Female Reproductive System PDF

Prepared by Prof. dr Hanan Elsayed The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within many organs which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. External genitalia. Internal genitalia. Also, the mammary glands and bony pelvis are part of female reproductive a...

Prepared by Prof. dr Hanan Elsayed The reproductive system or genital system is a system of sex organs within many organs which work together for the purpose of sexual reproduction. External genitalia. Internal genitalia. Also, the mammary glands and bony pelvis are part of female reproductive anatomy. Mons Pubis (Mons veneris) - A mass of fatty tissue covered by skin and hair and overlies the symphysis pubis. Labia Majora Two folds of skin on either side of the vaginal orifice. Each labium major contains a mass of fat and the skin is covered with hair. Each labium major contains sebaceous and sweat glands Labia Minora Two thin flaps of pigmented skin lying within the labia majora on either side of the vaginal orifice. Clitoris It is the homologue of the penis, lies in front of the symphysis pubis and attached to it by ligament. Vestibule The external urethral meatus Skene's glands: two paraurethral ducts which open in the floor of the urethra a few millimeters from the external meatus. Bartholin glands: two glands open in the floor of the vestibule. The Skene's and Bartholin glands are each paired glands whose secretions moisten the vaginal mucosa and raise the PH of the vaginal secretions during sexual intercourse to enhance sperm motility. It is a fold of mucous membrane at the introitus. Hymens can come in different shapes. The most common hymen is shaped like a half moon (annular hymen). This shape allows menstrual blood to flow out of a girl's vagina. - Imperforate hymen: An imperforate hymen is a thin membrane that completely covers the opening to a young girl's. Menstrual blood cannot flow out of the vagina. This usually causes the blood to back up into the vagina and the abdomen resulting in abdominal and/or back pain. - Micro perforate hymen: A micro perforate hymen is a thin membrane that almost completely covers the opening to a young girl's vagina. Some menstrual blood may be able to flow out of the vagina but the opening is very small. - Septate hymen: A septate hymen is when the thin hymenal membrane has a band of extra tissue in the middle that causes two small vaginal openings instead of one. It extends from the fourchette anteriorly to the anus posteriorly. It varies in length from (2 to5 cm). It is composed of fibrous and muscular tissues that provide support for pelvic structures. Vagina Elastic fibro muscular tube extends from the cervix to the vulva. The vagina is located posterior to the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.  Hollow pear muscular organ located inside the pelvis between the urinary bladder anteriorly and the rectum posteriorly.  The normal position of the uterus is anteverted anteflexed, measures about 7.5, 5, 2.5cm, weighs about 50-70 gm. in the non-pregnant state. Cervix: is the channel that connects the vagina and uterus. The cervix has external os which open in the vagina and internal os which open into the uterine Uterine isthmus: It is the lower portion of the uterus which connects the cervix to the main body of the uterus. During pregnancy and childbirth the uterine isthmus referred to as the lower uterine segment. Corpus: The corpus is the main body of the uterus. Fundus: Is the topmost section of the uterus. Perimetrium: The outer Layer Myometrium: The middle layer, which is called the muscular layer, Endometrium: The inner layer, which builds a lining periodically which if no pregnancy occurs, it is shed. - Implantation of fertilized ovum in the endometrium. - Providing nourishment for the developing fetus. - Expand during pregnancy and expel the fetus during labor.  - Two very fine tubes lined with ciliated epithelia, leading from the ovaries to the cornua of the uterus. - Tubes are about 8-14 cm long. Fallopian tube is the site where fertilization occurs Two sex glands, are located on either side of the uterus. They are similar to almonds in size and shape. The ovaries are supported by the broad and ovarian ligaments. ❑ Production and releasing of ova. ❑ Secretion of estrogen and progesterone hormones ❑ Regulate the menstrual cycle until menopause.  Hip bones: Innominate bones. Each one is composed of an ilium, ischium and a pubic bone Sacrum: solid bone formed from the five fused sacral vertebrae.. Coccyx: set of fused bones, 4-5 in number that articulate with the sacrum - Supports the weight of the body. - Protects and supports the lower organs, as urinary bladder, reproductive organs and the developing fetus in a pregnant woman. - One symphysis pubis: Between the two pubic bones at the front of the pelvis - Two sacro-iliac joints: between the sacrum and the ilium. - One sacrococcygeal joint: between the sacrum and the coccyx - Gynecoid pelvis: true female pelvis, has rounded brim, wide sciatic notch, pubic arch of 90. - Android pelvis: male pelvis, has heart-shaped brim, the angle of the pubic arch is less 90. - Anthropoid pelvis: has long, oval brim, the anteroposterior diameter is longer than the transverse, very wide sciatic notch. - Platypelloid pelvis: has kidney-shaped brim, the anteroposterior diameter is reduced and the transverse increased