: cardiac muscle tissue, nerve tissue, and connective tissue. Cardiac Muscle Tissue is a special type of muscle found only in the heart. All the cardiac muscle tissue of the heart contracts at the same time. This makes the heart contract and moves the blood around the body | Blood vessels Type Description Function Arteries Large and thick Carries blood away from the muscular walls. No heart (A for away) under high valves. Usually has pressure to body parts. oxygen-rich blood Muscular wall squeezes blood from the heart. If it had valves or thinner walls it would break. Veins Large, but Carries blood towards the thinner-than-artery walls. heart under low pressure Has valves. Usually from body parts. Valves help oxygen-poor blood prevent backflow. Capillaries Tiny and thin wall Allows the exchange of gasses, (1-epithelial cell wall). nutrients, and wastes between the body and body tissues. Thin wall works for diffusion. What are the exceptions to the artery-vein rule? Normally, arteries contain oxygen-rich blood, and veins contain oxygen-poor blood. However, there are two exceptions to this rule: your pulmonary arteries carry oxygen-poor blood, and your pulmonary veins carry oxygen-rich blood Coronary Artery Disease vs Heart Attack CHD occurs when arteries become partially blocked with plaque (consists of fat, cholesterol, and calcium). It can be caused by genetics or poor lifestyle choices. It’s diagnosed by an angiogram. On the other hand, a heart attack is when the heart muscles stop receiving the oxygen and nutrients they need. The heart stops pumping, and its tissues begin to die. Symptoms are chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, and sweating. It’s diagnostic test is an electrocardiogram (ECG)