Summary

This document provides a detailed overview of DNA structure and replication. It covers experiments, components and rules of base composition that were critical to early research into DNA.

Full Transcript

Chapter 7. DNA Structure and Replication - The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics - Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material - Nucleic Acid Chemistry Essential to DNA Structure - Structure of DNA Key to Its Function - Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA Criteria for Ge...

Chapter 7. DNA Structure and Replication - The Genetic Material Must Exhibit Four Characteristics - Evidence Favoring DNA as the Genetic Material - Nucleic Acid Chemistry Essential to DNA Structure - Structure of DNA Key to Its Function - Structure of RNA Is Chemically Similar to DNA Criteria for Genetic Material  To serve as genetic material, molecule must be able to: – Replicate – Store information – Express information – Allow variation by mutation Rediscovery of Mendel  In 1900, Mendel’s hereditary principles were rediscovered  In 1903, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri independently described the parallels between chromosome partitioning into gametes and the inheritance of genes 3 DNA as the Candidate Hereditary Material  In 1923, DNA was localized to chromosomes and made a candidate for the hereditary material  However, both proteins and RNA are also found in chromosomes  Lipids and carbohydrates were also considered to be candidates 4 © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. Appearance of smooth versus rough colonies of Pneumococcus. S (smooth) strain: virulent R (rough) strain: avirulent 5 The Transformation Factor  Frederick Griffith identified two strains of Pneumococcus: S, which caused fatal pneumonia in mice, and R, which did not  A single gene mutation change can convert an S (smooth) strain to an R (rough) strain 6 Griffith’s Transformation Experiment  Frederick Griffith (1927) – Showed avirulent strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be transformed to virulence – Speculated transforming principle could be part of polysaccharide capsule or compound required for capsule synthesis – Provided foundation for Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty’s research Griffith’s Transformation Experiment Frederick Griffith (1927), British medical officer Streptococcus pneumonia, Polysaccharide capsule Figure 7-2  In the 1940s, geneticists favored proteins as genetic material – Proteins were diverse and abundant in cells The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment 1944 DNA is the hereditary molecule Figure 7-2  Hershey and Chase (1952) – Used Escherichia coli and bacteriophage T2 – Used radioisotopes 32P and 35S – Demonstrated DNA enters bacterial cell during infection an directs viral reproduction – Demonstrated that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material The Hershey-Chase Experiment 1952 Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase experiments in 1952 Radioisotope phosphorous 32P for DNA Radioisotope sulfur 35S for protein Figure 7-4  Genetic material of phage is DNA not protein DNA Nucleotides  Nucleotides – Nucleotides are building blocks of DNA  Nucleotides consist of: – Nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine) – Pentose sugar – Phosphate group Pentose sugar  RNA contains ribose sugar  DNA contains deoxyribose – “Deoxy” (without an oxygen) RNA DNA Nitrogenous base (purine or pyrimidine) RNA only (six-member ring) (nine-member ring) DNA only Composition and Structure of DNA (nine-member ring) Hydroxyl group Hydrogen atom (six-member ring) Figure 7-5 Nucleosides and Nucleotides  Nucleoside – Contains nitrogenous base and pentose sugar – Molecule is composed of purine or pyrimidine base and ribose or deoxyribose sugar  Nucleotide – Nucleoside with phosphate group added Mono-, Di-, and Triphosphates  Nucleoside monophosphates (NMP) – A nucleotide  Nucleoside diphosphates (NDP) – Nucleotide with addition of two phosphate groups  Nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) – Nucleotide with addition of three phosphate groups  Phosphodiester bonds – Nucleotides are linked by phosphodiester bonds between phosphate group at C-5 position and OH group on C-3 position Erwin Chargaff’s rules of base composition (1952): 1. The amount of T = A, the amount of C = G 2. The amount of pyrimidine nucleotides (T+C) = purine (A+G) Rosalind Franklin’s critical experimental result Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920 – 1958), British biophysicist and X-ray crystallographer X-ray diffraction analysis of DNA  DNA is long and skinny  Two similar parts parallel to each other  Spiral-like X-Ray Diffraction  Base composition analysis (Chargaff) and Xray diffraction provided crucial data to Watson and Crick  X-ray diffraction – Studies by Rosalind Franklin (1950–1953) showed DNA had a 3.4-angstrom periodicity, characteristic of helical structure Watson and Crick, 1953 Proposed structure of DNA as a double helix The first model of DNA  Watson and Crick model (1953)  Proposed DNA as: – Double helix – Two anti-parallel strands connected by base pairing – Stacked nitrogenous bases James Watson and Francis Crick -- Nobel Prize 1962. Figure 7-7 Base pairing in DNA Base Pairing – Hydrogen Bonds  Chemical affinity produces hydrogen bonds in pair of bases – A-T and G-C base pairing provides complementarity of two strands and chemical stability to the helix – A-T: Double bond – G-C: Triple bond Figure 10-14 Note direction of DNA strands: 5’-3’ The two backbones are antiparallel Backbone: sugar + phosphate Base pairing: A – T (purine – pyrimidine) 2 hydrogen bonds G – C (purine – pyrimidine) 3 hydrogen bonds DNA Structure Summary - Frederick Griffith’s Transformation Experiment (1927) - The Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty Experiment (1944) - The Hershey-Chase Experiment (1952) - Erwin Chargaff’s rules of base composition (1952) - Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray diffraction data (1950–1953) - Watson and Crick proposed DNA a double helix (1953) James Watson and Francis Crick -- Nobel Prize 1962. End of Part 1

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