LBBIO4 Frog Embryo and Cell Cycle PDF
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This document discusses the cell cycle and meiosis processes in a frog embryo. It details the different stages of mitosis and interphase, as well as the formation of haploid cells. The document also covers topics such as cleavage, gastrulation, formation of the body plan, and organogenesis.
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1st Exam Topics Frog Embryo Mitosis Cell Cycle Mitosis Distribution of chromosome Interphase into two daughter nuclei The cell grows; in prep...
1st Exam Topics Frog Embryo Mitosis Cell Cycle Mitosis Distribution of chromosome Interphase into two daughter nuclei The cell grows; in preparation Cytokinesis for cell division, the Division of cytoplasm, chromosomes are duplicated, producing two daughter cells. with the genetic material (DNA) Each daughter cell can start a copied precisely. new cell cycle. Mitosis G1 phase The chromosome copies are Metabolic activity and growth separated from each other and S phase moved to opposite ends of the Metabolic activity, growth, and cell. DNA synthesis Cytokinesis G2 phase The cell divides into two Metabolic activity, growth, and daughter cells, genetically preparation for cell division identical to each other and to the parent cell. The daughter cells may go on to divide repeating the cycle Generate haploid cells Embryology Increases genetic diversity Gametogenesis Male gonads occurs in gonads resulting in ○ Testes: haploid gametes ○ Spermatogenesis Fertilization ○ Spermatozoa or sperm activation of egg by sperm, Female gonads diploid zygote ○ Ovaries Cleavage ○ Oogenesis mitotic division of zygote -> ○ Oocytes or eggs multicellular embryo Gastrulation cell migration that establishes primitive layers Formation of the Body Plan body plan of embryo is formalized Organogenesis organs grow and differentiate Interphase Meiosis: Morphologic Pair of homologous Differentiation chromosomes in diploid parent cell Chromosomes are duplicated Pair of duplicated homologous chromosomes Sister chromatids Diploid cell with duplicated chromosomes Process that allows the generation of gametes in the gonads Meiosis I: Homologous Chromosomes Metaphase I 3. Spindle poles of mitotic spindle 4. chromosomes aligned on mitotic spindle Prophase I Chromosomes line up by 1. Spindle forming around homologous pairs centrosome 2. Nucleus with condensing chromosome Duplicated homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange segments Anaphase I 5. Separating chromosomes The two homologous chromosomes of each pair separate. Meiosis II: Sister Chromatids Prophase II & Metaphase II Early Telophase I During another round of cell 6. decondensing chromosomes division four haploid daughter 7. cleavage furrow cells result Two haploid cells form Anaphase II & Telophase II and Cytokinesis/ Late Telophase Cytokinesis 8. new plasma membrane During another round of cell 9. daughter cell nucleus division four haploid daughter Each chromosome still consists cells result of two sister chromatids Title Title Word Title Word Title Word Title Word Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title 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Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word Word Title Title Word 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