Exam Review Sheet PDF

Unit 1: Introduction to STEM + Science Skills Scientific Method: Steps to doing an experiment: Question, Hypothesis, Research, Experiment, Conclusion Ind. V: Thing that changes in an experiment Dep. V: Result of the experiment Con. V: Things that stay the same Qualitative: Describing...

Unit 1: Introduction to STEM + Science Skills Scientific Method: Steps to doing an experiment: Question, Hypothesis, Research, Experiment, Conclusion Ind. V: Thing that changes in an experiment Dep. V: Result of the experiment Con. V: Things that stay the same Qualitative: Describing Quantitative: Measuring Observation: What you see or results Inference: What you can infer based on results Hypothesis: If… Then… Because… Unit 3: Chemistry | The Nature of Matter Chemical Properties: Reacts with water, Flammability, Corrosive Physical Properties: Hardness, Malleability, Ductility, Melting & Boiling Points, Solubility (ability to dissolve), Viscosity, Conductivity, Clarity Physical Change: Reversible, Change of state, Change of shape, Dissolving, Mixing Chemicial Change: New substance is produced, Cannot be easily reversed, Cooking, Burning, Colour change, Energy released or consumed. Shells: Shells outside the nucleus Valence: Electrons in the outermost shell The table is arranged based on number of protons and electrons in the neutral atom Ocet rule: 2-8-8-2 (number of electrons in the shells) Current in a series circuit Current in a parallel circuit Ohm’s Law Unit 2: Biology | Sustainable Ecosystems & Climate Change Ecosystem: A location where there is biodiversity (animals, plants, fungi, bacteria) and these organisms interact with each other (like a food chain, or food web) Sustainibility: how an ecosystem can maintain itself without collapsing Dynamic Equilibrium: everything is working well together and everything has a role Biodiversity: Assortment of biotic and abiotic factors in an ecosystem Atmosphere: Layers of gases in the air Lithosphere: Crust and layers of rock in the earth Hydrosphere: Water Biosphere: All biotic and abiotic things (Living and nonliving) Photosynthesis: CO2 + Water + Light = Glucose, Oxygen Cellular Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen + Water = CO2, H2O Plants do both cellular respiration and photosynthesis, while animals only do cellular respiration. Nitrogen is part of the building blocks of DNA, and Phosphorus is important for healing cells. Greenhouse effect: Greenhouse gasses trap the heat from the sun in the atmosphere, which heats up the planet. Examples of greenhouse gasses: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide. Food chain: A hierarchical series of organisms each dependent on the next as a source of food Food web: A system of interlocking food chains. Food webs are more sustainable because if one organism disappears, the whole thing doesn’t collapse. Herbivores: Only eat plants Omnivores: Eat everything Carnivores: Only eat meat Scavengers: Eat decaying things Top carnivores: Top of the food chain, no predators Decomposers: Break down biotic material Trophic Levels: Levels of the food chain Producers: Plants that are eaten Consumers: Anything that eat When energy is being passed up a food chain, only 10% of the energy is passed up. Overexploitation: When humans take too much from an ecosystem. Example: Mining, logging Invasive Species: When a new species is brought into a food web that often causes it to collapse. 7 Generations principle: The actions we do today should result in a sustainable world seven generations into the future. Unit 4: Physics | Principles & Applications of Electricity Static Electricity: Electrons on a charged object Current Electricy: Electrons moving through a circuit An object gets charged when it has more electrons than protons, or the other way around. Ways of charging Friction: rubbing materials together to charge them Contact: charged material touches other other material and charge is transferred Induction: charged material comes close to another material, there is a temporary charge that disappears when it is removed In an electroscope, when a positive charge is brought near the ball at the top, electrons move towards the top leaving only protons in the leaves, which causes them to repel. When the charge is brought away, everything returns to neutral. If a negative charge is brought near the ball, all the electrons move away and into the leaves, which causes them to repel. Conductor: lets electrons through Insulator: does not let electrons through Current (I): The rate electrons flow through the wire. Measured in Amperes (A) Potential Difference / Voltage (V): The change in energy of a unit of charge. Measured in Volts (V) Resistance (R): Measured in Ohms (Ω) Factors affecting resistance: Length Width Material of substance Temperature of material