Exam #2 Ch6-11 Review PDF

Chapter 6 1. Know the major functions of the skeletal system 2. Know the minerals and fibers that form bone (what minerals important for hardness; what fibers for flexibility). 3. Know the general structure of a long bone 4. Know the types of cells found in bone and the function of each...

Chapter 6 1. Know the major functions of the skeletal system 2. Know the minerals and fibers that form bone (what minerals important for hardness; what fibers for flexibility). 3. Know the general structure of a long bone 4. Know the types of cells found in bone and the function of each 5. Understand the differences between the anatomy of compact and spongy bone and the functions of each 6. Understand the various types of bone development, growth and remodeling (intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification, appositional growth, interstitial growth, bone resorption/deposition) 7. Know the differences between endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification (where it occurs, when it occurs, tissue types involved) 8. Know the difference between appositional and interstitial growth (where, when and how it occurs) 9. Understand how minerals, vitamins, and hormones that affect bone growth (from lecture) 10. Understand how bones help to maintain calcium homeostasis (know the hormones that function in calcium homeostasis and how each hormone affects the calcium levels in blood); know the role of bone cells (blasts/clasts) in this process Chapter 7/8 1. Be able to differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeleton and know the bones (in the review list) found in each 2. Know the function of the pectoral and pelvic girdle and what bones make up these girdles 3. Know how bones can be classified based on shape (know the shapes, not specific examples) 4. Define and explain the function of bone markings (projections and depressions) 5. Know the cranial bones and sutures and associated markings 6. Know the facial bones and characteristic features (ex: mandible only movable facial bone) and associated markings 7. Know the unique characteristic of the hyoid bone 8. Know the types of vertebral bones (and how many of each) and structural differences 9. Be able to explain the role of the atlas and axis cervical vertebrae in skull movement 10. Know the function of the intervertebral discs 11. Understand the classification of ribs based on their articulation with the sternum (true, false, floating) 12. Know the bones of the upper extremity and their articulations – (remember your directional anatomical terms) 13. Know the bones of the lower extremity and their articulations 14. Know the bones that fuse to form the pelvic (coxal) bones *Identification of bones and markings will be done in lab; for the lecture exam know the important features of these bones (listed above 5-14) Chapter 9 1. Define the joint classifications based on structure (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial) and function (synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis) 2. Know a specific example of a fibrous joint, cartilaginous joint, and synovial joint 3. Define the types of movement (angular, rotational, special) that occurs at synovial joints and know a specific example of each 4. Know the types of synovial joints and a specific example (pivot, hinge, condyloid, ball and socket) 5. Understand the general structure and importance of the synovial joint and fluid Chapter 10 1. Know the difference in structure, location, and control of the three types of muscular tissue 2. Know the anatomy of skeletal muscle tissue; including the connective tissue layers and parts of a skeletal muscle cell. *Be sure to know the terms unique to skeletal muscle: ex: sarcoplasma 3. Know the components (contractile and regulatory proteins) and organization of a sarcomere 4. Know the steps of the contraction cycle and where/why ATP is required 5. Understand the connection between an action potential and the contraction cycle 6. Know the parts of the neuromuscular junction and the events that occur at the NMJ to create an action potential. (slides #26 and #31 summarize 5and6) 7. Know how skeletal muscle makes ATP and unique features of each method (fastest, longest lasting) 8. Know the differences between the three types of skeletal muscle fibers. Chapter 11 1. Define origin and insertion and understand how these muscle attachments move bones (Slides 2-4) 2. Understand the relationship between a prime mover (agonist) and an antagonist muscle 3. Know how muscles are classified based on their unique characteristics (deltoid – named based on shape [triangular] of muscle) and know a specific example of each (use the muscles on study guide)