Family Functions and Roles PDF

**The Family in Our Today's Society** **Family** - Is the basic unit of the society and is shaped by all forces surround it. - A group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption living together. (U.S. Census Bureau,2000) Description of Family Structure 1. Family of Orientati...

**The Family in Our Today's Society** **Family** - Is the basic unit of the society and is shaped by all forces surround it. - A group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption living together. (U.S. Census Bureau,2000) Description of Family Structure 1. Family of Orientation- the family one is born into; or oneself, mother, father, and siblings. 2. Family of Procreation- a family one establishes; or oneself, spouse or significant other, and children. Family Structure in the Philippines 1\. Descent a. Patrilineal- a structure in which one belongs to one's father lineage. b. Matrilineal- a structure in which one belong to one's mother lineage. 2\. Residence a. Patrilocal- family unit lives within or near the husband's family. b. Matrilocal - the married couple lives within the woman's family. c. Neolocal- a newly married couple lives independently in a new location or home of their own. d. Avunlocal- a married couple traditionally lives with the eldest brother of the husband's mother, which most often occurs in matrilineal societies. e. Bilocal- the husband and wife agree to stay in both their families on a timesharing arrangement. 3\. Authority a. Patriarchal- the husband exercise all the authority in the family. b. Matriarchal- all the authority in the family is vested in the wife. c. Equalitarian- the authority in the family exercised by the husband and the wife. 4\. Composition \- can be generally either nuclear or extended. **Types of Families in Today's Society** **1. The Dyad Family** - Refers to two people living together, usually a woman and a man, without children. - Are generally viewed as temporary arrangements, but if couple chooses child-free living this can refer to a lifetime arrangement. **2. The Nuclear Family** - Is composed of a husband, wife, and children. - The advantage of a nuclear family is its ability to provide support to family members because with its small size, people know each other well and feel genuine affection for each other. **3. The Cohabitation Family** - Are composed of heterosexual couple and perhaps children who live together like a nuclear family but remain unmarried. - Reasons for cohabiting: a need for companionship, a desire to achieve a sense of family, testing a relationship or commitment, or sharing expenses and household management. **4.The Extended(Multigenerational) Family** - Includes not only the nuclear family but also other family members such as grandmothers, grandfathers, aunts, uncles, cousins, and grandchildren. **Advantage**: it contains more people to serve as resources during crises and provides more role models for behavior or values. **A possible disadvantage:** family resources both financial and psychological must be stretched to accommodate all members. **5. The Single- Parent Family** - Reasons for this type of family: death of a spouse, separation, divorce, birth of a child to an unmarried woman, or adoption of a child by a single man or woman. - Stresses of single parenthood: childcare concerns, financial concerns, role overload and fatigue in managing daily task, and social isolation. **Advantage:** offering a child a special parent-child relationship and increased opportunities for self-reliance and independence. **6. The Blended Family** - **Consist of existing family units who join together to form a new family.** - **It is also called step, remarriage or reconstituted.** **Advantage: increased security and resources for the new family, children of blended family are exposed to different ways of life and become more adaptable to new situations.** **Disadvantage:** rivalry among children for attention of parent or competition with the stepparent for the love of biologic parent, each spouse may encounter difficulties helping rear the other's children. **7. The Communal Family** - Communes comprise group of people who have chosen to live together as an extended family. Their relationship to each other is motivated by social or religious values rather than kinship. **8. The Gay or Lesbian Family** - In homosexual unions, individuals of the same sex live together as partners for companionship, financial security, and sexual fulfillment. - The greater danger to children of these families is the prejudice and ridicule expressed by others in society. **9. The Two-Career Family** - Both parents are employed. They may or may not have children. **10. The Adolescent Family** **11. The Foster Family** - Children whose parents can no longer care for them may be placed in a foster or substitute home by a child protection agency. - Foster parents may or may not have children of their own. **12. The Single Adults Living Alone** - Individuals who live by themselves represent a significant portion of today's society. - Singles include young self-supporting adult who have recently left the nuclear family as well as older adults living alone. **Family Functions and Roles** **Eight task identify by Duvall and Miller (1990)**1. Physical Maintenance - The family provides food, shelter, clothing, and health care for its members. 2\. Socialization of family members - This task involves preparing children to live in the community and to interact with people outside the family. 3\. Allocation of resources - It refers to determining which family needs will be met and their order of priority. Resources include not only financial wealth but also material goods, affection, and space. 4\. Maintenance of order - This task includes opening an effective means of communication between family members, establishing family values, and enforcing common regulations for all family members. 5\. Division of Labor - The issue here is who will fulfill certain roles, such as family provider, caregiver, and home manager. 6\. Reproduction - recruitment, and release of family members. 7\. Placement of members into the larger society - Consist of selecting community activities, such as school, religious affiliation, or a political group, that correlate with the family's belief and values. 8\. Maintenance of motivation and morale - A sense of pride in the family group, when created, helps members defend the family against threats and serve as support people to each other during crises. - Establish a mutual satisfying relationship - Learn to relate well to their families of orientation - If applicable, engage in productive life planning - A Busy family because children at this age demand a great deal of time related to their growth and developmental needs and safety considerations as unintentional injuries( accidents) become a major health concern. - Parents of school age children have the important responsibility of preparing their children to be able to function in a complex world while at the same time maintaining their own satisfying marriage relationship. - The family must loosen ties to allow adolescents more freedom and prepare them for life on their own. - The stage may represent a loss of self esteem for parents, who feel themselves being replaced by other people in their children's lives. They feel old for the first time and less able to cope with responsibilities. - When a family returns to two-partner nuclear unit, as it was before childbearing, the partners may view this stage either as the prime time of their lives (an opportunity to travel, economic independence, and time to spend on hobbies) or as a period of gradual decline (lacking the constant activity and stimulation of children in the home, finding life boring without them, or experiencing "empty nest" syndrome). - These individuals are more apt to suffer from chronic and disabling conditions than younger persons. They can offer a great deal of support and advice to young adults who are just beginning their families. **Characteristics of a Family** 1\. Each family is a small social system a. **all members of the family are interrelated.** b. **family boundaries** c. **adaptive behavior** d. **goal directed behavior** 2\. Each family has its own cultural values and roles a. childcare b. provider role c. kinship role d. sexual role 1. identification role 2. differentiation 3. mutual regulation a. Affection b. Security c. Identity d. Affiliations e. Socialization f. Controls Types of vulnerable families - -fatherless, motherless, widows, widowers, divorced partners - Family theories describe the dynamic interactions among family members, including changes in patterns of parent-child relationships, and the characteristics of family interactions that may enhance or disrupt development. - Pertains to a family that acts as an interdependent unit. That is, they all depend on one another, and any change or stressor that is experienced by one member of the family affects the entire family unit. - Focuses on a family's response and coping strategies to routine and unexpected stressors. In other words, how does the family respond to changes or stressors, and what kind of coping strategies do they have as a unit. - Family development theory defines eight stages of a family's life cycle that include predictable steps families experience over time, that is, the systematic and patterned changes experienced by families as they live their lives. **PRIMARY HEALTH CARE** - Is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them, through their full participation and at cost that the community and country can afford at every stage of development. (WHO) - Declared during the First International Conference on PHC held in Alma- Ata, USSR on September 6-12, 1978 by WHO. Goal: Health for all Filipinos and Health in the Hands of the people by the year 2020 Mission: To strengthen the health care system by increasing opportunities and supporting the conditions wherein people will manage their own health care. Concept: Characterized by partnership and empowerment of the people shall permeate as the core strategy in the effective provision of essential health services that are community based, accessible, acceptable and sustainable; at a cost, which the community and the government can afford. Conceptual Framework - Health is a FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT - Health is both an INDIVIDUAL and COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY - Health should be an EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO ALL - Health is an essential element of socio-economic development "Everyone should be given equal access to heath and health services" Legal Basis LOI 949- signed October 19, 1979(President Ferdinand Marcos) **FOCUS OF PHC APPROACH** (P.E.O.P.L.E.) **P**= Partnership with the community **E=** Equitable Distribution of Health Resources **O=** Organized and appropriate health system infrastructure **P=** Prevention of disease and promotion of health as focus **L=** Linked multisectorally **E=** Emphasis on appropriate technology 5 A'S OF HEALTH CARE ACCORDING TO PHC 1. ACCESSIBILITY 2. AVAILABLE 3. AFFORDABLE 4. ACCEPTABLE 5. ADEQUATE Elements / Components - Environmental Sanitation - Control of Communicable Disease - Immunization - Health Education - Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning - Adequate Food and Proper Nutrition **STRATEGIES** - Reorientation and reorganization of the national health care system with the establishment of functional support mechanism in support of the mandate of devolution under the Local Government Code of 1991. - Effective preparation and enabling process for health action at all levels.  **INTRASECTORAL LINKAGES** - DEALS WITH ESTABLISHING A CLOSE WORKING RELATIONSHIP OF THE PERSONNEL WITHIN AND BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT LEVELS (PRIMARY, SECONDARY, TERTIARITY LEVEL) OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES. - ADMINISTRATION, LOGISTICS, AND TECHNOLOGICAL SUPPORT WILL BE ENSURED THROUGH THIS: 1. TX OF EMERGENCY CASES AND PROVISION 2. HEALTH EDUCATION 3. MATERNAL AND CHILD HX AND FAMILY PLANNING 4. NUTRITION AND ADEQUATE FOOD PROVISION 5. EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION 6. COMMUNICABLE DSE CONTROL 7. ESSENTIAL DRUGS PROVISION 8. LOCAL ENDEMIC DSE TX LEVELS OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE WORKERS VILLAGE OR BRGY HEALTH WORKER (BHW) - TRAINED COMMUNITY HEALTH WORKER, HEALTH AUXILLARY VOLUNTEERS, TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANT HEALERS INTERMEDIATE LEVEL HEALTH WORKER - GENERAL MEDICAL PRACTITIONER, PUBLIC HEALTH NURSES, RURAL SANITARY INSPECTOR, AND MIDWIVES HEALTH PROBLEMS THAT ARE BEYOND THE CAPABILITY OF PRIMARY HX CARE UNITS ARE REFERRED TO AN INTERMEDIATE HX CARE FACILITY LIKE THE RURAL HEALTH UNIT (RHU) RHU TEAMS CONSIST OF: 1. RHU PHYSICIAN 2. DENTIST 3. PUBLIC HEALTH NURSE 4. RURAL HEALTH MIDWIFE 5. SANITARY INSPECTOR 6. BHW  - **INDIVIDUAL** - **FAMILY** - **COMMUNITY** - **ENVIRONMENT** - PROPER NUTRITION, REGULAR EXERCISE, VECTOR CONTROL - **SOCIETY** - BASIC NEEDS OF CITIZENS ARE MET - DIGNITY AND RIGHTS ARE UPHELD AND PROTECTED - TALENT AND SKILL ARE UTILIZED FOR DEVELOPMENT DOH PROGRAMS Reproductive Health Program Known as the RH Law, it provides universal and free access to modern contraceptive methods, mandates age- and development appropriate reproductive health education in government schools and recognizes a woman\'s right to postabortion care in the Philippines as part of the right to reproductive healthcare. Reproductive Health Reproductive health refers to "state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, in all matters relating to the reproductive system and its functions and process" (ICPD, 1994) Reproductive Health Care Reproductive health care includes a constellation of methods, techniques and services that contribute to reproductive health and well-being by preventing and solving RH problems (ICPD, 1994) Concepts of Reproductive Health - A married couple has the capability to reproduce/procreate. - Reproductive health is the exercise of reproductive right with responsibility. - Reproductive health includes sexual health for the purpose of enhancement of life and personal relations. Sexual health means protection from sexually transmitted diseases, harmful reproductive practices and violence, control and freedom over sexual relations. - Reproductive health means safe pregnancy and delivery. Women have the right of access to appropriate health information and services to enable them to go through pregnancy and childbirth safety. Guiding Principle - Family-Centered - Gender Sensitivity - Life Course Approach - Partnership and Networking - Evidence-Based Ten (10) Elements of Reproductive Health 1. Maternal-child health and nutrition 2. Family planning 3. Prevention and treatment of reproductive tract infections, including HIV/ AIDS 4. Breast and reproductive tract cancers and other gynecological conditions 5. Prevention and management of abortion and its complications 6. Male involvement in reproductive health 7. Adolescent and youth health 8. Violence against women and children 9. Prevention and treatment of infertility and sexual dysfunction 10. Education and counselling on sexual health THE MATERNAL HEALTH PROGRAM - The Philippines is tasked to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by three quarters by 2015. - This means an MMR of 112/100,000 live birth in 2010 and 80/100,000 live births by 2015. - The MMR has declined from estimated 209 per 100,000 live births in 1987- 1993 (NDHS 1993 ) to 172 in 1998 & NHDS, 1998). - Perinatal mortality reduction has been minimal. It went down by 11% in 10 years from 27.1 to 24 per thousand live births (1993 and 2003, NDHS ). - The percentage of pregnant women with at least four prenatal visits decreased from 77% in 1998 to 70.4 in 2003. The Three Delays Model 1\. Delay in deciding to seek medical care - Failure to recognize danger signs - Absence of skilled attendants - Lack of money to pay for medical expenses a cost of transportation - Pregnancy is unplanned or unwanted 2\. Delay in identifying and reaching the appropriate facility The second delay may attribute to: - Distance from a woman\'s home to a facility or provider - Lack of roads or poor condition of roads - Lack of emergency transportation whether by land or water - Lack of awareness of existing services 3\. Delay in receiving appropriate and adequate care at the facility The delay in receiving care is generally caused by problems in the referral facility. These may be: - Lack of health care personnel - Unprofessional attitudes of health care providers - Shortage of supplies (emergency medicines or blood) - Lack of basic equipment (for caesarian section, blood transfusion) - Poor skills of health care providers Essential Health Service Package in the Health Care Facilities Antenatal Care - Is a critical phase in the life of the mother which starts from conception up to the period before delivery. Emergency Obstetric Care - Is the essential care for risk pregnancy and complications that may arise during delivery and postpartum. - Entails the establishments of facilities that provide emergency obstetric care for every 125,000-population located tragically. 1. Basic Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (BEmONC)- provided at: DH,RHU/BHS 2. Comprehensive Emergency Obstetric and Newborn Care (CEmONC) provided at the Hospital - Administration of parenteral antibiotics (initial loading dose) - Administration of parenteral oxytocic drugs (for active management of the 3rd stage of labor only) - Administration of parenteral anticonvulsants for pre- eclampsia, eclampsia (initial loading dose) - Performance of manual removal of placenta. - Performance of removal of retained products of conception. - Performance of IMMINENT breech delivery - Administration of Corticosteroids in preterm labor - Performance of Essential Newborn Care - Capability for blood transfusion - Capability for caesarean section Home Based Mother's Record(HMBR) Tetanus Toxoid Immunization - A series of 2 doses of TT vaccination must be received by a woman one month before delivery to protect the baby from neonatal tetanus. - And 3 booster dose shots to complete the five doses following recommended schedule provides full protection for both mother and baby.   Clean and Safe Delivery ASSESSMENT (Steps to follow) 1. Do a quick check for emergency signs. 2. Make the client comfortable 3. Assess the woman in labor 4. Determine the stage of labor 5. Decide if the woman can safely deliver 6. Give supportive care throughout labor 7. Monitor and manage labor8. Monitor closely within one hour after delivery and supportive care. 8. Continue care after one hour postpartum. Keep watch closely for at least 2 hours. 9. Educate and counsel on FP and provide FP method if available and decision was made by a woman. 10. Inform, teach and counsel the woman on important MCH messages. 11. support to breast feeding 12. family planning counseling UNANG YAKAP/EINC - Unang Yakap (First Embrace), a campaign of the Philippines' Department of Health (DOH), in cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO), to adopt the Essential Intrapartum Newborn Care (EINC) in the Philippines. - EINC is a series of time-bound and evidence-based interventions for newborn babies and their mothers that ensure the best care for them. Focus on breastfeeding The most important outcome of Unang Yakap is the promotion of breastfeeding. Since the baby is placed closely to the mother's breast, he becomes familiar with the breast as the source of food. Infant and Young Child Feeding - There is a global evidence that good nutrition in the early months and years of life plays a very significant role, affecting not only the health and survival of infants and children but also their intellectual and social development, resulting in life- long impact on school performance and overall productivity. - Breastfeeding, especially exclusive breastfeeding during the first half- year of life is an important factor that can prevent infant and childhood morbidity and mortality. Timely, adequate, safe and proper complementary feeding will prevent childhood malnutrition. 3 E's of BREASTFEEDING 1. **Early** - Initiate breastfeeding within 1 hour after birth. 2. Exclusive - exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life, plus appropriate complementary food, at 6 months, excluding milk supplements 3. **Extended** - breastfeeding should be practiced up to 2 years and beyond BREASTFEEDING (Why should a mother breastfeed immediately?) - it increases the likelihood that she will breastfeed for a long time - If she delays breastfeeding for a few hours, it is more likely to fail - Sucking reflex is strongest right after birth; thus, it is a good time to teach a baby to suck - Breastfeeding helps the uterus contract, thus helping reduce bleeding - Sucking of the breast immediately after birth create a stronger bond between mother and baby. UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF BREASTFEEDING - Best for baby - Reduced allergic reaction - Economical - Antibodies present Safe - Temperature is always right - Fresh - Emotional bonding between mother and child is ensured - Easily established - Digestible - Immediately available - Nutritionally optimal - GIT problems greatly reduced Exclusive Breastfeeding and Complimentary Feeding - Means giving a baby only breast milk , and no other liquid or solids, not even water. Drops or syrups consisting of vitamins, mineral supplements or medicine are permitted. Benefits of Breastfeeding To the Infants: - provides a nutritional complete food for the young infant - strengthens the infant's immune system, preventing many infections - increase IQ points To Mothers: - reduces woman's risk of excessive blood loss after birth - provides natural methods of delaying pregnancies. - reduce the risk of ovarian and breast cancers and osteoporosis To the Household and Community: - conserve funds that otherwise would be spent on breast milk substitute Complementary Feeding - after six 6 months of age, all babies requires other foods to complement breast milk. it should be: a. timely b. adequate c. properly fed Breast milk and breastfeeding - breast milk is the best food for the baby from birth up to 6 months. - give colostrum to the baby. - do not give plain water, sugared water, chewed sticky rice, herbal preparations, or starve the baby while waiting for the milk to come in. Laws that Protect Infant and Young Child Feeding 1. Milk Code (EO51) 2. The Rooming-In and Breastfeeding Act of 1992 3. Food Fortification Law (RA 8976) THE FAMILY PLANNING CONTROL PROGRAM and RESPONSIBLE PARETNHOOD FP Situation - The contraceptive prevalence rate has increased gradually from 15.4( 1996) to 48.9 percent (NDHS, 2003) in 35 years. There are about three to four million women getting pregnant every year. In developing countries, about 85% of all pregnancies are expected to progress full term. Overall goal of Family Planning - To provide universal access to family planning information and services wherever and whenever these are needed. Concept of Family Planning 1. Family planning is responsible for individual and family welfare 2. It is a major factor that ensures the health and survival of mothers and children as well as all other members of the family. 3. It is a basic right of every couple to determine fully and responsibly whether to have children. When to have to have them and how many of them. 4. The practice of Family Planning improves the health of the family, which provides opportunities for the enrichment of a long and productive life and fulfillment of the human potential. Benefits of Family Planning 1. Family Planning helps couples plan pregnancies that would be least risky to the health of the mother and the child. 2. Family Planning helps reduce environmental problems like overcrowding which cause easy transmission of diseases. The Family Planning Methods 1\. Female sterilization - safe and simple surgical procedure which provides permanent contraception for women who do not want more children. - also known as bilateral tubal ligation that involves cutting or blocking the two fallopian tube. Advantages: - permanent method of contraception, lifelong, safe and very effective contraception. - minilaparotomy can be performed after a woman gives birth. Disadvantages: - uncommon complication of surgery: infection or bleeding at the incision site, internal infection or bleeding, injury to the internal organs, anesthesia risk uncommon with local anesthesia. - in rare cases, when pregnancy occurs, it is more likely to be ectopic than in a woman who has not undergone the procedure. 2\. Male Sterilization - permanent method wherein the vas deference( passage of sperm) is tied and cut or blocked through a small opening on the scrotal skin. - it is also known as vasectomy. Advantages: - very effective 3 months after the procedure - permanent safe, simple, and easy to perform - can be performed in a clinic, office or a primary care center - no resupplies or repeated clinic visits Disadvantages: - -it may be uncomfortable due to slight pain and swelling 2-3 days after the procedure. - reversibility is difficult and expensive - bleeding may result in hematoma of the scrotum. - Slow effect the man need to wear condom up to 15 to 20 ejaculation 3\. Pill/s - contains hormones- estrogen and progesterone taken daily to prevent contraception. Advantages - safe as proven through extensive studies - convenient and easy to use Disadvantages: - often not used correctly and consistently, lowering its effectiveness 4\. Male Condom - thin sheath of latex rubber made to fit a man's erect penis to prevent the passage of sperm cells and STI's organisms into the vagina. - -It provides dual protection from STI's including HIV preventing transmission of disease microorganism during intercourse. Advantages: - safe and has no hormonal effect - -protects against microorganism causing STI's/ HIV Disadvantages - may cause allergy for people who are sensitive to latex or lubricant - may decrease sensation, making the sex less enjoyable for other- partner 5\. Injectables - contain synthetic hormone, progestin which suppresses ovulation, thickens cervical mucus, making it difficult for sperm to pass through and changes uterine lining. Advantages: - reversible - no need for daily intake - does not interfere with sexual intercourse - has no estrogen related side effects such as nausea, dizziness, nor serious complications, such as thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism 6\. Lactating Amenorrhea Method - temporary introductory postpartum method of postponing pregnancy based on physiological infertility experienced by breast feeding women. Advantages - universally available to all postpartum breastfeeding women. - protection from an unplanned pregnancy begins immediately postpartum. Disadvantages - considered as an introductory, short term FP method which is effective only for a maximum of 6 months postpartum - the effectiveness of LAM may decrease if a mother and child are separated for extended period of time. 7\. Mucus/Billing/ Ovulation - abstaining from sexual intercourse during fertile( wet) days prevents pregnancy Basis: the flow of mucus from the cervix of the uterus - a woman can discern her fertile and infertile days based on her sensory and visual observations of the cervical mucus (when it becomes thin and watery = spinnbarkheit), intercourse is avoided 4 days prior to 3 days after spinnbarkheit. Advantages: - can be used by any woman of reproductive age as long as she is not suffering from an unusual disease or condition that results in extraordinary vaginal discharge that makes observation difficult. Disadvantages: - cannot be used by woman with the following condition: - medical condition that would make pregnancy especially dangerous. 8\. Basal Body Temperature - is identifying the infertile and fertile period of a woman's cycle by daily taking and recording of the rise in body temperature during and after ovulation. Advantages: - very effective - safe - does not interfere with intercourse. Disadvantages: - requires to take BBT every day and time to record temperatures, couples may practice abstinence during fertile period - needs discipline and correct timing 9\. Sympto -thermal method - is identifying the fertile and infertile days of the menstrual cycle as determined through a combination of observation made on the cervical mucus, basal body temperature recording and other sign of ovulation. Advantage: - does not interfere with intercourse. Disadvantages: - needs an extra effort in checking the mucus. - may cause false interpretation. 10\. Two-day method - is a simple fertility awareness- based method of FP that involves: \*cervical secretions as an indicator of fertility \*women checking the presence of secretions everyday. Advantages: - can be used by women with any cycle length - no health-related side effects associated Disadvantages; - needs the cooperation of the husband - can become unreliable for women who have conditions that cause abnormal cervical secretions 11\. Standard Days Method - a new method of FP in which all users with menstrual cycle between 26 and 32 days are counseled to abstain from sexual intercourse on days 8-19 to avoid pregnancy - the couples use color coded beads to mark the fertile and infertile days of menstrual cycle. Advantages: - no health-related side effects associated with its use - increase self-awareness and knowledge of human reproduction and can lead to a diagnosis of some gynecologic problems Disadvantages: - cannot be used by women who usually have menstrual cycle between 26 and 32 days long. 12\. Intrauterine device (IUD)) - Specific action: prevents implantation by setting up a non-specific cell inflammatory reaction to the device - inserted during a menstruation to ensure that the woman is not pregnant; septic abortion can result if she is pregnant. Advantages: - it is safe and effective - does not interfere with breast milk production Disadvantages: - it does not protect the woman against STD - it needs a follow up (if IUD is still in place); checkup after 1 month, 6 months, 1 year then every year. 13\. Diaphragm - A circular rubber disc that fits over the cervix and forms a barrier against the entrance of the sperms - Is initially inserted by a doctor who determines the depth of the vagina Advantages: - protects the woman against STD - can be used only when needed. Disadvantages: - May have allergy to latex or rubber - can cause UTI 14\. Chemical Methods - -are spermicidal (kill sperms). E.g., - jellies, creams, foaming tablets, suppositories Misconception about Family Planning Methods - Some FP methods causes abortion - using contraceptives will render couples sterile - using contraceptive methods will result to loss of sexual desire Roles of PHN on FP Program 1\. Provide counseling among the clients will help increase FP acceptors and avoid defaulters 2\. Provide packages of health service among reproductive age group in all health facilities. - FP - MCHN - management of reproductive tract infections including STI's/HIV/AIDS - violence against women - management of breast and other reproductive cancers 3\. Ensure the availability of FP supplies and logistics for the client 4\. Monitor all learning users through chart interpretations of prospective clients. 5\. Follow-up new family planning acceptors. 6\. Evaluate current users using the user autonomy checklist. 7\. Record every event in the target client list and required forms within the service delivery guidelines. Keep in mind: - Responsible Parenthood is the will and the ability to respond to the needs and aspirations of the family and children.