Exogenic and Endogenic Processes PDF

DIFFERENT EXOGENIC AND ENDOGENIC PROCESSES ON EARTH   include geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth’s surface. They are genetically related to EXOGENIC the atmosphere, hydrosphere PROCESSES and biosphere...

DIFFERENT EXOGENIC AND ENDOGENIC PROCESSES ON EARTH   include geological phenomena and processes that originate externally to the Earth’s surface. They are genetically related to EXOGENIC the atmosphere, hydrosphere PROCESSES and biosphere, and therefore to processes of weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, denudation etc.  geological processes associat ed with energy originating in the interior of the solid earth. ENDOGENIC Endogenic processes include PROCESSES tectonic movements of the crust, magmatism, metamor- phism, and seismic activity.  DIFFERENT KINDS OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES   is the process of breakdown of rocks at the Earth’s surface, by WEATHERING the action of water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, gravity and changing temperatures.  PHYSICAL WEATHERING  caused by the effects of changing rocks temperatures on rocks causing to break apart. Sometimes, it is assisted by water. CHEMICAL WEATHERING THREE TYPES  caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals and soluble OF clays. These reaction occurs particularly when water is acidic. WEATHERING BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING  occurs when rocks are weakened by different biological agents like animals and plants.  PHYSICAL WEATHERING TYPES OF WEATHERING BIOLOGICAL CHEMICAL WEATHERING WEATHERING   ABRASION It occurs when rock surface is frequently exposed to water, KINDS OF wind and gravity. PHYSICAL WEATHERING   FREEZE-THAW It occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart. It occurs in mountainous regions like the KINDS OF Alps and Snowdonia. PHYSICAL WEATHERING   EXFOLIATION It can happen as cracks develop parallel to land surface as a consequence of the reduction in pressure during uplift and erosion. It occurs typically in upland areas where there is exposures of uniform KINDS OF coarsely crystalline igneous rocks. PHYSICAL WEATHERING   CARBONATION -carbon dioxide in the air dissolves in rainwater and becomes weakly acidic. This weak” carbonic acid” can dissolve limestone as it seeps into cracks and KINDS OF cavities. Over many years, solution of the CHEMICAL rock can form spectacular cave systems. WEATHERING   ACIDIFICATION - polluting gases, like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide dissolve in rainwater to make stronger acids. When this rainwater falls, we get acid rain. The acid attacks the many KINDS OF rock types, both by solution and hydrolysis, seriously damaging buildings and monuments. CHEMICAL WEATHERING   HYDROLYSIS - the breakdown of rock by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. Hydrolysis takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming mineral such as feldspar to produce clay and KINDS OF salts that are removed in solution. CHEMICAL WEATHERING   HYDRATION - a type of chemical weathering where water reacts chemically with the rocks,modifying chemical structure. KINDS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING   OXIDATION - the breakdown of rock by oxygen and water, often giving iron-rich rocks rusty- colored weathered surface. KINDS OF CHEMICAL WEATHERING   BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING BY PHYSICAL MEANS - burrowing animals like shrews, moles and earthworms create holes on the ground by excavation and move the rock fragments to the surface. These fragments become more exposed to other KINDS OF environmental factors that cn further enhance their BIOLOGICAL weathering. WEATHERING   BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING BY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS - some plants and animals also produced acidic substances that react with the rock and cause its slow disintegration. KINDS OF BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING  WEATHERING PHYSICAL CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL Abrasion Carbonation Freeze-Thaw Acidification By Physical Means Exfoliation Hydrolysis By Chemical Compounds Hydration Oxidation REVIEW Write C if the statement is correct and I if the statement is incorrect. _____1) Gravity is one of the agents of weathering. _____2) Exfoliation occurs when water continually seeps into the cracks, freezes and expands eventually breaking the rock apart. _____3) Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide dissolved in water makes acid and reacts with rocks. _____4) Burrowing animals cannot contribute on weathering of rocks. _____5) Hydrolysis takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming minerals such as feldspar to produce clay and salts that are removed in the solution. _____6) Animals produce acidic compounds that can cause rock disintegration. _____7) Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide when mix with water produces basic substance that can break down rock’s components. _____8) Humans indirectly contribute on weathering. _____9) Water alters chemical components of rocks that cause weathering. _____10) Earthworms are physical weathering agents.  REVIEW Complete the sentences below. 1. _____________ is the process of breaking down rocks. 2. Water, ice, wind, gravity and changing temperature are agents of ______________. 3. ___________ occurs when water continually seeps into the cracks, freezes and expands eventually breaking the rocks apart. 4. ______________ happens when rocks surfaces are frequently exposed with water, wind and gravity. 5. Carbonation occurs when __________ dissolves to rainwater producing __________. 6. __________ happened when SO2 and NO combined with rainwater and produce _________ that reacts with rocks. 7. __________ is a process of breaking down of rocks by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. 8. __________ is a type of chemical weathering where water reacts chemically with the rocks, modifying its __________. 9. __________ animals create holes on the ground and move rock fragments to the surface exposing them to environmental factors of weathering. 10.___________ and _________ produce acidic substances that slowly disintegrate rocks. REVIEW Write C if the statement is correct and I if the statement is incorrect. _____1) C Gravity is one of the agents of weathering. _____2) I Exfoliation occurs when water continually seeps into the cracks, freezes and expands eventually breaking the rock apart. _____3) C Carbonation occurs when carbon dioxide dissolved in water makes acid and reacts with rocks. I _____4) Burrowing animals cannot contribute on weathering of rocks. _____5) C Hydrolosis takes place when acid rain reacts with rock-forming minerals such as feldspar to produce clay and salts that are removed in the solution. C _____6) Animals and plants produce acidic compounds that can cause rock disintegration. _____7) I Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide when mix with water produces basic substance that can break down rock’s components. _____8) C Humans indirectly contribute on weathering. _____9) C Water alters chemical components of rocks that cause weathering. C _____10) Earthworms are physical weathering agents.  REVIEW Complete the sentences below. 1. Weathering _____________ is the process of breaking down rocks. 2. Water, ice, wind, gravity and changing temperature are agents of ______________. weathering 3. ___________ Freeze-Thaw occurs when water continually seeps into the cracks, freezes and expands eventually breaking the rocks apart. Abrasion 4. ______________ happens when rocks surfaces are frequently exposed with water, wind and gravity. 5. Carbonation occurs whencarbon__________ carbonic acid dioxide dissolves to rainwater producing __________. 6. Acidification __________ happened when SO2 and NO combined with rainwater and produce acid rain that reacts with rocks. _________ 7. __________ Hydrolysis is a process of breaking down of rocks by acidic water to produce clay and soluble salts. 8. __________ Hydration is a type of chemical weathering where water reacts chemically with the rocks, modifying its chemical __________. structure 9. __________ Burrowing animals create holes on the ground and move rock fragments to the surface exposing them to environmental factors of weathering. Plants 10.___________ and _________ animals produce acidic substances that slowly disintegrate rocks. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES   Heat is needed in order for the organism to survive. The heat came form internal and external sources. The earth’s internal heat provides the heat and energy which supplies the force for natural phenomena EARTH’S such as earthquakes and volcanic INTERNAL HEAT eruptions. It also provides energy for the movement of the plates. However, despite the large amount of the heat that the Earth possesses, its internal energy is greater during early stages.  1)Where does the magma come from? 2)How does internal structure of earth produce magma? 3)What can you infer on the Earth’s Internal temperature ? In January 12, 2020, Taal Volcano woke up from its long sleep and spew tons of gases and ashes that civered the surrounding municipalities in Batangas including the neighboring provinces of Cavite and Laguna. After the intense phreatic explosion, PHIVOLCS reported that there was a magmatic explosion on the following day.  SOURCES OF HEAT INTERNAL HEAT Dense core Primordial heat material in the of the planet center of the remains from the planet early stage Heat from the decay of Gravitational radioactive pressure elements   Earth was formed from the process of accretion wherein gases and dust of clouds was attracted by gravitational energy. This process formed the earliest stage of planet Earth which is Primordial heat of molten in state and heat is trapped in the core the planet of the planet. The heat is believed not vanish. remains from the Through the convective transport within the early stage core up to the mantle of the planet and conductive of heat in the different plate boundary layers, it is resulted to the preservation of some amount the primordial heat in the interior earth.   Earth is considered as thermal engine since its main source of internal heat come from the produced decay of some Heat from the naturally occurring isotopes from its decay of interior. Radioactive decay is the spontaneous breakdown of atomic radioactive nucleus causes the release of energy and elements matter from the nucleus. The process of radioactive decay which emits heat energy as one of the products prevents the Earth from completely cooling off.   The deeper we descend into the Earth’s interior, the amount of pressure increases due to the force pressing on an area caused by weight of overlying rocks which Gravitational produces great heat. Since rocks on the pressure Earth’s surface are mostly insulated, there is lesser heat escape in the earth surface and instead most of the heat were trapped in the earth’s interior that gives molten materials intense heat and pressure.   Due to the increase in pressure and presence of heavier materials towards the earth’s center, the density of earth’s layer also increases. Dense core Obviously, the materials of the innermost part material in the of the earth are very dense. Given that the center of the Earth inner core is primarily made of up iron and nickel that produces tremendous heat, planet dense materials in the inner core prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements from melting. Thus contributes to the intense heat in the interior of the planet.  DIFFERENT KINDS OF ENDOGENIC PROCESSES Plutonism, Volcanism and Metamorphism   Magma are molten material found beneath the surface of the Earth. What is magma  Magma is formed under certain circumstances in special location deep in and how does it the crust or in the upper mantle. formed?  Magma forms from partial melting of mantle rocks.   Undergoes to rocks because the minerals that compose them melt at different temperature because rocks are simply not made of pure materials. As temperature rises, some minerals melt and others Partial Melting remains solid. To understand melting, (MAGMATISM) pressure is also considered. Pressure increases with depth as a result of the increased weight of overlying rock. There two mechanisms through which rocks melt. It can be through decompression melting or flux melting.  TWO MECHANISMS THAT MAY LEAD TO PARTIAL MELTING DECOMPRESSION FLUX MELTING MELTING involves the upward movement of Earth's mostly-solid mantle. This hot material rises to an area of Happens if a rock is close to its lower pressure through the process melting point and some water or of convection.... This reduction in carbon dioxide is added to the rock, overlying pressure, or the melting temperature is reduced decompression, enables the and partial melting starts. mantle rock to melt and form magma.   is the magma that moves up into the volcano without erupting. Like a balloon, this causes the volcano grows on inside. What is meant by intrusion of magma is INTRUSION the inclusion of rock layers forming the earth’s crust (magma does not get out). This was driven through the natural process of plutonism.   refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below the Earth’s surface. In cases where magma infiltrates the Earth’s crust but fails to make PLUTONISM it to the surface, the process of magma differentiation gives birth to ideal condition for metallogenesis and that is a kind of plutonism.   These are magmatic rocks produced when the process of crystallization takes place PLUTONITES inside the crust.  This is a major category of igneous rock formation   is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth. Magma extrusion causes the formation of the volcano when the gas pressure is strong enough and there are cracks EXTRUSION in the Earth’s crust. Magma that came out to the surface of the earth is called the eruption. Magma that came to the surface of the earth is called lava.   Is used to describe all geological phenomena that occur on the natural terrestrial surface, such as the creation of volcanoes and hot springs. VOLCANISM  It refers to all sorts of geological activities correlated with the flow and transportation of igneous materials from the planet’s interior towards the natural terrestrial surface.   These are molten material in the form of lava that undergoes the process of crystallization on the natural terrestrial surface. VOLCANITES  This is a major category of igneous rock formation which were composed of gray, dull pink colored trakibasaltic lava with large phenocrystal and pyroclastic.   is one of the geologic process in which rocks change in form, composition and structure due to intense heat nad pressure and sometimes with the introduction of chemically active fluids. METAMORPHISM  This takes place tens of kilometers below the surface where temperatures and pressures are high enough to transform the rock without melting. FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PROCESS OF METAMORPHISM   It plays a crucial role in the process of metamorphism. The heat affects the rock’s chemical composition, mineralogy and texture.  The rocks adjust to new temperature 1. causing its atoms and ions to recrystallize TEMPERATURE and form new arrangements thereby creating new mineral assemblages. During recrystallization, new crystals grow larger than the crystals in the original rock.   Like temperature, it changes the composition, mineralogy and texture of rocks. Pressure is different in various tectonic setting, similar to temperature. For instance, metamorphism in the 2. PRESSURE subduction zone is characterized by high-pressure metamorphism. In contrast, collision zone between two continental crust is marked by moderate pressure metamorphism.  CONFINING PRESSURE  Also known as vertical stress, is the pressure or stress exerted on rock by the weight of overlying material. This type of pressure is the same in all directions and makes the rock to fracture or TWO TYPES OF deformed. PRESSURE KNOWN DIRECTED OR DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE THAT STRESSES THE ROCKS TO CHANGE  Imposed by a force in a particular direction.  Dominant at convergent boundaries where plates move towards each other and collide thus exerting force and cause rocks to deform. This kind of pressure causes rocks to form folds in a particular direction as directed by pressure.  Causes foliation.  HYDROTHERMAL FLUIDS  these are mineral-laden fluids through rock bodies. The dissolve minerals in fluids react with rocks that the fluids penetrate causing changes in chemical and mineral compositions and sometimes completely replacing one mineral with another changing the PLAYS ROLE IN rocks texture which is known as “metasomatism”. THE PROCESS OF SERPENTINIZATION METAMORPHISM  Metamorphism caused by hydrothermal fluids also occurs in mid-ocean ridges where hot lava, coming out of the fissures, react with mineral-rich ocean water and cause serpentines to form through oxidation and hydration chemical reaction of peridotites– an olivine rich rocks at the base of the oceanic crust.  REGIONAL METAMORPHISM CONTACT METAMORPHISM KINDS OF SHOCK METAMORPHISM METAMORPHISM BURIAL METAMORPHISM HIGH-PRESSURE METAMORPHISM   Occurs within the continental crust with both high temperature and high pressure. But in general REGIONAL confining and directing pressures METAMORPHISM exerted by some tectonic forces unto to the rock formations cause new alignment of minerals (foliation) during recrystallization.   Prominent in the areas where CONTACT surrounding rocks are exposed to METAMORPHISM heat coming from magma intrusion within the layers of rocks.   Takes place when the heat and shockwaves from meteor or asteroid impact transform rocks SHOCK immediately around the impact site. METAMORPHISM Examples of this is the transformation of mineral graphite into ultra high pressure polymorph diamond.   Occurs at lower temperature and pressure which transform sedimentary rocks that had undergone diagenesis into low BURIAL grade metamorphic rocks through METAMORPHISM relatively low temperature and pressure. Partial alteration of mineralogy and texture may occur while other sedimentary structures are usually preserved.   Occurs in subduction zones, between two converging plates. HIGH-PRESSURE Metamorphic rocks created through METAMORPHISM this process is rarely found on the Earth’s surface because it was form in such great depth.