Exam 3 Study Guide PDF

[Study Guide for Exam 3 AP120]{.smallcaps} CHAPTER 10 Senses (\~10) 1. What are the five human senses? What three types of human sense receptor cells give us our 'special senses'? 2. Describe the relationship of sensory receptor cells, sensory neurons, the brain and motor neurons. 3....

[Study Guide for Exam 3 AP120]{.smallcaps} CHAPTER 10 Senses (\~10) 1. What are the five human senses? What three types of human sense receptor cells give us our 'special senses'? 2. Describe the relationship of sensory receptor cells, sensory neurons, the brain and motor neurons. 3. Which organ provides your sense of hearing? What type of receptor cell does this? Which part of the ear holds the sensory receptor cells for hearing? 4. Which organ provides your sense of balance? What type of receptor cells do this? 5. Explain the anatomy of the ear. What are the 3 main parts of the ear and what does each do? What part of the ear drains into the back of your throat? What tube takes the drainage to the throat? 6. What is the name of the nerve that carries sound sensation from the ear to the brain? What is the most common cause of acquired deafness? 7. Explain the anatomy of the eye. What are the parts of the eye and what do they do? What structures of the eye does light pass through? List them from first (cornea) to last (retina). What is the name of the nerve that carries visual sensation from the eye to the brain? What type of receptor provides vision? In which structure of the eye are the sensory receptor cells of vision? 8. What structure ***focuses*** the light that creates your vision? How does the eye regulate the ***amount*** of light reaching the retina? 9. What two types of photoreceptors do humans have? What does each type do? Where in the retina will you find each type of photoreceptor cell? 10. What part of the retina allows humans to see terrific detail? Is this area filled with rods or with cones? 11. What causes the blind spot in each of your eyes? 12. What are nociceptors? What sense do they provide? 13. What are thermoreceptors? What sense do they provide? 14. What is your gustatory sense? What type of receptor cells provide this sense? 15. What are the five flavors humans can taste? How does each taste receptor work? Describe at least one molecule for each of the 5 tastes. 16. What is your olfactory sense? What type of receptor cells provide this sense? What is the name of the nerve that carries olfactory sensation to the brain? CHAPTER 12 Blood (\~12) 1. What are the major components/parts of blood? What is the correct term for the liquid portion of blood? 2. What 3 major proteins are in the liquid part of blood? What does each do? Where are they made? Which functions in osmosis? 3. What is the normal pH of blood? Why is the pH of blood important? 4. What are the 3 'formed elements' of blood? Describe them. What 'job' does each one perform? (What do they do?) Which have nuclei? Which don't? 5. What are erythrocytes? Where are they made? 6. What is hemoglobin? Where is hemoglobin in the blood? Why is it important? 7. What is erythropoietin? What does erythropoietin do? Where is it made? How does your body know to make more of it? By that I mean, what chemical/biological signal induces the release of more erythropoietin? 8. Why did Dr. Tydell describe RBCs as Zombies? Why did Dr. Tydell say that RBCs would be like wolves driving a load of hay across the country? Do RBCs use oxygen? Why or why not? 9. What is the most important function of RBCs? How do they do it? Are RBCs the principal transporter of CO~2~? 10. What is anemia? How does the body control the number of RBCs in each drop of blood? Which dietary components affect anemia? What are the two basic ways to be anemic? What causes the symptoms of anemia? 11. Which parts of hemoglobin are recycled and which are destroyed? Which organ disposes of (and recycles) old hemoglobin? Is iron recycled or disposed of? Are the amino acids in the globin recycled or disposed of? 12. What causes humans to have 'blood types'? What is the ABO system? What is the Rh factor? 13. When a person has any blood type (e.g.- O neg) what does that tell us about the antigens on his RBCs? 14. What are platelets? Are they cells? What is another word for platelets? 15. What is the function of platelets in blood? What blood protein is necessary for normal blood clotting? CHAPTER 14 Lymphatics & immunity (\~15) 1. What are leukocytes? Name the five WBCs that are found circulating in the blood stream. Which is most abundant/common in blood? Which is least abundant? (Never let monkeys eat bananas.) 2. What is phagocytosis? Which two types of WBCs are the best phagocytes? 3. How are lymphatic vessels similar to blood vessels? How are they different? 4. What are lymph nodes? What do they do? In Dr. Tydell's war game analogy, what is their role? 5. What is complement? What does it do? In Dr. Tydell's war game analogy, what is its role? 6. What are monocytes, dendritic cells and macrophages? What do they do? In Dr. Tydell's war game, what is their role? 7. Describe antibodies. How does a 'sticky Y' protect us from disease? 8. Which WBCs make antibodies? What are plasma cells? How do vaccines work? 9. How does the mRNA COVID19 vaccine work? What happens to the mRNA in the injection? Why do they need to be kept so cold? 10. What is the thymus? Which cells mature here? Where in the body will I find the thymus? 11. Which WBCs are most important for attacking bacteria? What happens to their abundance in blood when you have a bacterial infection? In Dr. Tydell's war game analogy, what is their role? 12. Which WBCs attack cancerous cells? In Dr. Tydell's war game analogy, what is their role? 13. What are common malfunctions of the immune system? What do allergies, asthma and autoimmune conditions have in common? CHAPTER 13 Heart and blood vessels (\~20) 1. What are arteries? What is their function in the cardiovascular system? 2. What are veins? What is their function in the cardiovascular system? 3. What are capillaries? What is their function in the cardiovascular system? 4. What are the chambers of the heart? What is systole? What is diastole? 5. What are the heart valves? Where is each? How are the valves between the atria and the ventricles different (in structure) from those between the ventricles and the aorta/pulmonary trunk? 6. What is the systemic circuit? Which side of the heart pumps to the systemic circuit? What is the major artery of the systemic circuit? What is the oxygen status of blood in the arteries, capillaries and veins of the systemic circuit? 7. What is the pulmonary circuit? Which side of the heart pumps to the pulmonary circuit? What is the major artery of the pulmonary circuit? What is the oxygen status of the arteries, capillaries and veins of the pulmonary circuit? 8. Describe the process of blood circulation through the heart chambers and valves using the terms 'greater pressure' and 'lesser pressure'. What role does afterload play in the movement of blood out of the ventricles? How does afterload affect stroke volume? How does blood pressure affect afterload? 9. Describe the sequence of blood flow through the cardiovascular system correctly using the terms right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, capillaries, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta and vena cava. 10. Describe the electrical activity of the heart correctly using the terms intercalated disc, syncytium, pacemaker, SA node, AV node, Bundle of His and Purkinje fibers. Follow the sequence of electrical conduction from the SA node to the ventricular syncytium. 11. What are the symptoms of a heart attack? What is the medical term for a heart attack caused by obstruction of a coronary artery? 12. How does blood return to the heart after the capillaries? What role do valves play in this process? 13. How is cardiac output calculated? What is the correct formula for cardiac output? Define stroke volume, cardiac output and blood pressure. 14. What is the medical term for high blood pressure? What blood pressure is the beginning of high blood pressure? In a blood pressure reading of 120/90, the number 120 is correctly termed the \_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure and the 90 is the \_\_\_\_\_\_ pressure. 15. What is the medical term for a thin-walled bulge in a blood vessel that may rupture causing a stroke or death? 16. What are the causes and health consequences of atherosclerosis? What are the health consequences of high blood pressure? What is the relationship between atherosclerosis and Viagra? 17. What is afterload? How will hypertension affect afterload? How will low blood pressure affect afterload? How does significant blood loss affect afterload?