Parasitology - علم الطفيليات PDF

Parasitology - ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻄﻔﯿﻠﯿﺎت‬ INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY ‫ ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬ Symbiosis: A relationship between two different species living closely and for a long term. :‫ﺗﻛﺎﻓل‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻧوﻋﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﯾن ﯾﻌﯾﺷﺎن ﺑﺷﻛل وﺛﯾﻖ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ...

Parasitology - ‫ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﻄﻔﯿﻠﯿﺎت‬ INTRODUCTION TO PARASITOLOGY ‫ ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬ Symbiosis: A relationship between two different species living closely and for a long term. :‫ﺗﻛﺎﻓل‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﯾن ﻧوﻋﯾن ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﯾن ﯾﻌﯾﺷﺎن ﺑﺷﻛل وﺛﯾﻖ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣدى‬.‫اﻟطوﯾل‬ 2 There are three degrees of symbiosis : :‫ھﻧﺎك ﺛﻼث درﺟﺎت ﻣن اﻟﺗﻌﺎﯾش‬ 1. Commensalism: ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻓﻠﯿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻛﺎﻓﻠﯾﺔ‬.١  The host provides the habitat and ‫ ﯾوﻓر اﻟﻌﺎﺋل اﻟﻣوطن واﻟﻐذاء‬ food for its commensal (symbiont), ‫ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﯾش‬، (‫ﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺄﺗﮫ )اﻟﺗﻌﺎﯾش‬ which live without benefit or harm to.‫دون ﻓﺎﺋدة أو ﺿرر ﻟﮭﺎ‬ it. ‫ اﻟﻣﺗﻌﺎﯾﺷون ﯾﻌﺗﻣدون ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ‬  The symbionts are physiologically ‫اﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل ﻟوﺟوده‬ dependent on the host for its.‫ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل ﻟﯾس ﻛذﻟك‬، existence, while the host is not. ‫)ﺑﻌض اﻷوﻟﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﮭﺿﻣﯾﺔ‬ (Certain protozoa in the alimentary (‫ﻟﻺﻧﺳﺎن‬ canal of man) 3 2. Mutualism: ‫ﺗﺒﺎدل ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ‬ A relationship in which both the host and the symbiont are physiologically dependent upon each other and the relationship is mutually beneficial. (termites and their intestinal protozoa) ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ واﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﯿﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﻌﺾ‬ (‫ )اﻟﻨﻤﻞ اﻷﺑﯿﺾ واﻷوﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻮﻳﺔ‬.‫وﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻔﯿﺪة ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ‬ 3. Parasitism: ‫ﺗﻄﻔﻞ‬ A relationship in which the symbiont is physiologically dependent on the host. The host provides the food and shelter for the parasite and the parasite always causes some degree of damage to the host. ‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻄﻌﺎم‬.‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﯿﺔ اﻟﻔﺴﯿﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ ً ‫ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ اﻟﻄﻔﯿﻞ داﺋ‬، ‫واﻟﻤﺄوى ﻟﻠﻄﻔﯿﻠﻲ‬. ‫ﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻀﺮر ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋﻞ‬ 4 Parasitism ‫اﻟﺗطﻔل‬  A form of symbiosis in which one organism (parasite) benefits at the ‫ﺷﻛل ﻣن أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﺗﻌﺎﯾش ﯾﺳﺗﻔﯾد ﻓﯾﮫ ﻛﺎﺋن‬ expense of another organism of ‫ﺣﻲ )طﻔﯾﻠﻲ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺳﺎب ﻛﺎﺋن ﺣﻲ آﺧر‬ different species (host)..(‫ﻣن أﻧواع ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ )ﻋﺎﺋل‬  A parasite: is an organism that lives on or ‫ ﻛﺎﺋن ﺣﻲ ﯾﻌﯾش داﺧل أو داﺧل‬:‫طﻔﯾﻠﻲ‬ inside another organism: the host (‫ )اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬:‫ﻛﺎﺋن ﺣﻲ آﺧر‬  A parasite has different life stages that need ‫ﯾﻣﺗﻠك اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﻲ ﻣراﺣل ﺣﯾﺎة ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﯾﺣﺗﺎج‬ more than one host (in most cases) for ‫إﻟﻰ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﻋﺎﺋل واﺣد )ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌظم‬ completion of life cycle e.g. Plasmodium ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل‬، ‫اﻟﺣﺎﻻت( ﻹﻛﻣﺎل دورة ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮫ‬ falciparum ‫ اﻟﻣﺗﺻورة اﻟﻣﻧﺟﻠﯾﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬  Human Parasites have various ‫اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ ﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﺎت‬ classifications, characteristics, and life.‫وﺧﺻﺎﺋص ودورات ﺣﯾﺎة ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ cycles. 5  TYPES OF PARASITES ‫أﻧواع اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬ I. According to the location in the : ‫ ﺣﺳب اﻟﻣوﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬-۱ host: ‫ ﺗﻌﯾش ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬۱ 1) Ectoparasites: live on the external ‫اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻌﺎﺋل أو ﻓﻲ‬ surface of the body of the host or in ‫اﻟﺗﺟﺎوﯾف اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﻔﺗﺢ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ )اﻟدﯾدان اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺔ أﺣﺎدﯾﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺳطﺢ‬ cavities that open directly onto the ‫اﻟﺟﯾن وﺑﻌض اﻟﺣﺷرات واﻟﻘﻣل‬ surface. (Monogenetic trematodes & (‫واﻟﻌث‬ some insects, lice & mite) ‫ ﺗﻌﯾش ﻓﻲ‬:‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬۲ 2) Endoparasites: live in the internal ‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺋل ﻣﺛل اﻟﻘﻧﺎة‬ organs of the hosts such as alimentary ‫اﻟﮭﺿﻣﯾﺔ أو اﻟرﺋﺗﯾن أو اﻟﻛﺑد أو أي‬ canal, lungs, liver, any tissues, cells or ‫أﻧﺳﺟﺔ أو ﺧﻼﯾﺎ أو ﺗﺟﺎوﯾف داﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ internal closed cavities. (Fasciola & ‫ )اﻟﻣﺗورﻗﺔ واﻟﺑﻠﮭﺎرﺳﯾﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺔ‬ (‫واﻟﺟﯾﺎردﯾﺎ واﻹﺳﻛﺎرﯾس‬ Schistosoma, Giardia & Ascaris) 6 II. According to the amount of time ‫وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻣﻘدار اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي ﯾﻘﺿﯾﮫ ﻓﻲ‬II. spent in or on the host: :‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋل أو ﻋﻠﯾﮫ‬ 1) Temporary parasites: visit the host only for feeding (Leeches & some ‫ زﯾﺎرة اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬:‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣؤﻗﺗﺔ‬١ insects). ‫ﻓﻘط ﻟﻠﺗﻐذﯾﺔ )اﻟﻌﻠﻘﺎت وﺑﻌض‬.(‫اﻟﺣﺷرات‬ 2) Periodic parasites: spend part of their life cycle on/or in the host and ‫ ﺗﻘﺿﻲ ﺟز ًءا‬:‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟدورﯾﺔ‬۲ then leave it to complete its life as ‫ أو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬/ ‫ﻣن دورة ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ nonparasitic.(boot flies & mermithid ‫ﺛم ﺗﺗرﻛﮭﺎ ﺗﻛﻣل ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﮭﺎ ﻏﯾر‬ nematodes) ‫طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت )ذﺑﺎب اﻟﺣذاء وﻧﯾﻣﺎﺗودا‬.(‫ﺣورﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﺣر‬ 3) Permanent parasites: spend their entire life in hosts except while ‫ ﺗﻘﺿﻲ ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬:‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟداﺋﻣﺔ‬۳ transferring from one host to another. ‫ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌواﺋل إﻻ أﺛﻧﺎء اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل ﻣن‬ (trematodes, cestodes & nematodes) ‫ )اﻟدﯾدان اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺔ‬.‫ﻋﺎﺋل إﻟﻰ آﺧر‬ (‫واﻟدﯾدان اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺔ واﻟدﯾدان اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺔ‬ 7  ‫ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎدھم اﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‬ III. According to their physiological :‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬ dependance on the host: ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﻌﯾش‬: ‫( طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت إﺟﺑﺎرﯾﺔ‬١ 1) Obligate parasites: are unable to live without some degree of ‫ﺑدون درﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗطور ﻓﻲ أو‬ development on or in the host. (‫ )اﻟﻣﺛﻘوﺑﺔ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬ (trematodes) ‫ ھﻲ ﺗﻠك اﻟﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت‬:‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻻﺧﺗﯾﺎرﯾﺔ‬۲ 2) Facultative parasites: are those organisms that are normally free living, ، ‫اﻟﺣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﯾش ﺑﺷﻛل طﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﺑﺣرﯾﺔ‬ but are able to live as parasites in host ‫وﻟﻛﻧﮭﺎ ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﯾش ﻛطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ‬ under unfavorable environmental.‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋل ﻓﻲ ظل ظروف ﺑﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣواﺗﯾﺔ‬ conditions. (Some nematodes) (‫)ﺑﻌض اﻟدﯾدان اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺔ‬ 3) Accidental parasites: are free-living ‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻌرﺿﯾﺔ ) ﺗﺻﺎدم ﻏﯾر‬۳ organisms that can live as parasites ‫ ھﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت ﺣﯾﺔ ﺣرة ﯾﻣﻛن أن‬:( ‫ﻣﻘﺻود‬ when accidentally introduced into the ‫ﺗﻌﯾش ﻛطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻋﻧد دﺧوﻟﮭﺎ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ‬ bodies of other animals. (Some ‫ )ﺑﻌض‬.‫اﻟﺧطﺄ إﻟﻰ أﺟﺳﺎم ﺣﯾواﻧﺎت أﺧرى‬ 8 nematodes) ( ‫اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟدﯾدان‬ IV. According to host and site specificity: 1) Incidental parasites: occasionally appear in unusual hosts under natural conditions. 2) Erratic or aberrant parasites: may live in unusual places (sites) in their normal host. :‫ وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺧﺻوﺻﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل واﻟﻣوﻗﻊ‬.‫راﺑﻌﺎ‬ ‫ ﺗظﮭر أﺣﯾﺎﻧًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋواﺋل‬:( ‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻌرﺿﯾﺔ ) ﺗﺻﺎدم ﻏﯾر ﻣﻘﺻود‬۱.‫ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ظل ظروف طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗد ﺗﻌﯾش ﻓﻲ أﻣﺎﻛن )ﻣواﻗﻊ( ﻏﯾر‬:‫( اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺔ أو اﻟﺷﺎذة‬۲.‫ﻣﻌﺗﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﮭﺎ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ 9  TYPES OF HOSTS 1) Definitive host: The host in which the adult stages live or in which sexual reproduction takes place. 2) Intermediate host: The host in which the immature or larval stages of the parasite live or in which asexual reproduction occurs. : ‫أﻧواع اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬ ‫ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل اﻟذي ﺗﻌﯾش ﻓﯾﮫ ﻣراﺣل اﻟﺑﻠوغ أو اﻟذي ﯾﺣدث ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛر‬:‫( اﻟﻌﺎﺋل اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬۱.‫اﻟﺟﻧﺳﻲ‬ ‫ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل اﻟذي ﺗﻌﯾش ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﻣراﺣل ﻏﯾر اﻟﻧﺎﺿﺟﺔ أو اﻟﯾرﻗﯾﺔ ﻟﻠطﻔﯾﻠﻲ‬:‫( اﻟﻌﺎﺋل اﻟوﺳﯾط‬۲.‫أو اﻟذي ﯾﺣدث ﻓﯾﮫ اﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛر اﻟﻼﺟﻧﺳﻲ‬ 10 3) Reservoir host: The host may harbor a certain parasite and act as ‫ ﻗد ﯾﺄوي اﻟﻌﺎﺋل طﻔﯾﻠﯾًﺎ‬: ‫( ﻋﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﺧزون‬۳ definitive host in the absence of its‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧًﺎ وﯾﻌﻣل ﻛﻌﺎﺋل ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻏﯾﺎب ﻋﺎﺋﻠﮫ‬ ‫ ﯾﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟﻌﺎﺋل اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬.‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ natural definitive host. It replaces the natural host and acts as a source of.‫وﯾﻌﻣل ﻛﻣﺻدر ﻟﻠﻌدوى‬ infection. ‫طﻔﯾل اﻟ ُﻣﺳﺑب ﻟﻣرض ﻣﻌ ٍد‬ ُ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋل اﻟذي ﯾُﺧﻔﻲ اﻟ‬ 4) Vector: a Latin word meaning ‫ﻣﺎ ﻟﻔﺗرة زﻣﻧﯾﺔ طوﯾﻠﺔ‬ "carrier“, The host that mechanically or biologically transmits the parasites ‫ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬، "‫ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ ﻻﺗﯾﻧﯾﺔ ﺗﻌﻧﻲ "اﻟﻧﺎﻗل‬:‫( اﻟﻧﺎﻗل‬٤ from one host to another. ‫اﻟذي ﯾﻧﻘل اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺎ ً أو ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ ً ﻣن‬ No direct damage by vector.‫ﻋﺎﺋل إﻟﻰ آﺧر‬ EX. - The Anopheles mosquito ‫ﻻ ﺿرر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻣن ﻧﺎﻗﻼت‬ transmits Malaria, Filaria. - Sandfly transmits Leishmania ‫ ﺑﻌوﺿﺔ اﻷﻧوﻓﯾﻠﺔ ﺗﻧﻘل اﻟﻣﻼرﯾﺎ‬-.‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬ - Domestic cats - vector of Toxoplasma ‫ ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل ﺗﻧﻘل اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬-.‫واﻟﻔﯾﻼرﯾﺎ‬ gondii ‫ ﻧﺎﻗﻼت اﻟﺗوﻛﺳوﺑﻼزﻣﺎ‬- ‫ اﻟﻘطط اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﯾﺔ‬- ‫ﺟوﻧدي‬ 11  Adaptation to Parasitism  The fact that parasites undergo ‫اﻟﺗﻛﯾف ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗطﻔل‬ some degree of modification to ‫ ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ أن اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﺗﺧﺿﻊ‬ be able to live & develop ‫ﻟدرﺟﺔ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻌدﯾل ﻟﺗﻛون‬ ‫ﻗﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﯾش واﻟﺗطور‬ successfully in the environment ‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬، ‫ﺑﻧﺟﺎح ﻓﻲ ﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟظروف اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺧﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬ of the host, as well as the.‫ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬ harsh climatic conditions of the outer environment. 12 There are many forms of modifications: :‫ھﻧﺎك اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﺗﻌدﯾﻼت‬ 1- The development of some organs or ‫ ﺗطوﯾر ﺑﻌض اﻷﻋﺿﺎء أو‬-۱ organelles for attachment and penetration ‫اﻟﻌﺿﯾﺎت ﻟﻠﺗﻌﻠﻖ واﻻﺧﺗراق ﻣﺛل‬ e.g. hooks, spines, teeth, suckers, ، ‫ اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬، ‫ اﻟﻌﻣود اﻟﻔﻘري‬، ‫اﻟﺳﻧﺎﻧﯾر‬ adhesive organs, lips, glands, papillae,. ، ‫ اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ‬، ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺻون‬ …etc..‫ …إﻟﺦ‬.، ‫ اﻟﺣﻠﯾﻣﺎت‬، ‫ اﻟﻐدد‬، ‫اﻟﺷﻔﺎه‬ 2- Shape of the body, small, spindle etc. ‫ ﻣﻐزل‬، ‫ ﺻﻐﯾر‬، ‫ ﺷﻛل اﻟﺟﺳم‬-۲ 3- Modifications in the digestive system..‫ إﻟﺦ‬، (‫)ﻣﺣور‬ 4- Modifications in the reproductive.‫ ﺗﻌدﯾﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﮭﺿﻣﻲ‬-۳ system and life cycle pattern. ‫ ﺗﻌدﯾﻼت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﻲ‬-٤ 5- Large number of eggs..‫وﻧﻣط دورة اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬.‫ ﻛﺛرة اﻟﺑﯾض‬-٥ 13 6- Locomotory organs or ‫ اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ أو‬-٦ organelles..‫اﻟﻌﺿﯾﺎت‬ 7- Reduction of nervous system ‫ ﺗﺻﻐﯾر اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬-۷.‫واﻟﺣواس‬ and sense organs..‫ اﻟﺗﻛﯾﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﺳﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬-۸ 8- Physiological adaptations..‫ اﻟﺗﻛﯾﻔﺎت اﻟﺟﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬-۹ 9- Genetic adaptations. 14  TRANSMISSION OF PARASITES  Transmission of a parasite depends on ‫اﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬ the presence of: :‫ﯾﻌﺗﻣد اﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟطﻔﯾل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟود‬ I- Susceptible hosts: ‫ﻋواﺋل ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻌدوى‬ ‫ ﻋواﺋل ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬:‫ ﻋﺎﺋﻼت ﺣﺳﺎﺳﺔ‬--  Parasites generally need a specific host ‫ﻟﻠﻌدوى‬ (final or intermediate) to grow well and ‫ﺗﺣﺗﺎج اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻋﻣو ًﻣﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺋل‬ complete their life cycle. ‫ﻣﻌﯾن )ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ أو ﻣﺗوﺳط( ﻟﺗﻧﻣو ﺟﯾدًا‬.‫وﺗﻛﻣل دورة ﺣﯾﺎﺗﮭﺎ‬  The degree of host specificity varies with different parasitic species. ‫ﺗﺧﺗﻠف درﺟﺔ ﺧﺻوﺻﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬.‫ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼف اﻷﻧواع اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺔ‬ 15 II- Sources of Infection: :‫ ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻟﻌدوى‬:ً ‫ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬ 1- Food: Food containing the ‫ ﻗد ﯾﻛون اﻟﻐذاء اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي‬:‫ اﻟﻐذاء‬-۱ infective stage may be a source ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ ﻣﺻدرا‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌدوى ﺳواء أﻛل ﻧﯾﺋﺎ أو ﻣطﺑوﺧﺎ‬ of infection, whether eaten raw or.‫أو ﻣﻣﻠﺣﺎ‬ improperly cooked or salted. metacercariae ‫أ( اﻷﺳﻣﺎك ﻣﻊ‬ a) Fish with encysted ‫أو‬Heterophyes ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺻﻧﺔ ﻣن‬ metacercariae of Heterophyes or Diphillobothrium. Diphillobothrium. cysticerci of ‫ب( اﻟﻠﺣوم ﻣﻊ‬ b) Meat with cysticerci of Taenia ‫أو اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ ﻣن‬Taenia or infective stage of Trichinella. Trichinella. ‫ج( اﻟﺧﺿراوات ﻣﻊ ﺑﯾض‬ c) Vegetables with eggs of Ascaris ‫اﻷﺳﻛﺎرﯾس واﻟﻣﯾﺗﺎﺳرﻛﺎرﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺷﻔرة‬ and encysted metacercariae of.‫ﻣن اﻟﻣﺗورﻗﺔ‬ Fasciola. 16 2- Water: contaminated water with ‫ اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺔ ﺑﻣرض‬:‫ اﻟﻣﺎء‬-۲.‫ﺳرﻛﺎرﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﻠﮭﺎرﺳﯾﺎ‬ cercariae of Schistosomes. ‫ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺔ ﺑﻣﺧﻠﻔﺎت‬:‫ اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‬-۳ 3- Soil: Contaminated soil with human ‫ﺑﺷرﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﯾض‬ excreta containing eggs of Ascaris and.‫اﻷﺳﻛﺎرﯾس وﯾرﻗﺎت اﻷﻧﻛﻠﺳﺗوﻣﺎ‬ larvae of Ancylostoma. ‫ ﻗد ﺗﻛون اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬:‫ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬-٤ 4- Animals: Domestic animals may serve ‫اﻷﻟﯾﻔﺔ ﺑﻣﺛﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺻﺎدر ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬ as direct sources of infection..‫ﻟﻠﻌدوى‬ Diseases transmitted from animal to man ‫ﺗُﻌرف اﻷﻣراض اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﻣن‬ are known as zoonotic diseases, e.g. ‫اﻟﺣﯾوان إﻟﻰ اﻹﻧﺳﺎن ﺑﺎﺳم اﻷﻣراض‬ hydatid disease and visceral larva migrans ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬، ‫اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺷﺄ‬ transmitted by dogs. ‫ﻣرض اﻟﻌداري واﻟﯾرﻗﺎت اﻟﺣﺷوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﮭﺎﺟرة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﻋن طرﯾﻖ‬.‫اﻟﻛﻼب‬ 17 5- Infected persons: e.g. Enterobius. ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل‬:‫ اﻷﺷﺧﺎص اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑون‬-٥.‫ إﻧﺗروﺑﯾوس‬.‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ 6- Blood sucking arthropods: e.g. Filaria by mosquitoes :‫ ﻣﻔﺻﻠﯾﺎت اﻷرﺟل اﻟﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠدم‬-٦ ‫ اﻟﻔﯾﻼرﯾﺎ ﺑواﺳطﺔ‬.‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ 7- Blood transfusion can accidentally ‫اﻟﺑﻌوض‬ transmit infection. 8- Congenital infection & transmammary ‫ ﻗد ﯾؤدي ﻧﻘل اﻟدم إﻟﻰ ﻧﻘل اﻟﻌدوى‬-۷.‫ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﺧطﺄ‬ transmission is of special importance in protozoan infection. ‫ اﻟﻌدوى اﻟﺧﻠﻘﯾﺔ واﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل ﻋن‬-۸ ‫طرﯾﻖ اﻟﺛدي ﻟﮫ أھﻣﯾﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﻋدوى اﻟﺑروﺗوزوان‬ 18 III- Mode of transmission : ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬ ‫ طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل‬-‫ﺛﺎﻟﺛﺎ‬ The mode of parasite entry into the host through ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ دﺧول اﻟطﻔﯾل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل ﻣن ﺧﻼل‬ the following pathways: :‫اﻟﻣﺳﺎرات اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ‬ 1- Mouth: By ingesting the infective stages present ‫ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ﺗﻧﺎول اﻟﻣراﺣل اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﻔم‬-۱ in meat, fish, vegetable, water, contaminated ‫اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﺣوم واﻷﺳﻣﺎك‬ ‫واﻟﺧﺿروات واﻟﻣﯾﺎه واﻷﯾدي اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺔ‬ hands (faeco-oral route)..(‫)طرﯾﻖ اﻟﻔم اﻟﻔﻣوي‬ 2- Skin: Penetration of skin and mucous membranes by infective stages present in soil or‫ اﺧﺗراق اﻟﺟﻠد واﻷﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﺟﻠد‬-۲ ‫ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﻣراﺣل اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ‬ water. The parasite may also be introduced into ‫ﺿﺎ إدﺧﺎل اﻟطﻔﯾل‬ ً ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن أﯾ‬.‫اﻟﺗرﺑﺔ أو اﻟﻣﺎء‬ the skin through blood sucking arthropods. ‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﻠد ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻣﻔﺻﻠﯾﺎت اﻷرﺟل‬.‫اﻟﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠدم‬ 3- Inhalation: Air born infection by inhalation of infective stages. ‫ ﻋدوى ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﻋن طرﯾﻖ‬:‫ اﻻﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎق‬-۳ ‫اﻟﮭواء ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎق اﻟﻣراﺣل‬ 4- Congenital, transplacental & sexual transmission.‫اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ‬ is of greater importance in protozoan parasites. ‫ ﻋﺑر اﻟﻣﺷﯾﻣﺔ‬، ‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﺧﻠﻘﻲ‬ 19 -٤.‫واﻟﺟﻧس أﻛﺛر أھﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ‬ Parasites damage their hosts through different ‫ﺗدﻣر اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﻌﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻣن ﺧﻼل‬ mechanisms: :‫آﻟﯾﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬ 1) Generalized: Anaemia caused by blood ‫ ﻓﻘر اﻟدم اﻟﻧﺎﺟم ﻋن‬:‫( ﻣﻌﻣم‬١ sucking parasites..‫طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠدم‬ 2) Mechanical: Obstruction of ducts by large ‫ اﻧﺳداد اﻟﻘﻧوات‬:‫( ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﻲ‬۲ numbers of parasites..‫ﺑﺄﻋداد ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬ 3) Traumatic: Compression & erosion of ‫ ﺿﻐط وﺗﺂﻛل اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬:‫( اﻟﺻدﻣﺔ‬۳ epithelial tissues resulting from parasites with ‫اﻟظﮭﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟﺔ ﻋن اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬ spines, adhesive organs & cutting teeth. ‫ذات اﻟﻌﻣود اﻟﻔﻘري واﻷﻋﺿﺎء‬.‫اﻟﻼﺻﻘﺔ وﻗطﻊ اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ Chronic trauma may lead to ulceration & malignancy. ‫ﻗد ﺗؤدي اﻟﺻدﻣﺎت اﻟﻣزﻣﻧﺔ إﻟﻰ‬.‫ﺗﻘرح وأورام ﺧﺑﯾﺛﺔ‬ 20 4) Toxic: Certain parasites introduce toxic products that circulate in the ‫ ﺗدﺧل ﺑﻌض اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬:‫( ﺳﺎﻣﺔ‬٤ blood of the host and cause toxic ‫ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻧﺗﺷر ﻓﻲ دم اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬ ً ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل‬، ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼ ﺳﺎ ًﻣﺎ‬ ‫وﺗﺳﺑب‬ reaction, e.g. excretory-secretory ، ‫ ﻣﻧﺗﺟﺎت إﻓرازﯾﺔ‬.‫اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ products, enzymes secreted by certain ‫إﻧزﯾﻣﺎت ﺗﻔرزھﺎ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻏدﯾﺔ‬ gland cells or metabolites..‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ أو ﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎت‬ ‫ ﺗﺂﻛل اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‬:‫( اﻟﻧﺧر‬٥ 5) Necrosis: Tissue erosion and ‫واﻹﻧزﯾﻣﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻔرزھﺎ اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﻲ‬ enzymes elaborated by the parasite ‫ﺗدﻣﯾرا ﺧﻠوﯾًﺎ وﺗﻐﯾرات‬ ً ‫ﻗد ﺗﺳﺑب‬.‫ﻧﺧرﯾﺔ‬ may cause cellular destruction and necrotic changes. 21 6) Allergic: Circulating metabolites and foreign proteins stimulate an ‫ ﺗﺣﻔز اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎت‬:‫( اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ‬٦ allergic reaction in the form of ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺷرة واﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت اﻷﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ رد‬ urticaria, itching, bronchial asthma or ‫ﻓﻌل ﺗﺣﺳﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل ﺷرى أو‬ anaphylactic shock in severe cases. ‫ﺣﻛﺔ أو رﺑو ﻗﺻﺑﻲ أو ﺻدﻣﺔ ﺗﺄﻗﯾﺔ‬.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺷدﯾدة‬ 7) Foreign body reaction: Circulating metabolites and foreign proteins ‫ ﺗﺣﻔز‬:‫( ﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟﻐرﯾب‬۷ (antigens) stimulate cellular as well as ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﻠﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﺗداوﻟﺔ واﻟﺑروﺗﯾﻧﺎت‬ humoral immune response , ‫اﻷﺟﻧﺑﯾﺔ )اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺿدات( اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ، ‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﻠوﯾﺔ وﻛذﻟك اﻟﺧﻠطﯾﺔ‬ provoking foreign body reaction in the ‫إﺛﺎرة ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﺟﺳم ﻏرﯾب ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل‬ form of inflammation, cellular ‫اﻟﺗﮭﺎب وﺗﺳﻠل ﺧﻠوي واﻧﺗﺷﺎر ﻓﻲ‬ infiltration and proliferation at the site.‫ﻣوﻗﻊ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ of infection. 22  HOST PARASITE INTERACTION (Effect on Host) ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋل طﻔﯾﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﺋل )اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﻋﻠﻰ‬ (‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬  Parasites utilize nutrition from host resulting in damage and Loss of nutrition e.g. Iron ‫ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻌﺎﺋل‬ ‫ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠف وﻓﻘدان اﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ deficiency in hookworm infestation, ‫ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﻧﻘص اﻟﺣدﯾد ﻓﻲ اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ Vit. B12 def in Diphyllobothrium B12.‫ ﻓﯾﺗﺎﻣﯾن‬، ‫ﺑﺎﻟدﯾدان اﻟﺧطﺎﻓﯾﺔ‬ Diphyllobothrium ‫ﻧﺎﻗص ﻓﻲ‬  Morbidity ‫اﻹﻣراض‬: due to tissue injury e.g. E. ‫ ﺑﺳﺑب إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫اﻹﻣراض‬ histolytica dysentery, severe itch due to ‫ ﺣﻛﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟزﺣﺎر اﻟﻧﺳﯾﺟﻲ‬.‫ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ Enterobius vermicularis Enterobius ‫ﺷدﯾدة ﺑﺳﺑب‬ vermicularis  Mortality ‫اﻹﻣﺎﺗﺔ أو اﻟﻣوت‬: fulminant diarrhea ‫ إﺳﮭﺎل ﺣﺎد‬due to Cryptosporidium parvum ‫ اﻹﺳﮭﺎل‬:( ‫ﻣﻌدل اﻟوﻓﯾﺎت )اﻟﻣوت‬ ‫اﻟﺧﺎطف أو اﻹﺳﮭﺎل اﻟﺣﺎد ﺑﺳﺑب ﻋدوى‬ infection & hyperinfection due to ‫اﻟﻛرﯾﺑﺗوﺳﺑورﯾدﯾوم ﺑﺎرﻓوم وﻓرط‬ Strongyloides stercoralis in HIV. ‫اﻟﻌدوى ﺑﺳﺑب اﻷﺳطواﻧﯾﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﯾروس ﻧﻘص اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ‬stercoralis.‫اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ 23 SYMPTOMS ‫اﻷﻋراض‬ ‫اﻷﻋراض‬ Parasitic infection is accompanied by ‫ﯾﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﻌدوى اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻣظﺎھر‬ certain manifestations: :‫ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ 1- Leucocytosis with eosinophilia: occurs in early invasive and migratory phases ‫ ﻛﺛرة اﻟﻛرﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﯾﺿﺎء ﻣﻊ ﻓرط‬-۱ especially in helminthes infection. ‫ ﺗﺣدث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣراﺣل اﻷوﻟﻰ‬:‫اﻟﺣﻣﺿﺎت‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﻐزو واﻟﮭﺟرة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋدوى‬ 2- Monocytosis: results from stimulation.‫اﻟدﯾدان اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺔ‬ of the reticulo-endothelial system and increased phagocytosis particularly in ‫ ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋن‬:‫ ﻛﺛرة ﻣوﻧوﺳﺎﯾﺗوﺳﯾس‬-۲ protozoan infection. ‫ﺗﺣﻔﯾز اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺑطﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ وزﯾﺎدة‬.‫اﻟﺑﻠﻌﻣﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدوى اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ‬ 3- Abdominal pain: diarrhea or dysentery is usually present in symptomatic ‫ اﻹﺳﮭﺎل أو اﻟزﺣﺎر‬:‫ آﻻم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑطن‬-۳ infection. ‫ﯾظﮭران ﻋﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻋدوى ﻣﺻﺣوﺑﺔ‬.‫ﺑﺄﻋراض‬ 24 4- Anemia: Most frequently associated with ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗراﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬:‫ ﻓﻘر اﻟدم‬-٤ blood dwelling and blood sucking.‫اﻟدم واﻣﺗﺻﺎص اﻟدم‬ parasites. 5- Asthma and bronchitis: Usually :‫ اﻟرﺑو واﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﮭواﺋﯾﺔ‬-٥ accompanying infestation of the respiratory ‫ﯾﺻﺎﺣﺑﮭﻣﺎ ﻋﺎدة إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﻲ‬ tract in migrating parasites..‫ﺑﺎﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﮭﺎﺟرة‬ 6- Fever: a Pattern of fever may be ‫ ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻧﻣط ﻣن اﻟﺣﻣﻰ ﺳﻣﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﺣﻣﻰ‬-٦ characteristic to a certain infection..‫ﻟﻌدوى ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ Other symptoms include; appendicitis, abscess, ‫ﺗﺷﻣل اﻷﻋراض اﻷﺧرى ؛ اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟزاﺋدة‬ ascites ‫اﻻﺳﺗﺳﻘﺎء‬, dermatitis, edema, ‫ اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﺟﻠد‬، ‫ اﺳﺗﺳﻘﺎء‬، ‫ ﺧراج‬، ‫اﻟدودﯾﺔ‬ lymphadenitis, ulceration..‫ ﺗﻘرح‬، ‫ اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﻣﻔﯾﺔ‬، ‫ وذﻣﺔ‬، These symptoms and many others are specific ‫ھذه اﻷﻋراض واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻷﻋراض‬ to certain infections and vary with the severity ‫اﻷﺧرى ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺣﺎﻻت ﻋدوى ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ‬ and duration of infection..‫وﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﺑﺎﺧﺗﻼف ﺷدة اﻟﻌدوى وﻣدﺗﮭﺎ‬ 25 CONTROL AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES ‫ﺗداﺑﯾر اﻟﻣراﻗﺑﺔ واﻟوﻗﺎﺋﯾﺔ‬ Since a parasitic disease involves both individuals and the community ‫ﻧظرا ﻷن اﻟﻣرض اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﻲ ﯾﺷﻣل‬ً in which they live, therefore control ‫اﻷﻓراد واﻟﻣﺟﺗﻣﻊ اﻟذي ﯾﻌﯾﺷون ﻓﯾﮫ‬ should involve both entities. ‫ ﻓﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺷﻣل اﻟﺳﯾطرة ﻛﻼ‬، The general techniques that should.‫اﻟﻛﯾﺎﻧﯾن‬ be followed to reduce the impact of ‫ ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺗﺿﻣن اﻷﺳﺎﻟﯾب اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ parasitic diseases should include the ‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺟب اﺗﺑﺎﻋﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺣد ﻣن ﺗﺄﺛﯾر‬ following: :‫اﻷﻣراض اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬ 1- Treatment of infected individuals. 2- Reduce the population of reservoir.‫ ﻋﻼج اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﯾن‬-۱ hosts and vectors. ‫ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل أﻋداد اﻟﻌواﺋل اﻟﻣﻛﻣن‬-۲ 3- Improve the immunity of the.‫واﻟﻧواﻗل‬ potential hosts..‫ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن ﻣﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻌواﺋل اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﺔ‬-۳ 26  ‫ ﺗﻘﻠﯾل اﺣﺗﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻧﺗﻘﺎل اﻟﻌدوى ﻋن‬-٤ 4- Reduce the probability of transmission by.‫طرﯾﻖ ﺗﻐﯾﯾر اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬ altering the environment. 5- Protect individuals from infection and ‫ ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻷﻓراد ﻣن اﻟﻌدوى وﺗﺟﻧب‬-٥ avoid areas of high risk..‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ ﻋﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺧطورة‬ 6- Biological control of the parasite..‫ اﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ اﻟﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬-٦ 7- Improve sanitation measures such as sewage disposal and supplying clean drinking ‫ ﺗﺣﺳﯾن إﺟراءات اﻟﺻرف‬-۷ water. ‫اﻟﺻﺣﻲ ﻣﺛل اﻟﺗﺧﻠص ﻣن ﻣﯾﺎه‬ ‫اﻟﺻرف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ وﺗوﻓﯾر ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺷرب‬ 8- Educational programs..‫اﻟﻧظﯾﻔﺔ‬ 9- Continuous epidemiological surveys. 10- Food inspection..‫ اﻟﺑراﻣﺞ اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﯾﺔ‬-۸.‫ اﻟﻣﺳوﺣﺎت اﻟوﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻣرة‬-۹.‫ ﻓﺣص اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ‬-۱۰ 27 The main parasitic groups Parasitic protozoa (Unicellular) ‫اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺎت اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺔ اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ‬ Multicellular parasites (‫ اﻟﺑروﺗوزوا اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺔ )أﺣﺎدي اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ Protozoans are microscopic one-celled ‫ طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ organisms that are categorized according to their method of movements: ‫اﻟﺑروﺗوزوان ھﻲ ﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت ﻣﺟﮭرﯾﺔ وﺣﯾدة‬ ً 1- Ciliates: the only parasitic ciliate that :‫اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺻﻧﯾﻔﮭﺎ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺣرﻛﺗﮭﺎ‬ causes disease in humans ‫ اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﻲ اﻟوﺣﯾد اﻟذي ﯾﺳﺑب‬:‫اﻟﮭدﺑﯾﺎت‬-۱ Balantidium coli ‫اﻟﻣرض ﻟﻺﻧﺳﺎن‬ 2- Flagellates: three of the most common and medically significant, ً ‫ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣن أﻛﺛرھﺎ ﺷﯾو‬:‫اﻟﺳوط‬-2 ‫ﻋﺎ‬ ‫ وﺗﺷﻣل‬، ‫وأھﻣﯾﺗﮭﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ اﻟطﺑﯾﺔ‬ include Giardia lamblia, Trypanosoma sp. ‫ و‬.‫ اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺔ س‬، ‫اﻟﺟﯾﺎردﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﻣﺑﻠﯾﺔ‬ and Trichomonas vaginalis Trichomonas vaginalis 28 3- Sarcodines: Amoeba - use pseudopodia or protoplasmic flow to ‫ اﺳﺗﺧدم‬- ‫ اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎ‬:‫ اﻟﺳﺎرﻛودﯾن‬-۳ move, include the pathogenic ‫اﻷرﺟل اﻟﻛﺎذﺑﺔ أو اﻟﺗدﻓﻖ‬ amoeba Entamoeba and Endolimax ‫ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك‬، ‫اﻟﺑروﺗوﺑﻼزﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﺣرك‬ Endolimax ‫اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎ اﻟﻣﺗﺣوﻟﺔ و‬ which cause dysentery in humans ‫اﻟﻣﺳﺑﺑﺔ ﻟﻸﻣراض اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺑب اﻟزﺣﺎر‬ ‫ﻟدى اﻟﺑﺷر‬ 4- Sporozoa (Apicomplexa): undergo a complex life cycle, Sporozoa (Apicomplexa): -٤ alternating sexual & asexual phases ‫ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺎوب ﺑﯾن‬، ‫ﺗﻣر ﺑدورة ﺣﯾﺎة ﻣﻌﻘدة‬ ‫اﻟﻣراﺣل اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ واﻟﻼﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ e.g. Plasmodium spp, ،Plasmodium spp ‫ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ Cryptosporidium spp. Cryptosporidium spp. 29 ‫‪Multicellular parasites‬‬ ‫طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬ ‫ ‬ ‫‪HELMINTHS‬‬ ‫ دواد أو داء دﯾداﻧﻲ اﻟﻣﻌروف أﯾ ً‬ ‫ﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳم ﻋدوى اﻟدﯾدان‬ ‫)‪ Trematodes (flukes‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺗرﯾﻣﺎﺗودات )اﻟﻣﺛﻘوﺑﺔ(‬ ‫‪– Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗورﻗﺔ اﻟﻛﺑدﯾﺔ ‪Clonorchis ،‬‬ ‫‪sinensis, Schistosoma spp.‬‬ ‫‪ ،sinensis‬اﻟﺑﻠﮭﺎرﺳﯾﺎ اﻟﻧﯾﺎﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ Cestodes (tapeworms‬‬ ‫ اﻟدﯾدان اﻟﺷرﯾطﯾﺔ )اﻟدﯾدان اﻟﺷرﯾطﯾﺔ(‬ ‫‪– Taenia solium, Echinococcus‬‬ ‫اﻟﺷرﯾطﯾﺔ اﻟوﺣﯾدة اﻟﺷرﯾطﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺷوﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪granulossus‬‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺑﯾﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪30‬‬  Nematoda (roundworms)  Elongated , round and nonsegmented (‫اﻟﻧﯾﻣﺎﺗودا )اﻟدﯾدان اﻟﻣﺳﺗدﯾرة‬  Complete digestive system , highly ‫ ﻣﺳﺗدﯾر وﻏﯾر ﻣﻘﺳم‬، ‫ﻣﻣدود‬ ‫ ﻣﺗطور‬، ‫اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﮭﺿﻣﻲ اﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬ developed separate-sexes ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾن‬  Eggs & larva are suited for external ‫اﻟﺑﯾض واﻟﯾرﻗﺔ ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺋﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬ environment. ‫ﻣﻌظم ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻌدوى اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﯾب‬  Most human infections through ‫اﻹﻧﺳﺎن ﻣن ﺧﻼل اﺑﺗﻼع اﻟﺑﯾض‬ ‫أو ﺗﻐﻠﻐل اﻟﯾرﻗﺎت‬ ingestion of eggs or penetration of ،Ascaris lumbricoides ‫أﻣﺛﻠﺔ‬ larvae ،Ankylostoma duodenale Enterobius  Examples Ascaris lumbricoides, ‫إﻟﺦ‬vermiculoaris…. Ankylostoma duodenale, Enterobius vermiculoaris …. etc 31  Athropods ‫اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻠﯿﺎت‬  Insects - Mosquitoes, lice, and fleas ‫ اﻟﺒﻌﻮض واﻟﻘﻤﻞ واﻟﺒﺮاﻏﯿﺚ‬- ‫ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات‬  Arachnids - Ticks and mites ‫ اﻟﻘﺮاد واﻟﻌﺚ‬- ‫ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﻛﺐ‬ 32  Direct Life cycle LIFE CYCLE  Only humans are hosts  Infective stage like ovum, cyst, larva ‫ دورة اﻟﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬ passed out of body that infect healthy (‫ ﻓﻘط اﻟﺑﺷر ھم اﻟﻌواﺋل )ﻋﺎﺋل‬ people ‫ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﺑوﯾﺿﺔ‬ Example E. histolytica, Giardia, Ascaris ‫واﻟﻛﯾس واﻟﯾرﻗﺔ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳم‬ lumbricoides. ‫وﺗﺻﯾب اﻷﺷﺧﺎص اﻷﺻﺣﺎء‬ ، ‫ ﺟﯾﺎردﯾﺎ‬، ‫ھﺳﺗوﻟﯾﺗﯾﻛﺎ‬E. ‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬  Indirect Life cycle.‫أﺳﻛﺎرﯾس ﻟوﻣﺑرﯾﻛوﯾدس‬  Multiple hosts & involvement of vectors ‫ دورة اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬ ‫ ﺗﻌدد اﻟﻌواﺋل وﻣﺷﺎرﻛﺔ اﻟﻧواﻗل‬  Definitive host, Intermediate host ‫ ﻋﺎﺋل ﻣﺗوﺳط‬، ‫ ﻋﺎﺋل ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬  Example Taenia saginata, Schistosoma ،Taenia saginata :‫ ﻣﺛﺎل‬ spp.,.... etc ‫إﻟﺦ‬.... ،Schistosoma spp. 33 ‫ﻓﻘط اﻓﺗﺣﻲ اﻟﻛﺎﻣﯾرا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﺎرﻛود ﻟﺗﺣوﯾﻠك ﻟﻠواﺗس‬ ‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬ 2nd LECTURE  Introduction Scientific Nomenclature Each parasite has: Phylum , class, order, family, genus & species King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti ‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ :‫ ﻛل طﻔﯾﻠﻲ ﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﺟﺎء اﻟﻣﻠك ﻓﯾﻠﯾب ﻟﺗﻧﺎول اﻟﻣﻌﻛروﻧﺔ اﻟﺟﯾدة‬  Scientific Nomenclature …cont The scientific name of the parasite is binomial: Genus & species The Genus starts with a Capital letter and species name starts with small letter The scientific name of the parasite should be written in Italic letter or Under lined. ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬... ‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﺟﻧس واﻷﻧواع‬:‫ اﻻﺳم اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﻟﻠطﻔﯾﻠﻲ ذو اﻟﺣدﯾن‬ ‫ ﯾﺑدأ اﻟﺟﻧس ﺑﺣرف ﻛﺑﯾر وﯾﺑدأ اﺳم اﻟﻧوع ﺑﺣرف ﺻﻐﯾر‬.‫ ﯾﺟب ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ اﻻﺳم اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ ﻟﻠطﻔﯾﻠﻲ ﺑﺣرف ﻣﺎﺋل أو ﺗﺣت ﻣﺳطر‬  Human Parasites Parasites infect human fall into 2 categories: 1- Unicellular Parasites (Protozoa). 2- Multicellular Parasites (Metazoa). ‫طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﺑﺷرﯾﺔ‬ :‫ ﺗﺻﯾب اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﺳﻘوط اﻹﻧﺳﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻓﺋﺗﯾن‬.(‫ اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ )اﻟﺑروﺗوزوا‬-۱ Metazoa).) ‫ اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻣﺗﻌددة اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ‬-۲  Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Protozoa (Unicellular Parasites) 1- Subphylum: Sarcomastigophora Superclass: Sarcodina – Entamoeba Superclass: mastigophore – Trypanosoma – Leishmania 2- Subphylum: Ciliophora – Balantidium 3- Subphylum: Apicomplexa (Sporozoa): – Toxoplasma – Plasmodium  ‫‪Entam oeba histolytica‬‬ ‫‪Phylum: Protozoa‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌدوى اﻷﻣﯾﺑﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪Subphylum: Sarcomastigophora‬‬ ‫‪Superclass: Sarcodina‬‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺑروﺗوزوا‬ ‫ﺷﻌﯾﺑﺔ‪Sarcomastigophora :‬‬ ‫‪Class: Rhizopoda‬‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟدرﺟﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪Sarcodina :‬‬ ‫‪Order: Amoebida‬‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ‪ :‬رھﯾزوﺑودا‬ ‫اﻟﻣطﻠوب‪Amoebida :‬‬ ‫‪Genus: Entamoeba‬‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻧس‪Entamoeba :‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ھﻲ اﻟﻌدوى اﻷﻣﯾﺑﯾﺔ؟ ھو ﻣرض ﯾﺳﺑﺑﮫ ﻛﺎﺋن ﺣﻲ ﻣن اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت‬ ‫‪Entamoeba histolytica).‬ﯾدﻋﻰ اﻹﻧﺗﺎﻣﯾﺑﺎ ھﯾﺳﺗوﻟوﺗﯾﻛﺎ )‬ ‫ﻣن اﻟﺷﺧص اﻷﻛﺛر ﻋرﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﺑداء اﻻﻣﯾﺑﺎ؟ ﻗد ﯾﺻﯾب ھذا اﻟداء‬ ‫أي ﺷﺧص و ﻟﻛن ھو ﻣﻧﺗﺷر ﻓﻲ اﻟدول اﻟﺗﻲ ﻟدﯾﮭﺎ ﺿﻌف ﻓﻲ أﺳﺎﻟﯾب‬ ‫اﻟﻧظﺎﻓﺔ و اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾم )اﻻﺷﺗراطﺎت اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬  Entam oeba histolytica Disease: ‫اﻟﻌدوى اﻷﻣﯾﺑﯾﺔ‬ :‫ﻣرض‬ Amoebiasis, amoebic dysentery, amoebic colitis, amoebic liver ‫ اﻟﺗﮭﺎب‬، ‫ اﻟزﺣﺎر اﻷﻣﯾﺑﻲ‬، ‫داء اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎت‬ abscess..‫ ﺧراج اﻟﻛﺑد اﻷﻣﯾﺑﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﻘوﻟون اﻷﻣﯾﺑﻲ‬ Geographical distribution: :‫ﺗوزﯾﻊ ﺟﻐراﻓﻲ‬ Cosmopolitan especially in tropics and subtropics and wherever ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻣﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ اﻻﺳﺗواﺋﯾﺔ‬ ‫وﺷﺑﮫ اﻻﺳﺗواﺋﯾﺔ وﺣﯾﺛﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون اﻟظروف‬ sanitary conditions are bad..‫اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ ﺳﯾﺋﺔ‬ Habitat: :‫اﻟﻣوطن‬ Large intestine, occasionally extra-intestinal (liver, lung, brain, ‫ أﺣﯾﺎﻧًﺎ ﺧﺎرج اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬، ‫اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ‬ …)..(... ، ‫ اﻟﻣﺦ‬، ‫ اﻟرﺋﺔ‬، ‫)اﻟﻛﺑد‬ :‫اﻟﻌواﺋل‬ Hosts:.‫ رﺟل‬:‫ﻋﺎﺋل ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ Definitive host: man..‫ اﻟﻘرد واﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﺟرذ‬:‫ﻋﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﺧزون‬ Reservoir host: monkey, dog and rat. ‫‪Morphology‬‬ ‫]‪Three stages [Trophozoite - precyst - cyst‬‬ ‫‪1- Trophozoite:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠم اﻟﻣورﻓوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‬ ‫‪ Trophozoite is the motile, feeding and‬‬ ‫‪pathogenic stage‬‬ ‫ﺛﻼث ﻣراﺣل ]طور اﻟﺗﻐذي – ﻗﺑل اﻟﻛﯾس ‪ -‬ﻛﯾس[‬ ‫‪ Size: (average 20 μ).‬‬ ‫‪ -۱‬ﺧرﺟﺎت أﺗروﻓﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ ﺧرﺟﺎت اﺗروﻓﺔ ھﻲ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺣرﻛﺔ واﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪ It has clear ectoplasm and granular‬‬ ‫واﻟﻣﻣرﺿﺔ‬ ‫‪endoplasm with food vacuoles‬‬ ‫ اﻟﺣﺟم‪) :‬ﻣﺗوﺳط ‪ ۲۰‬ﻣﯾﻛروﻣﺗر(‪.‬‬ ‫‪containing RBCs in the invasive forms.‬‬ ‫ ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷظﺎﯾﺎ واﺿﺣﺔ وإﻧدوﺑﻼزم ﺣﺑﯾﺑﻲ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﺟوات ﻏذاﺋﯾﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛرات اﻟدم اﻟﺣﻣراء‬ ‫‪ The pseudopodium is well developed‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﻐﺎزﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪with active, progressive motility.‬‬ ‫ ﺗم ﺗطوﯾر ‪Pseudopodium‬ﺑﺷﻛل ﺟﯾد ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪ It reproduces asexually by binary fission‬‬ ‫اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻧﺷطﺔ اﻟﺗﻘدﻣﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪in the wall of large intestine of man.‬‬ ‫ ﯾﺗﻛﺎﺛر اﻟﻼﺟﻧﺳﻲ ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻻﻧﺷطﺎر اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟدار اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺳﺎن‪.‬‬ ‫)‪trophozoite‬اﻷُﺗْ ُروﻓَﺔ )اﻟﺟﻣﻊ‪ :‬اَﺗ َ ِﺎرﯾف( )ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ھﻲ اﻟطور اﻟﻧﺷﯾط ﻣن دورة ﺣﯾﺎة ﺑﻌض اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺗﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻷواﻟﻲ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻣﺗﺻورة واﻟﺟﯾﺎردﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ 2- Precyst: Some of the daughter amoebae that are entered :‫ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻛﯾس‬-۲ ‫ ﺑﻌض اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗدﺧل ﻓﻲ‬ into the lumen of intestine and transform into ‫ﺗﺟوﯾف اﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﺗﺗﺣول إﻟﻰ‬ precystic stage..‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻛﯾس‬ ‫ ﻟدﯾﮫ ﻗدم )رﺟل ( ﻛﺎذﺑﺔ ﺣﺎدة ﻻ‬ Has blunt pseudopodium that does not help in ‫ ﺣرﻛﺔ‬، ‫ﺗﺳﺎﻋده ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ‬ locomotion, sluggish movement..‫ﺑطﯾﺋﺔ‬ ‫ أﺻﻐر ﻣن طور اﻟﺗﻐذي‬ Smaller than trophozoite but larger than the cyst..‫ وﻟﻛﻧﮫ أﻛﺑر ﻣن اﻟﻛﯾس‬ It is the nonmotile , nonfeeding and ‫ إﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﻣرﺿﺔ‬ ‫وﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﻐذﯾﺔ وﻏﯾر اﻟﻣﺳﺑﺑﺔ‬ nonpathogenic stage..‫ﻟﻸﻣراض‬ either uninucleate or binucleate..‫ إﻣﺎ ﻏﯾر ﻧووي أو ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻧواة‬ ‫ ﻻ ﯾﺣﺗوي اﻟﺳﯾﺗوﺑﻼزم ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The cytoplasm does not contain RBC and food ‫ﻛرات اﻟدم اﻟﺣﻣراء وﺟزﯾﺋﺎت‬ particles..‫اﻟطﻌﺎم‬ 3- Cyst: It is found in the lumen of the large intestine It has four nuclei It is surrounded by a thin and highly resistant wall. It contains cigar- shaped chromatoid bodies and diffuse glycogen mass are present that represent storage food. It is the infective stage. : ‫ اﻟﻛﯾس‬-۳ ‫ ﯾوﺟد ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟوﯾف اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ‬ ‫ ﻟﮭﺎ أرﺑﻊ ﻧوى‬.‫ إﻧﮫ ﻣﺣﺎط ﺑﺟدار رﻗﯾﻖ وﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‬.‫ ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺳﺎم ﻛروﻣﺎﺗوﯾد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻛل ﺳﯾﺟﺎر وﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺟﻠﯾﻛوﺟﯾن ﻣﻧﺗﺷرة ﺗﻣﺛل ﺗﺧزﯾن اﻟطﻌﺎم‬.‫ إﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ‬  Life cycle Ingestion of mature cyst ‫دورة اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‬ Excystation in the small intestine Migration to the wall of large intestine. ‫ اﺑﺗﻼع ﻛﯾس ﻧﺎﺿﺞ‬ Multiplication by binary fission: Metacyst with 4 ‫ اﻹﺛﺎرة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬.‫ اﻟﮭﺟرة إﻟﻰ ﺟدار اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟﻐﻠﯾظﺔ‬ nuclei then 8 nuclei. ٤ ‫ﻣﻊ‬Metacyst :‫ اﻟﺿرب ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺷطﺎر اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ 8 separate metacystic trophozoites from one cyst..‫ ﻧوى‬۸ ‫ﻧوى ﺛم‬ The trophozoites proceed downstream to ‫ طور ﺗﻐذي ﻣﻧﻔﺻﻠﺔ ﻋن اﻟﻛﯾﺳﺎت ﻣن ﻛﯾس‬۸ colonize the lumen of the colon and multiply by.‫واﺣد‬ ‫ ﺗﺗﻘدم اﻟﺧراﺟﺎت ﻓﻲ اﺗﺟﺎه ﻣﺟرى اﻟﻧﮭر‬ binary fission. ‫ﻻﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎر ﺗﺟوﯾف اﻟﻘوﻟون وﻣﺿﺎﻋﻔﺔ اﻻﻧﺷطﺎر‬ Encystation...‫اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ Infective stage: quadrinucleated mature cyst... ‫ اﻟﻐﻣوض‬ Mode of infection: ingestion of cysts in.‫ ﻛﯾس ﻧﺎﺿﺞ رﺑﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻧواة‬:‫اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ‬ ‫ اﺑﺗﻼع اﻷﻛﯾﺎس ﻓﻲ اﻷطﻌﻣﺔ‬:‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌدوى‬ contaminated food and drinks..‫واﻟﻣﺷروﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻠوﺛﺔ‬ Life cycle of E. histolytica Definitive host: Human ‫ اﻹﻧﺳﺎن‬:‫اﻟﻌﺎﺋل اﻟﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ‬ Reservoir host: Monkey, dog & rat ‫ اﻟﻘرد واﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﺟرذ‬: ‫ﻋﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﺧزون‬ Infective stage: Quadrinucleated mature cyst ‫ ﻛﯾس ﻧﺎﺿﺞ رﺑﺎﻋﻲ اﻟﻧواة‬:‫اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ‬ Diagnostic stage: Cyst & trophozoite ‫ ﻛﯾس و طور اﻟﺗﻐذي‬:‫ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص‬ Mode of infection: Ingestion of mature cyst ‫ اﺑﺗﻼع ﻛﯾس ﻧﺎﺿﺞ‬:‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌدوى‬  Clinical aspect ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﺳرﯾري‬ *Asymptomatic infection: The infected persons are usually healthy carriers who :‫* ﻋدوى ﺑدون أﻋراض‬ excrete millions of cysts / day without any clinical ‫ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻷﺷﺧﺎص اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑون ﺣﺎﻣﻠﯾن ﻟﻠﻌدوى‬ symptoms. Very dangerous as a source of infection and ‫ﯾﺗﻣﺗﻌون ﺑﺻﺣﺔ ﺟﯾدة وﯾﺧرﺟون ﻣﻼﯾﯾن اﻷﻛﯾﺎس ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ ﺟدا‬.‫اﻟﯾوم دون أي أﻋراض ﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ‬ spread..‫ﺧطﯾر ﻛﻣﺻدر ﻟﻠﻌدوى واﻧﺗﺷﺎرھﺎ‬ *Symptomatic infection: 1- Intestinal Amoebiasis :‫ﻋدوى ﺑﺄﻋراض‬ A- acute dysentery (diarrhea alternating with ‫ داء اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻌوي‬-۱ constipation, ، ‫ اﻟزﺣﺎر اﻟﺣﺎد )اﻹﺳﮭﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻧﺎوب ﻣﻊ اﻹﻣﺳﺎك‬-‫أ‬ tenesmus with blood & mucus in stool)..(‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟدم واﻟﻣﺧﺎط ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑراز‬tenesmus.‫ داء اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎت ﻏﯾر اﻟزﺣﺎري اﻟﻣزﻣن‬-‫ب‬ B- chronic non-dysenteric amoebiasis. :‫ داء اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎت ﺧﺎرج اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬-۲ 2- extra-intestinal amoebiasis: ‫ﻗد ﺗﻧﺗﺷر طور اﻟﺗﻐذي ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟدم إﻟﻰ اﻵﺧرﯾن‬ The trophozoites may disseminate via blood to other... ‫ﻣواﻗﻊ ﺧﺎرج اﻷﻣﻌﺎء ﻣﺛل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﺑد واﻟرﺋﺔ واﻟﻣﺦ‬ extra-intestinal sites e.g. in the liver, lung, brain … etc..‫إﻟﺦ‬ Intestinal Amoebiasis Intestinal Amoebiasis ……cont. Extraintestinal amboebiasis ‫داء اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎت ﺧﺎرج اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬ *Hepatic amoebiasis: Amoebic hepatitis: :‫* داء اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎت اﻟﻛﺑدﯾﺔ‬ sudden rise of temperature & enlarged tender liver :‫ اﻟﺗﮭﺎب اﻟﻛﺑد اﻷﻣﯾﺑﻲ‬ Amoebic liver abscess: ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣرارة وﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻛﺑد‬ Fever, pain in the right hypochondrium that :‫ ﺧراج اﻟﻛﺑد اﻷﻣﯾﺑﻲ‬ usually refers to the right shoulder and ‫ أﻟم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣراق اﻷﯾﻣن ﯾﺷﯾر ﻋﺎدة إﻟﻰ‬، ‫ ﺣﻣﻰ‬ enlarged liver..‫اﻟﻛﺗف اﻷﯾﻣن وﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻛﺑد‬ If not treated the abscess may rupture and ‫ ﻓﻘد ﯾﺗﻣزق وﻗد‬، ‫ إذا ﻟم ﯾﺗم ﻋﻼج طور اﻟﺗﻐذي‬ trophozoites may go to pleural cavity, lung, ‫ﺗﻧﺗﻘل اﻟﻧواﺷط إﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﺟوﯾف اﻟﺟﻧﺑﻲ واﻟرﺋﺔ‬ peritoneal cavity, pericardium, gall bladder and ‫واﻟﺗﺟوﯾف اﻟﺑرﯾﺗوﻧﻲ واﻟﺗﺎﻣور واﻟﻣرارة‬ skin..‫واﻟﺟﻠد‬ Aspiration of the abscess yields anchovy sauce ‫ ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋن ﺷﻔط اﻟﺧراج ﺻﻠﺻﺔ اﻷﻧﺷوﺟﺔ‬ (thick chocolate-coloured pus) with ‫)ﺻدﯾد ﺳﻣﯾك ﺑﻠون اﻟﺷوﻛوﻻﺗﺔ( ﻣﻊ اﻟﺧرﺟﺎت‬ trophozoites.. *Amoebic lung abscess ‫*ﺧراج اﻟرﺋﺔ اﻷﻣﯾﺑﻲ‬  Extra-intestinal Amoebiasis Direct Extension Through blood Haematogenous spread Perianal amoebiasis  Diagnosis A- Clinical: clinical picture and endemicity. ‫ﺗﺷﺧﯾص‬ B- Laboratory: ‫ اﻟﺻورة اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ‬:‫ اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ‬-‫ أ‬ I - I ntestinal am oebiasis: Direct:.‫واﻟﺗوطن‬ 1-Stool examination by: :‫ اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑر‬-‫ ب‬ -Direct smear: Cyst or trophozoite can be :‫ ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‬:‫داء اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻌوي‬I- :‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﺑراز ﻋن طرﯾﻖ‬-۱ detected in stool. Trophozoite appears more ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟﻛﺷف ﻋن‬:‫ اﻟﻣﺳﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬- in diarrheic stool while cysts are present ‫ ﯾظﮭر‬.‫ﻛﯾس أو طور ﺗﻐذي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑراز‬ more in well-formed stool. ‫اﻟﺧراج ﺑﺷﻛل أﻛﺑر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑراز اﻹﺳﮭﺎل‬ - Concentration techniques as zinc sulfate- ‫ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﺗوﺟد اﻷﻛﯾﺎس ﺑﺷﻛل أﻛﺑر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑراز‬.‫اﻟﺟﯾد اﻟﺗﻛوﯾن‬ flotation may be needed when cysts are few. ‫ ﻗد ﺗﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز‬- ‫ﺣﯾث ﻗد ﺗﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻌوﯾم‬ ‫ﻛﺑرﯾﺗﺎت اﻟزﻧك ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﻛون اﻷﻛﯾﺎس‬.‫ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ‬ Diagnosis …. Cont 2- Stool culture. 3- Rectal scraping: to detect trophozoites. 4-Sigmoidoscopy or total colonoscopy for: Visualization of the lesions- Biopsy- Aspiration. ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬.… ‫ﺗﺷﺧﯾص‬.‫ زراﻋﺔ اﻟﺑراز‬-۲.‫ ﻟﻠﻛﺷف ﻋن طور اﻟﺗﻐذي‬:‫ ﻛﺷط اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‬-۳ ‫اﻟﺗﻧظﯾر اﻟﺳﯾﻧﻲ أو ﺗﻧظﯾر اﻟﻘوﻟون اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬-٤.‫ ﺷﻔط‬- ‫ ﺧزﻋﺔ‬- ‫ ﺗﺻوﯾر اﻵﻓﺎت‬:‫ﻣن أﺟل‬ Diagnosis …. Cont I I - Ex tra-intestinal am oebiasis: ‫ ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬.… ‫ﺗﺷﺧﯾص‬ X-rays. :‫داء اﻷﻣﯾﺑﺎت ﺧﺎرج اﻷﻣﻌﺎء‬II- Ultrasonography..‫ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟﺳﯾﻧﯾﺔ‬ Computed tomography (CT) and.‫ اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر ﺑﺎﻟﻣوﺟﺎت ﻓوق اﻟﺻوﺗﯾﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﺗﺻوﯾر ﺑﺎﻟرﻧﯾن‬CT) ) ‫ اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻟﻣﻘطﻌﻲ‬ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI).) ‫اﻟﻣﻐﻧﺎطﯾﺳﻲ‬ Immunological tests..‫ اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ‬ ‫ ﻓﺣص اﻟﻧﻔﺎﺛﺎت ﺑﺣﺛًﺎ ﻋن طور اﻟﺗﻐذي ﻋن‬ Examination of aspirates for.‫طرﯾﻖ اﻟﺗﺷوﯾﮫ أو اﺳﺗﻧﺑﺎت ﺑﻛﺗﯾري‬ trophozoites by smear or culture..‫ ﻛﺛرة اﻟﻛرﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﯾض‬:‫ ﻋدد اﻟﻛرﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﯾﺿﺎء‬ Leucocytic count: leucocytosis.  Prevention and Control ‫اﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔ واﻟﺳﯾطرة‬ Environmental sanitation Anti-vector measures ‫ اﻹﺻﺣﺎح اﻟﺑﯾﺋﻲ‬ ‫ ﺗداﺑﯾر ﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ ﻧﺎﻗﻼت اﻷﻣراض‬ Proper sewage disposal ‫ اﻟﺗﺧﻠص اﻟﺳﻠﯾم ﻣن ﻣﯾﺎه اﻟﺻرف‬ Safe water supply ‫اﻟﺻﺣﻲ‬ ‫ إﻣدادات اﻟﻣﯾﺎه اﻵﻣﻧﺔ‬ Not to use excreta as fertilizer or storage before ‫ ﻋدم اﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻔﺿﻼت ﻛﺳﻣﺎد أو‬ use ‫ﺗﺧزﯾن ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳﺗﺧدام‬ ‫ اﻟﺗﺛﻘﯾف اﻟﺻﺣﻲ‬ Health education ‫ ﻏﺳل اﻟﺧﺿﺎر اﻟﻧﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﺧﺿراء‬ Washing of green raw vegetables ‫ ﻏﺳل اﻟﯾدﯾن ﻗﺑل اﻷﻛل وﺑﻌد اﻟﺗﺑرز‬ ‫ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻧﺎوﻟﻲ‬، ‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﻗﻠﯾن‬ Washing hands before eating and after defecation ‫اﻟطﻌﺎم‬ Treatment of carriers, particularly food handlers  Differences between E. histolytica & E. coli ‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼﻓﺎت ﺑﯾن اﻹﺷرﯾﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﻘوﻟوﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻧﺳﺞ‬ E. Histolytica E. coli Pathogenic commensal non pathogenic ‫ﻣﺳﺑب ﻟﻸﻣراض‬ ‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﺑﺑﺔ ﻟﻸﻣراض‬ Trophozoite 10-20μm , 20-30μm. Mature cyst 4- nucleated 8- nucleated 4 ‫أﻧوي‬ Suggested Reading Chiodini, P.L.; Moody, A.H. and Manser, D.W. (2001): Atlas of Medical Helminthology and Protozoology. 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, P. 48-53. http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Para_Health.htm http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Amebiasis.htm ‫ﻟﻠﺗواﺻل ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ﻣرري‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺎﻣﯾرا‬  ‫‪3‬‬‫‪rd‬‬ ‫‪LECTURE‬‬ ‫ﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﺗﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫‪0501383604:‬‬ ‫‪Leishmaniasis‬‬ ‫ي‬ ‫داء اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺸﻮ ّ‬  What is Leishmaniasis? Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by protozoan parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania..‫داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت ھو ﻣرض ﺗﺳﺑﺑﮫ طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اوﻟﯾﺔ ﺗﻧﺗﻣﻲ إﻟﻰ ﺟﻧس اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬ Disease is transmitted by the bite of certain species of sand fly..‫ﯾﻧﺗﻘل اﻟﻣرض ﻋن طرﯾق ﻟدﻏﺔ أﻧواع ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل‬ Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Superclass: Mastigophora Class: Zoomastigophorea e.g. Leishmania spp.  Geographical distribution.‫ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ Leishmaniasis is found in parts of about 88 countries..‫ دوﻟﺔ‬88 ‫ﺗم اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﻰ داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ أﺟزاء ﻣن ﺣواﻟﻲ‬ Approximately 350 million people live in these areas..‫ ﻣﻠﯾون ﺷﺧص ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق‬350 ‫ﯾﻌﯾش ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘرب ﻣن‬ Most of the affected countries are in the tropics & subtropics..‫ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﻌظم اﻟﺑﻠدان اﻟﻣﺗﺿررة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻻﺳﺗواﺋﯾﺔ وﺷﺑﮫ اﻻﺳﺗواﺋﯾﺔ‬ More than 90 % of the world's cases of visceral leishmaniasis are in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil..‫ ﻣن ﺣﺎﻻت داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﺷوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻟم ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﮭﻧد وﺑﻧﻐﻼدﯾش وﻧﯾﺑﺎل واﻟﺳودان واﻟﺑرازﯾل‬٪90 ‫أﻛﺛر ﻣن‬  Vector of Leishmaniasis ‫ﻧﺎﻗل داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت‬ Leishmania is transmitted by certain species of sand fly, including flies in the genus Lutzomyia & Phlebotomus. ‫ ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟذﺑﺎب ﻣن ﺟﻧس‬، ‫ﯾﻧﺗﻘل اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ ﻋن طرﯾق أﻧواع ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل‬Lutzomyia ‫و‬ Phlebotomus. Leishmania develop in gut of sand fly vectors and are transmitted via a bite to the tissues of vertebrate hosts..‫ﯾﺗطور اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻣﻌﺎء ﻧواﻗل ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل وﯾﻧﺗﻘل ﻋن طرﯾق ﻟدﻏﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﻣﺿﯾﻔﺎت اﻟﻔﻘﺎرﯾﺎت‬  Forms of Leishmania In macrophages  Forms of Leishmania (Parasite morphology): :(‫ أﺷﻛﺎل اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ )ﻣورﻓوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﻲ‬ Two developmental stages are formed: :‫ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺷﻛﯾل ﻣرﺣﻠﺗﯾن ﺗﻧﻣوﯾﺗﯾن‬ I- Amastigote form: ‫ﺷﻛل أﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﻐوت‬I- The amastigotes are small spherical non- ‫ أﻣﺎﺳﺘﯿﻐﻮت ﻓﮭﻲ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻛﺮوﯾﺔ ﺻﻐﯿﺮة ﻻﯾﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﮭﺎ‬ flagellated cells.. ‫ا ﺳ ﻮا ط‬ They are among the smallest nucleated cells ‫ وھﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﯿﻦ أﺻﻐﺮ اﻟﺨﻼﯾﺎ ذات اﻷﻧﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮوﻓﺔ واﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ ﻣﯿﻜﺮوﻣﺘﺮ‬4-2 ‫ﯾﺘﺮاوح ﻗﻄﺮھﺎ ﺑﯿﻦ‬ known, ranging from 2-4µm in diameter. ‫ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﺑﻨﯿﺔ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺰاوﯾﺔ اﻟﯿﻤﻨﻰ‬ A minute structure, called kinetoplast lies at ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻮاة‬ right angle to the nucleus. Kinetoplast is a ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﺾ اﻟﻨﻮوي‬ network of circular DNA (called kDNA) inside kDNA‫اﻟﺪاﺋﺮي داﺧﻞ ﻣﯿﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪرﯾﺎ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ a large mitochondrion.  A delicate filament extending from kinetoplast to the margin of the body is axoneme that represent the root of the flagellum. Axoneme ‫ اﻟﺷﻌﯾرة اﻟرﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻣﺗدة ﻣن ﻣﻧﺷﺄ اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ إﻟﻰ ھﺎﻣش اﻟﺟﺳم وھو اﻟذي ﯾﻣﺛل ﺟذر‬ axoneme ‫ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ‬.‫اﻟﺳوط‬ This form of parasite resides inside the macrophage cells of the reticuloendothelial and lymphoid systems of man. ‫ ﯾﺗواﺟد ھذا اﻟﻧوع ﻣن اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت داﺧل ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﻼﻋم ﻟﻸﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺑطﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬.‫واﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺳﺎن‬ II- Promastigote form: ‫ﺷﻜﻠﮫﺎ‬ Promastigotes are thin elongate cells with an anterior kinetoplast and free flagellum. Promastigotes.‫ ھﻲ ﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻣﺳﺗطﯾﻠﺔ رﻓﯾﻌﺔ ذات ﺧط ﺣرﻛﻲ أﻣﺎﻣﻲ وﺳوط ﺣر‬ They are slender and spindle shaped. ‫ ھﻲ ﻧﺣﯾﻔﺔ وﺷﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻐزﻟﻲ‬ Different parasite species are generally not differentiated on morphological bases, but rather on geographical basis, biological and clinical features. ‫ ﺑل ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺎس ﺟﻐراﻓﻲ وﺧﺻﺎﺋص ﺑﯾوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬، ‫ ﻻ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﯾﯾز أﻧواع اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻣوﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳس ﻣورﻓوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ‬.‫وﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ‬ Reservoir host  Life Cycle of Leishmania spp ‫اﻟطور اﻟﻣﻌدي‬ 14  Life Cycle of Leishmania spp Leishmaniasis is transmitted by the bite of infected female phlebotomine sandflies..‫ﯾﻧﺗﻘل داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت ﻋن طرﯾق ﻟدﻏﺔ أﻧﺛﻰ ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل اﻟﻔﻠﯾﺑوﺗوﻣﯾن اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬ The sandflies inject the infective stage (i.e., promastigotes) from their proboscis during blood meals (1)..(1) ‫ ﺑروﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﺟوﺗﯾس( ﻣن ﺧرطوﻣﮭﺎ أﺛﻧﺎء وﺟﺑﺎت اﻟدم‬، ‫ ﺗﻘوم ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل ﺑﺣﻘن اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ )أي‬ Promastigotes that reach the puncture wound are phagocytized by macrophages (2) & other types of mononuclear phagocytic cells..‫( وأﻧواع أﺧرى ﻣن اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﻠﻌﻣﯾﺔ وﺣﯾدة اﻟﻧواة‬2) ‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻل إﻟﻰ ﺟرح اﻟوﺧز ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﺿﺎﻣﺔ‬Promastigotes ‫ ﯾﺗم ﺑﻠﻌﻣﺔ‬ Promastigotes transform in these cells into the tissue stage of the parasite (i.e., amastigotes) (3) , which multiply by simple division & proceed to infect other mononuclear phagocytic cells (4). ‫واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﻛﺎﺛر ﻋن طرﯾق اﻻﻧﻘﺳﺎم‬amastigotes) (3) ، ‫ ﯾﺗﺣول اﻟﺑروﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﺟوﺗﺎت ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻣرﺣﻠﺔ ﻧﺳﯾﺞ اﻟطﻔﯾل )أي‬.(4) ‫اﻟﺑﺳﯾط وﺗﻧﺗﻘل إﻟﻰ إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﺑﻠﻌﻣﯾﺔ وﺣﯾدة اﻟﻧواة اﻷﺧرى‬  Parasite, host, and other factors affect whether the infection becomes symptomatic and whether cutaneous or visceral leishmaniasis results. ‫ ﺗؤﺛر اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾّﺔ واﻟﻣﺿﯾف وﻋواﻣل أﺧرى ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﻌدوى ﺗﺻﺑﺢ ﻋرﺿﯾﺔ وﻣﺎ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت‬.‫اﻟﺟﻠدي أو اﻟﺣﺷوي‬ Sandflies become infected by ingesting infected cells during blood meals(5,6) In sandflies, amastigotes transform into promastigotes, develop in the gut (7) (in the hindgut for leishmanial organisms in the Viannia subgenus; in the midgut for organisms in the Leishmania subgenus), and migrate to the proboscis (8). ‫ ﺗﺗﺣول اﻷﻣﺳﺗﯾﺟوت إﻟﻰ‬، ‫( ﻓﻲ ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل‬5،6) ‫ ﺗﺻﺎب ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل ﺑﺎﻟﻌدوى ﻋن طرﯾق ﺗﻧﺎول اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ أﺛﻧﺎء وﺟﺑﺎت اﻟدم‬ ‫( )ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻰ اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻧس ﻓﯾﺎﻧﯾﺎ اﻟﻔرﻋﻲ ؛ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻰ‬7) ‫ وﺗﺗطور ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﮭﺿﻣﯾﺔ‬، ‫ﺑروﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﺟوﺗﺎت‬.(8) ‫واﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎل إﻟﻰ اﻟﺧرطوم‬subgenus) ، ‫اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط ﻟﻠﻛﺎﺋﻧﺎت اﻟﺣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬  Disease Transmission ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل اﻟﻤﺮض‬ 1- Through the bite of infected sand fly..‫ ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻟدﻏﺔ ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟرﻣل اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬-1 2- By direct contact with infected material from the lesion of an infected person..‫ ﻋن طرﯾق اﻻﺗﺻﺎل اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻣﻊ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻣن آﻓﺔ ﺷﺧص ﻣﺻﺎب‬-2  Clinical Features ‫اﻟﻤﻈﺎھﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ‬ Human leishmanial infections can result in 3 main forms of disease: :‫ أﺷﻛﺎل رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣرض‬3 ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﺗؤدي ﻋدوى اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﺷرﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ‬ Cutaneaous leishmaniasis (Oriental sore or Baghdad boil) ( ‫د ا ء ا ﻟ ﻠ ﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت ا ﻟ ﺟﻠ د ي ) ﻗرﺣﺔ ﺷرﻗﯾﺔ أ و د ﻣل ﺑﻐد ا د‬ Visceral leishmaniasis (kala azar)..(‫ داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﺷوي )اﻟﻛﺎﻻزار‬ Mucocutaneaous leishmaniasis (Espundia) (‫ داء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﻲ اﻟﺟﻠدي )إﺳﺑوﻧدﯾﺎ‬ The factors determining the form of disease include: :‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪد ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺮض ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‬ § Leishmanial species ‫§ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ § Geographic location ‫§ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ اﻟﺠﻐﺮاﻓﻲ‬ § Immune response of the host..‫§ اﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﯿﻒ‬  Cutaneous leishmaniasis ‫داء اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﺠﻠﺪي‬ Cutaneous leishmaniasis is characterized by::‫ﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ داء اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﺠﻠﺪي ﺑﻤﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‬ 1- one or more cutaneous lesions on areas where sandflies have fed..‫ آﻓﺔ ﺟﻠﺪﯾﺔ واﺣﺪة أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﺎطﻖ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﺬى ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬-1 2- Persons who have cutaneous leishmaniasis have one or more sores on their skin..‫ اﻷﺷﺨﺎص اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﻮن ﺑﺪاء اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﺠﻠﺪي ﻟﺪﯾﮭﻢ ﻗﺮﺣﺔ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠﺪھﻢ‬-2 3- The sores can change in size and appearance over time..‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻘﺮوح ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻤﻈﮭﺮ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮور اﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬-3 4- They often end up looking somewhat like a volcano, with a raised edge and central crater..‫ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ وﺣﻔﺮة ﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ‬، ‫ ﻏﺎﻟﺒًﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺘﮭﻲ ﺑﮭﻢ اﻷﻣﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺒﺮﻛﺎن‬-4 5- A scab covers some sores..‫ ﻗﺸﺮة ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﻘﺮوح‬-5 6- The sores can be painless or painful..‫ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻜﻮن اﻟﻘﺮوح ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺆﻟﻤﺔ أو ﻣﺆﻟﻤﺔ‬-6 Cutaneous leishmaniasis …cont..‫ …ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬.. ‫داء اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺸﻮي‬  ‫‪Visceral Leishmaniasis‬‬ ‫داء اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺸﻮي‬ ‫‪ Persons who have visceral leishmaniasis usually have:‬‬ ‫ ﻋﺎدةً ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻷﺷﺧﺎص اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑون ﺑداء اﻟﻠﯾﺷﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎت اﻟﺣﺷوي ﻣن‪:‬‬ ‫‪1- Fever.‬‬ ‫ ‪ – ١‬اﻟﺣﻣﻰ‬ ‫‪2- Weight loss.‬‬ ‫ ‪ – ٢‬اﻧﻘﺎص اﻟوزن‬ ‫‪3- Enlarged spleen and liver (usually the spleen is‬‬ ‫ ‪ - ٣‬ﺗﺿﺧم اﻟطﺣﺎل واﻟﻛﺑد )ﻋﺎدة ﯾﻛون اﻟطﺣﺎل أﻛﺑر ﻣن اﻟﻛﺑد(‪.‬‬ ‫‪bigger than the liver).‬‬ ‫ ‪ -4‬اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﺗﻌداد اﻟدم ‪ ،‬ﺑﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻋدد ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟدم‬ ‫‪4- Low blood counts, including a low red blood cell‬‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻣراء )ﻓﻘر اﻟدم( ‪ ،‬واﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻋدد ﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟدم اﻟﺑﯾﺿﺎء )ﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪count (anemia), low white blood cell count (leukopenia),‬‬ ‫اﻟﻛرﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﯾض( ‪ ،‬واﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻋدد اﻟﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪and low platelet count.‬‬ Visceral Leishmaniasis ….. Cont..‫ …ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬.. ‫داء اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎت اﻟﺤﺸﻮي‬  Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ داء اﻟﻠﯿﺸﻤﺎﻧﯿﺎت‬ Clinically:.‫ﺳﺮﻳﺮﻳﺎ‬ 1- Fever ‫ اﻟﺤﻤﻰ‬-١ 2- Enlargement of liver (hepatomegaly) & spleen (splenomegaly)..(‫ ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ )ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻜﺒﺪ( واﻟﻄﺤﺎل )ﺗﻀﺨﻢ اﻟﻄﺤﺎل‬-٢ 3- Anaemia & leukopenia..‫ ﻓﻘﺮ اﻟﺪم وﻧﻘﺺ اﻟﻜﺮﯾﺎت اﻟﺒﯿﺾ‬-3 4- By the picture of sore..‫ ﺻﻮرة اﻟﻘﺮﺣﺔ‬-4 Laboratory Diagnosis ‫ اﻟﺘﺸﺨﯿﺺ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮي‬. Giemsa stained slides of the tissue used to detect the parasite (amastigote form). amastigote). ‫ﻣﻠﻄﺨﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻄﻔﯿﻞ )ﺷﻜﻞ‬Giemsa ‫ﺷﺮاﺋﺢ‬  Control & Prevention ‫اﻟﺳﯾطرة واﻟوﻗﺎﯾﺔ‬ Control of sandflies ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ذﺑﺎب اﻟﺮﻣﻞ‬ - Bed nets ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻣﻮﺳﯿﺎت‬ - Insecticides.‫ﻣﺒﯿﺪات ﺣﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ Treatment of patients..‫ﻋﻼج اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ‬  Learning outcomes By the end of the lecture, you should be able to: 1- Mention Causal Agent of Leishmaniasis. 2- Mention systematic position of Leishmania spp. 3- Mention geographic distribution of Leishmania spp. 4- Explain life cycle of Leishmania spp. 5- Mention habitat of Leishmania spp. 6- Mention mode of infection by Leishmania spp. 7- Mention pathology and clinical features of Leishmania spp. 8- Diagnose Leishmaniasis. 9- Enumerate disease control strategies  Suggested Readings Chiodini, P.L.; Moody, A.H. and Manser, D.W. (2001): Atlas of Medical Helminthology and Protozoology. 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, P. 71-73. ‫ﻟﻄﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻮاﺻﻞ واﺗﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ 0501383604: http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Para_Health.htm http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Amebiasis.htm 4th LECTURE Phylum ‫ﺷﻌﺑﺔ‬: Sarcomastigophora Superclass ‫اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ‬: Mastigophora Class ‫ اﻟﻔﺋﺔ‬: Zoomastigophorea Order : Kinetoplastida e.g. ‫ﻣﺛﺎل‬1- Trypanosoma brucei 2- Trypanosoma cruzi 2 Trypanosoma is a blood parasite of many vertebrates. There are many species infecting human:.‫اﻟﺘﺮﻳﺒﺎﻧﻮزوﻣﺎ ھﻮ طﻔﯿﻠﻲ دﻣﻮي ﻟﻠﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﻘﺎرﻳﺎت‬ :‫ھﻨﺎك اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﻮاع اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﯿﺐ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن‬ T. brucei gam biense , T. brucei rodesiense cause sleeping sickness (African trypanosomes) ( ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺒﺎن ﻣﺮض اﻟﻨﻮم )اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﯿﺎت اﻷﻓﺮﻳﻘﯿﺔ‬ T. cruzi is mainly distributed in South America, causes chaga’s disease (South American trypanosomes) ‫ وﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﻣﺮض‬، ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ رﺋﯿﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﯿﺔ‬T. cruzi ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ‬ (‫ﺷﺎﻏﺎس )اﻟﻤﺜﻘﺒﯿﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ اﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﯿﺔ‬ 3  Trypanosom a sp. Flagellum ‫اﻟﺴﻮط‬ Undulating Parabasal granule Membrane (Kinetoplast) ‫ ﻏﺸﺎء ﻣﺘﻤﻮج‬Nucleus Endosome Basal granule Cytoplasm (Blepharoplast) Pellicle ‫ﺳﯿﺘﻮﺑﻼزم‬ ‫اﻟﺤﺒﯿﺒﺎت اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻳﺔ‬ (‫)ﺑﻠﯿﻔﺎروﺑﻼﺳﺖ‬ 4 Three Morphological forms of Trypanosoma spp.: :‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺷﻛﺎل ﻣورﻓوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺎت اﻟﻧﯾﺎﺑﺔ‬ 1- The TRYPOMASTIGOTE: Found in the bloodstream of infected vertebrates.. ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺮى دم اﻟﻔﻘﺎرﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺼﺎﺑﺔ‬ Has a characteristic ‘C’ shape in Giemsa stains of blood smears.. ‫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺤﺎت اﻟﺪم‬Giemsa ‫‘ ﻣﻤﯿﺰ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻘﻊ‬C’ ‫ﻟﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ‬ The single flagellum emerges through a flagellar pocket and runs the whole length of the cell..‫ﻳﺨﺮج اﻟﺴﻮط اﻟﻔﺮدي ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺟﯿﺐ ﺟﻠﺪي وﻳﻤﺘﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ طﻮل اﻟﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬ Large kinetoplast is found at the posterior end of the cell..‫ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﮭﺎﻳﺔ اﻟﺨﻠﻔﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻠﯿﺔ‬kinetoplast ‫ﺗﻢ اﻟﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ‬ The METACYCLIC TRYPOMASTIGOTE is the infective stage for vertebrates and it is found within the vector. ‫ھﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﻘﺎرﻳﺎت وﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬TRYPOMASTIGOTE METACYCLIC ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ 5.‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬ 2-The AMASTIGOTE It is the intracellular dividing form in the cytoplasm of vertebrate ‫اﻻﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﺟوت‬-۲ cells. ‫إﻧﮫ ﺷﻛل اﻻﻧﻘﺳﺎم داﺧل اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ‬.‫ﺳﯾﺗوﺑﻼزم اﻟﺧﻼﯾﺎ اﻟﻔﻘﺎرﯾﺔ‬ It is a round/oval-shaped cell with ‫ ﺑﯾﺿﺎوﯾﺔ‬/ ‫إﻧﮭﺎ ﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻣﺳﺗدﯾرة‬ no protruding flagellum..‫اﻟﺷﻛل ﺑدون ﺳوط ﺑﺎرز‬ 3- The EPIMASTIGOTE EPIMASTIGOTE -۳ It is found in the intestinal tract (‫ﯾوﺟد ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣﻌﺎء )اﻟﻣﻌﻲ اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط‬ (midgut) of the insect vector..‫ﻟﻧﺎﻗل اﻟﺣﺷرات‬ The kinetoplast is found anterior kinetoplast ‫ﺗم اﻟﻌﺛور ﻋﻠﻰ‬ and adjacent to the nucleus (in ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ واﻟﻣﺟﺎور ﻟﻠﻧواة )ﻓﻲ‬ greek, "epi" means ‘upon’)..("‫ﺗﻌﻧﻲ "ﻋﻠﻰ‬epi" " ، ‫اﻟﯾوﻧﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬.‫ﯾظﮭر اﻟﺳوط ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ The flagellum emerges in the middle of the cell. 6 Trypanosoma forms 7  Trypanosom a brucei 1- African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping sickness) It is caused by the parasites of the species Trypanosom a brucei. It is transmitted by the tsetse fly (Glossina species), which is found only in rural Africa. Sleeping sickness is curable with medication, but is fatal if left untreated. (‫ داء اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺎت اﻷﻓرﯾﻘﻲ )ﻣرض اﻟﻧوم‬-۱.‫ ﺗﺳﺑﺑﮫ طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت ﻧوع اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺑروﺳﯾﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗوﺟد ﻓﻘط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطﻖ‬، (Glossina) ‫ ﺗﻧﺗﻘل ﻋن طرﯾﻖ ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﺳﻲ ﺗﺳﻲ أﻧواع‬.‫اﻟرﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻓرﯾﻘﯾﺎ‬.‫ وﻟﻛﻧﮫ ﻗﺎﺗل إذا ﺗرك دون ﻋﻼج‬، ‫ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻋﻼج ﻣرض اﻟﻧوم ﺑﺎﻷدوﯾﺔ‬ 8 9  The life cycle of Trypanosoma brucei ‫دورة ﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺑروﺳﯾﺔ‬ During a blood meal on the mammalian host, an ‫أﺛﻧﺎء ﺗﻧﺎول وﺟﺑﺔ دﻣوﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺿﯾف‬ infected tsetse fly (genus Glossina) injects ‫ ﺗﺣﻘن ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﺳﻲ ﺗﺳﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﺛدﯾﯾﺎت‬ metacyclic trypomastigotes (slender forms Glossina) ‫اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ )ﺟﻧس‬ ‫أﺷﻛﺎل‬metacyclic ( ‫ﺗرﯾﺑوﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﺟوﺗﯾس‬ of the parasite) into skin tissue..‫رﻓﯾﻌﺔ ﻣن اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﻲ( ﻓﻲ أﻧﺳﺟﺔ اﻟﺟﻠد‬ The parasites enter the lymphatic system, pass into the bloodstream and transform into ، ‫ﺗدﺧل اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوي‬ ‫وﺗﻧﺗﻘل إﻟﻰ ﻣﺟرى اﻟدم وﺗﺗﺣول إﻟﻰ‬ bloodstream trypomastigotes 2, ، ۲ ‫ﻣﺟرى اﻟدم اﻟﺗرﯾﺑوﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﻐوت‬ Parasites are carried to other sites throughout the body, reach other body fluids (e.g., lymph, ‫ﺗﻧﺗﻘل اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻣواﻗﻊ أﺧرى ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ وﺗﺻل إﻟﻰ ﺳواﺋل‬، ‫ﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﻧﺣﺎء اﻟﺟﺳم‬ spinal fluid), and continue the replication by ، ‫اﻟﺟﺳم اﻷﺧرى )ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل‬ binary fission 3. ، (‫ واﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻧﺧﺎﻋﻲ‬، ‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوي‬ ‫وﺗﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻛﺎﺛر ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻻﻧﺷطﺎر‬ The entire life cycle of African Trypanosomes is ۳ ‫اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ represented by extracellular stages. ‫ﯾﺗم ﺗﻣﺛﯾل دورة ﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺎت اﻷﻓرﯾﻘﯾﺔ‬.‫ﺑﺄﻛﻣﻠﮭﺎ ﺑﻣراﺣل ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺧﻠﯾﺔ‬ 10  The tsetse fly becomes infected with bloodstream ‫ﺗﺻﺎب ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﺳﻲ ﺗﺳﻲ ﺑﺟرﺛوﻣﺔ‬ trypomastigotes when taking a blood meal from ‫ﺗرﯾﺑوﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﺟوت ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟرى اﻟدم ﻋﻧد‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎول وﺟﺑﺔ دم ﻣن ﻣﺿﯾف ﺛدﯾﻲ‬ an infected mammalian host 4, 5..٥ ، ٤ ‫ﻣﺻﺎب‬ In the fly’s midgut, the parasites transform into ‫ ﺗﺗﺣول‬، ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌﻰ اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط ﻟﻠذﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ procyclic trypomastigotes (stumpy forms of ‫اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺗرﯾﺑوﻣﺎﺳﺗﯾﻐوﺗﯾس‬ (‫ﺣﻠﻘﻲ )أﺷﻛﺎل ﻣﺗﻌرﺟﺔ ﻣن اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﻲ‬ the parasite), multiply by binary fission (6) (٦) ‫ وﺗﺗﻛﺎﺛر ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺷطﺎر اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬، leave the midgut, and transform into ‫ وﺗﺗﺣول‬، ‫ﺗﻐﺎدر اﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻟوﺳطﻰ‬ epimastigotes 7..۷ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻧﺑﺗﺎت ﺷرﺳﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ‬epimastigotes ‫ﺗﺻل ذﺑﺎﺑﺔ‬ The epimastigotes reach the fly’s salivary glands ‫اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﻠذﺑﺎﺑﺔ وﺗﺳﺗﻣر ﻓﻲ‬ and continue multiplication by binary fission 8..۸ ‫اﻟﺿرب ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺷطﺎر اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ The cycle in the fly takes approximately 3 ۳ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﻐرق اﻟدورة ﻓﻲ اﻟذﺑﺎﺑﺔ ﺣواﻟﻲ‬.‫أﺳﺎﺑﯾﻊ‬ weeks. ‫ اﻟﺑﺷر ھم اﻟﻣﺿﯾف اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﻲ‬ Humans are the main host for