Exam Review: Nervous System PDF

*[Central Nervous System (CNS)]* the brain and spinal cord \- Responsible for processing sensory information, coordinating motor functions, and facilitating higher cognitive functions. *[Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)]* \- Consists of all the nerves outside the CNS. \- Divided into the somatic...

*[Central Nervous System (CNS)]* the brain and spinal cord \- Responsible for processing sensory information, coordinating motor functions, and facilitating higher cognitive functions. *[Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)]* \- Consists of all the nerves outside the CNS. \- Divided into the somatic nervous system (voluntary control of skeletal muscles) and the autonomic nervous system (involuntary control of bodily functions). *[Somatic vs. Autonomic Systems]* Somatic Nervous System-Controls voluntary movements and transmits sensory information to the CNS. Autonomic Nervous System-Regulates involuntary bodily functions (e.g., heart rate, digestion); further divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. *[Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic Responses]* Sympathetic System-Prepares the body for \"fight or flight\" responses (e.g., \`increased heart rate, dilated pupils). -Parasympathetic System-Promotes \"rest and digest\" functions (e.g., decreased heart rate, increased digestion). *[Lobes of the Brain and Functions]* 1\. Frontal Lobe- Involved in reasoning, planning, problem-solving, emotional regulation, and motor control. 2\. Parietal Lobe- Processes sensory information related to touch, temperature, and pain; involved in spatial awareness. 3\. Temporal Lobe-Responsible for auditory processing, memory, and language comprehension. 4\. Occipital Lobe-Primarily processes visual information. *[Motor and Sensory Cortex]* Motor Cortex-Located in the frontal lobe, responsible for voluntary motor movements. Sensory Cortex-Located in the parietal lobe, processes sensory input from the body.  *[Ventricles]* Function-The ventricles are fluid-filled cavities in the brain that produce and contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which cushions the brain and removes waste. Shape-Their shape corresponds to the surrounding brain structures, allowing for efficient flow of CSF and maximization of space within the cranial cavity. *[White Matter vs. Gray Matter]* White Matter-Composed of myelinated axons, facilitating communication between different brain regions. Gray Matter-Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses; involved in processing and integrating information.  *[Limbic System and Basal Ganglia]* Includes structures like the amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus; associated with emotions, memory, and motivation. Basal Ganglia-Involved in the regulation of voluntary motor control, procedural learning, and habit formation. *[Nuclei]* Regions called nuclei in the brain contain clusters of neuronal cell bodies that perform specific functions, such as processing sensory information or regulating motor activity. *[Role of VMAT]* Action potential and what neurons are involved in End of action potential is to open voltage gated calcium channels which doc the vesicles(boba balls). Which releases the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft which activates receptors VMAT (Vesicular Monoamine Transporter)- Responsible for packaging neurotransmitters into vesicles for storage and release at synaptic terminals. *[Neuronal Structures]* Dendrites-Receive signals from other neurons. Axons-Transmit signals away from the cell body. Cell Body-Contains the nucleus and organelles. Nucleus-Houses the cell's genetic material. Synaptic Terminals-Release neurotransmitters into the synapse. Presynaptic Membrane-Surface of the terminal where neurotransmitters are released.(outer part) Postsynaptic Membrane-Surface of the receiving neuron that contains receptors.(inner part) *[EPSPs and IPSPs]* EPSPs (Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials)-Result from excitatory neurotransmitter binding, leading to depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. IPSPs (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials)-Result from inhibitory neurotransmitter binding, leading to hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. Quanta- Charge, how it is measured, The amount of neurotransmitter in one vesicle *[Neurotransmitter Action on Receptors]* Ionotropic Receptors-Directly linked to ion channels; binding of neurotransmitters causes immediate changes in ion flow. Metabotropic Receptors-Activate signaling pathways through second messengers; effects are slower and longer-lasting. *[Temporal vs. Spatial Summation]* Temporal Summation-Occurs when multiple signals arrive in quick succession at a single synapse. Excited input Spatial Summation-Involves simultaneous signals arriving at different synapses on the same neuron. Regular input(most common) *[Drug Classification Challenges]* Chemical Structure-Drugs can have diverse effects despite similar structures, making classification based on chemistry complex. Behavioral/Therapeutic Effects-Drugs are sometimes categorized based on their effects on behavior or therapeutic outcomes, which can vary widely. *[Psychopharmacology]* \- \*\*Definition\*\*: The study of how drugs affect the mind and behavior. \- \*\*History\*\*: Evolved from early studies of plant-based compounds and their psychological effects to modern neuroscience. *[Human Studies in Psychopharmacology]* Rating Scales- Used to quantify data and the effects of drugs on a person *[Animal Behavior Paradigms]* 1\. Forced Swim Test-Assesses antidepressant effects. 2\. Open Field Test-Evaluates anxiety and exploratory behavior. 3\. Water maze-Memory 4\. Motor- Mortor cortex Interval is time and ratio is number of time Antipsychotic, amphetamine Ligand is neurotransmitter also drugs also lipads and fats opens to physical chemicals Voltage gated-calium channels, changes because of change in voltage Vehicle-is what the drug is dissolved in to